HomeMy WebLinkAboutRe: accessory structure � From: Melanie Curtis <MCurtisCa�ci.orono.mn.us>
To: Todd Ofsthun <toddCc�tcodesipn.net>
Sent: Thu, August 4, 2011 10:30:06 AM
Subject: RE: 2350 Longview Circle
It would appear so.... let me take a look at what you're going to send and I'll follow up with you.
Melanie Curtis 952.249.4627 mcurtisCa)ci.orono.mn.us
-----Original Message-----
From: Todd Ofsthun fmailto:toddCc�tcodesign.nett
Sent: Thursday, August 04, 2011 10:27 AM
To: Melanie Curtis
Subject: Re: 2350 Longview Circle
Good morning Melanie,
I would miss you today and Monday, so I'm going to forward you the current plan and then the current survey. My
question for you is, with the report from Catherine, the current plan and the current survey can I come in and apply for a
standard building permit?
Thank you,
Todd Ofsthun, TCO Design, 763-424-3676
-----Original Message ----
From: Melanie Curtis <MCurtisCc�ci.orono.mn.us>
To: Todd Ofsthun <toddCa�tcodesiqn.net>
Sent: Wed, August 3, 2011 10:12:41 AM
Subject: RE: 2350 Longview Circle
Todd
I'm available to meet tomorrow between 2:30 and 3:30 or Monday between 10 and 3.
Melanie Curtis 952.249.4627 mcurtisCc�ci.orono.mn.us
-----Original Message-----
From: Todd Ofsthun (mailto:toddCa�tcodesian.netl
Sent: Thursday, July 28, 2011 6:34 AM
To: Melanie Curtis
Subject: 2350 Longview Circle
Good morning Melanie,
We had Catherine Bach, a District Technician from the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District, take a look at Tom Ryan's
property at 2350 Longview Circle. She determined and provided us a letter stating that"neither of the two potential
wetland areas showed sufficient wetland indicators for a wetland delineation to be necessary for the proposed projecY'.
i was hoping to have a meeting with you with our documents prior to applying for the permit to make sure we have
everything you need. Please check your schedule and let me know some times that this would fit in your schedule.
Thank you,
Todd Ofsthun, TCO Design, 763-424-3676
z
1
Melanie Curtis
From: Todd Ofsthun [todd@tcodesign.net]
Sent: Friday, August 12, 2011 10:52 AM
To: Melanie Curtis
Cc: Tom Ryan; Tom Ryan
Subject: Re: 2350 Longview Circle
Good morning Melanie,
The homeowner does not plan on a driveway or access from Willow. The buildings are intended for static storage so there
is little need for a hard driveway. Is there an ordinance that prevents us from facing the doors towards Willow? The layout
we are proposing works best with the layout of the lot, trees & vegetation and the proposed new septic system.
Thank you,
Todd Ofsthun, TCO Design, 763-424-3676
-----Original Message ----
From: Melanie Curtis <MCurtisCa�ci.orono.mn.us>
To: Todd Ofsthun <toddCa�tcodesiqn.net>
Sent: Fri, August 12, 2011 10:32:36 AM
Subject: RE: 2350 Longview Circle
Todd
I looked at the survey you sent over. For a building permit we would additional information to be shown on the survey,
such as existing and proposed topographic contours/grading; and show the existing and alternate septic systems.
It appears that access to the new garages will be over a (existing? new?) culvert off of Willow. The City will not support
an additional access to the site, further if garage doors (an overhead door 6' wide or more) are proposed you must face
the doors away from Willow so that the driveway issue/access issue is resolved.
Thanks- Melanie
Melanie Curtis 952.249.4627 mcurtisCa�ci.orono.mn.us
-----Original Message-----
From: Todd Ofsthun fmailto:toddCa�tcodesign.netl
Sent: Thursday, August 04, 2011 10:47 AM
To: Melanie Curtis
Subject: Re: 2350 Longview Circle
Hi Melanie,
Hopefully you have received the plans by now. Please note we have not shown any driveway, the homeowner did not
want to install any since the primary use of the building is storage and should have very little traffic.
