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withelectricallines. 123. Stray voltage is by and large an issue associated distribution e Transmission lines do not create stray voltage as they do not directly connect to businesses, residences, or farms.121 124. Stray voltage (NEV) sources can be reduced in three fundamental ways: reduce the current flow on the neutral system; reduce the resistance of the neutral system; or improve the grounding of the neutral system. Making good electrical connections and making sure that these connections are maintained by the proper choice of wiring materials for wet and corrosive locations will reduce the resistance of the grounded neutral system and thereby reduce NEV levels.'22 125. HVTL permits issued by the Commission require that all fixed metallic objects on or off the right-of-way, except electric fences that parallel or cross the right-of-way, will be grounded to the extent necessary to limit the induced short circuit current between ground and the object and to comply with the ground fault conditions specified in the NESC. 126. Implantable medical devices such as pacemakers, defibrillators, neurostimulators, and insulin pumps may be subject to interference from strong electric and magnetic fields. Most of the research on electromagnetic interference and medical devices is related to pacemakers. According to a 2004 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) report, implantable cardiac devices are much more sensitive to electric fields than to magnetic fields. In the report, the earliest interference from magnetic fields in pacemakers was observed at 1,000 mG, far greater than the magnetic fields associated with high-voltage transmission lines.123 127. Medtronic and Guidant, manufacturers of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter/defibrillators, have indicated that electric fields below 6 kV/m are unlikely to cause interactions affecting operation of modern bipolar devices. Older unipolar designs; however, are more susceptible to interference from electric fields with research suggesting that the earliest evidence of interference occurred in electric fields ranging from 1.2 to 1.7 kV/m. These initial interaction levels are higher than 1.013 kV/m maximum electric field predicted for this project. The risk of interference inhibition of unipolar cardiac pacemakers from high-voltage power lines in everyday life is sma11.124 Air Quality 128. There is minimal air quality impacts associated with transmission line operation. The only potential air emission s for a transmission line result from corona. Studies 121 Ex.24 at p.37(EA) '22 Ibid. 123 Ibid.at p. 38 124 Ibid. 25