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than the. reported export rates of 0.94 Ibs/ac and 4.8 Ibs/acre, respectively, for urban residential areas (Brach, 1992). The phosphorus and nitrogen export rates for Meadow/brook were approximately 30 percent of the urban residential area export rate reported by Brach. There was no relationship between the amount of fertilizer applied to the courses and the export rate. The pollutant export rates from the four courses are comparable to those reported for open, undeveloped areas CTable 9). The very low phosphorus export rates are probably a response to the small amount of this nutrient applied to the four courses. As indicated earlier, application rates were approximately 20 percent of typical urban lawn rates. Discussions with golf course managers Indicate that the application rate for fertilizers is determined by soil fertility testing. Only the amount of each nutrient needed by the soil is applied. Conversely, a recent study of 181 urban lawns found that 67 percent have very high phosphorus levels and still receive over 6 pounds per lawn (approximately 15,000 square feet) annually (Barter, 1994). None of these lawns had been tested for soil fertility prior to the study. The demonstrated ability of the four golf courses to maintain a quality of turf better than lawns, has significant implications for urban lawn management. Creason and Runge, 1992, estimated that 3,191 tons of phosphorus are applied to lawns in the TCMA. Approximately 67 percent of this phosphorus could be removed from area lawns annually without affecting turf quality. This would probably reduce the high amounts of phosphorus runoff from lawns reported by Bannerman et. al., 1992. • The data indicate that golf courses are not a significant source of nutrient loading to adjacent water bodies. For example. Baker National Golf Course contributes an estimated 26 pounds of phosphorus and 96 pounds of nitrogen to Spurzem Lake. The phosphorus loading to Lake Spurzem from the 1270 acre watershed was estimated by the Reckhow-Simpson Model to range from 1,005 to 2,644 pounds per year. The golf course, therefore, contributes between 0.9 and 2.6 percent of the annual loading to the lake, even though the course represents 16 percent of the watershed. The fact that there were no significant differences between the inflow and outflow nutrient concentrations at the Minikahda Club indicates that the effect of the course on the receiving water body. Lake Calhoun, was negligible. As is the case with Spurzem Lake, the Minikahda Club represents a significant portion of the watershed, 13 percent, but did not contribute any nutrients to the lake. In fact, nutrient export from the golf courses reflects loading rates from open areas, generally considered the most desirable land use type from a water quality perspective. Only very small quantities of fungicides, pesticides, and heavy metals were lost from the golf courses in 1994. As Table 10 shows, no course lost more than 0.004 pounds of any fungicide from the monitored area. On an areal basis, no course lost more I I