Thank you,
Todd Ofsthun, TCO Design, 763-424-3676
-----Original Message ----
i
Melanie Curtis
From: Melanie Curtis
Sent: Friday, August 26, 2011 9:58 AM
To: 'trb300@yahoo.com'
Cc: 'Todd Ofsthun'; 'ryanleasing@qwestoffice.neY; 'thomasjryan@qwestoffice.net'
Subject: Permit 2011-00909 for 2350 Longview Cir
Tom
I have begun the review of your permit for 2350 Longview Circle. There are a few issues which require clarification or
revision, as follows:
1. Please show the current and secondary septic treatment areas on the survey.
2. Grading or fiiling is not permitted within 5 feet of a property line. Your plan reflects grading within 5 feet of lot
lines and extending offofthe property. The proposed grading must be revised.
3. The orientation of the proposed accessory garages point the overhead doors toward Willow Drive and must be
revised. The grading proposed will remove many of the existing trees between Willow Drive and the proposed
garages as well as facilitates a flattened"driveway"area from the existing driveway approach from Wiltow Drive.
The property currently has an existing driveway approach off of Longview Circle. City Code does not allow more
than one driveway approach per property. Cite Code Section. 18-136 (below). Please note, use of the
existing/abandoned, approach off of Willow Drive will not be approved. The plan must be revised to demonstrate
how the garages will be accessed via the existing driveway approach off of Longview.
CODE REFERENCES:
Section IS-136. Residential driveways, approaches and turnaround. (a) One driveway approach shall be allowed from up
to two single residential parcels of land to the same road, provided that appropriate easements exist between parties
sharing the driveway and driveway approach. Parcels having frontage on more than one public road shall be allowed a
driveway approach to one public road.
Orivewayapproach means a paved or otherwise delineated area on the right-of-way between the roadway of a public or
private road and private property, intended to provide ingress and egress for vehicles from a private or public road to
private property. A driveway approach must provide access to a parking area, a driveway, a door intended and used for
the entrance of vehicles, or other similar structure or facility. Driveway approaches shall be of two classes:
(1) Business driveway approach means a driveway approach from any public right-of-way providing motor vehicles
with ingress and egress from the public or private road to any property other than a single-family dwelling.
(2) Resident driveway approach means a driveway approach from any public or private right-of-way providing ingress
and egress for motor vehicles from the public or private road to a single-family residential dwelling. �
"'M . I„�"`""
� � r
/I V , U.
Please feel free to call or email with questions. (�"
Melanie � �
—y�/��(N" ' �;(�
Melanie Curtis �`� '"
Planning & Zoning Coordinator � ���� �1 ,�
City of Orono 1� �
2750 Kelley Parkway �,X,
Orono, MN 55356 � � �
� V V'
Direct Dial: 952.249.4627 �
Fax: 952.249.4616
Planning &2oning Office 952.249.4620
1
�/�
1 "
, `` �
�
C��� ` � �
���' `
� I � I � �
����� ����
w� ��C��� �
(�w�.e r� l�� fiv �m�
� v� ��c .��w'--�h
U C�
Z335 Highway 36 W
St. Pau� MN 55113
Te1651-636-4600
Fax 651-63Cr1311
www.bonestroo.com
August 31, zo�� � Bonestroo
Melanie Curtis
Planning and Zoning Coordinator
City of Orono
Post Office Box 66
Crystal Bay, MN 55323
Re: 2350 Longview Circle
File No. 000139-11000-1
File No. 2011-00909
Dear Melanie:
We have reviewed the plans for two proposed accessory structures at 2350 Longview Circle. The
plan is dated 8-18-11. We have the following comments with regards to engineering matters:
• It is our understanding that Minnehaha Creek Watershed District has reviewed this site
and confirmed that potential unclassified wetlands shown on the city maps do not exist.
• The site and grading plan for the accessory buildings is acceptable from an engineering
standpoint.
• This project will disturb more than 100 CY of material. Sediment and erosion control
information meeting the requirements of Orono's City Code 79-7(c)(2) must be
submitted. The minimum $2000 sediment and erosion control financial security should
be required of the owner for this permit.
If you have any questions, please call me at (651) 604-4894 or send an email to
darren.amundsenCa�bonestroo.com.
Sincerely,
BO N ESTROO
� i
Darren Amundsen
Cc: Chris Mattson
2335 Highway 36 W
St. Paul, MN 55113
Tel 651-636�600
Fax 651-636-1311
www.bonestroo.com
September 8, 2011 �' Bonestroo
Melanie Curtis
Planning and Zoning Coordinator
City of Orono
Post Office Box 66
Crystal Bay, MN 55323
Re: 2350 Longview Circle
File No. 000139-11000-1
File No. 2011-00909
Dear Melanie:
We have reviewed the plans for two proposed accessory structures at 2350 Longview Circle. The
plan is dated 8-31-11. We have the following comments with regards to engineering matters:
• It is our understanding that Minnehaha Creek Watershed District has reviewed this site
and confirmed that potential unclassified wetlands shown on the city maps do not exist.
• The site and grading plan for the accessory buildings is acceptable from an engineering
standpoint.
• This project will disturb more than 100 CY of material. Sediment and erosion control
information meeting the requirements of Orono's City Code 79-7(c)(2) must be
submitted. The minimum $2000 sediment and erosion control financial security should
be required of the owner for this permit.
If you have any questions, please call me at(651) 604-4894 or send an email to
darren.amundsenCa�bonestroo.com.
Sincerely,
BONESTR00
�:� ."i�_�—___�_
Darren Amundsen
Cc: Chris Mattson
MEMORANDUM
Date: September 14, 2011
To: Darren Amundsen, City Engineer
From: Christine Mattson, Planning Assistant
c: Melanie Curtis, Planning & Zoning Coordinator
RE: Building Permit Number 2011-00909
2350 Longview Circle
This property was reviewed on August 31, 2011 and September 8, 2011 for
two (2) oversized accessory structures on it. The project scope has changed to
one (1) oversized accessory structure.
Please review the attached revised survey dated, September 12, 2011 for the
proposed oversized accessory structure at 2350 Longview Circle, along with a
copy of the submitted plans. Please review the attached information and provide
comments by Thursday, September 22, 2011.
Please call Melanie Curtis at 952.249.4627 if you need additional information or if
you have any questions on the attached information.
Thank you,
� .
. ,
_
—
-___ --_\
, -- O
� � ��,
1 O O `,�
� C ITY of ORONO
'�� � >> �� � �
,� ,�a �.�. �, ';;
� � �� ��p ���� �: ��' Municipal Offices
��
� � `;',ti� G Street Address: Mailing Address:
�E$80�� 2750 Kelley Parkway P.O. Box 66
� _ _� Orono, MN 55356 Crystal Bay, MN 55323-0066
October 18, 2010
Tom Ryan
2350 Longview Circle
Long Lake, MN 55356
RE: Potential Accessory Structure at
2350 Longview Circle
Mr. Ryan,
Thank you for visiting the City offices in advance of your potential project.
Following up on our conversation regarding an accessory structure on your property, I feel there are a
couple of items needing clarification. Additionally, after further research there are a few issues we did
not discuss which will impact your decision and ability to construct an accessory structure on your
property. Those items are as follows:
• Corner Lot. Your property is defined as a corner lot, which means it has two road frontages.
An accessory structure cannot be built closer to the street than the principal structure [Cite: City
Code Section 78-1435]. I have attached an aerial map on which I have indicated the legal
location for an accessory structure on your property.
• Wetland. Our map indicates there is a small, unclassified wetland on your property. A Wetland
Buffer Evaluation Form is included within the building permit packet you were provided. Once
j/Cu' CCiTip�^cib` a'flu i BtUfP i ii i� ft��((1 i tG iii'e3 vity' Ouf Vti2tic���t�, S.�"i'C::i�SISi 'v5iiii i:i:,t@i iilil'i� it 8 'v17�t�8ilCi
exists on your property and if a wetland delineation is necessary [Cite: City Code Chapter 78,
Article XI].
• Plumbing within an Accessory Structure. Installing a sink and toilet in an accessory
structure is an allowed use. A Conditional Use Permit (CUP) is required if installation of a
shower or tub is desired [Cite: City Code Section 78-1437].
• Septic System. After further review of your property, it appears that your septic system is non-
compliant. A new septic system is required before a building permit can be issued �Cite: City
Code Section 58-47(d)]. If you have septic questions, contact Willie Gibbs, ISTS Manager, at
952-249-4626.
Telephone(952)249-4600 • Fax(952)249-4616
www.ci.orono.mn.us
� �
October 18, 2010
Tom Ryan
Page 2 of 2
The City of Orono's municipal code can be found by visiting the City's website at www.ci.orono.mn.us.
Select Living Here and then City Code. Select the link to Orono Online Code. If you have any
questions, please contact me at cmattsonC�ci.orono.mn.us or at 952-249-4620.
Sincerely,
CITY OF ORONO
�
r � ,�� ���
� I1 ���� �
Christine Mattson
Planning Assistant
�,. �����. .� �r�� �_ . w'�" � .. � ,�$ �; ,a �y,.,�r n�;ar �,
� ,, � r � �„ ,° ' •s � �:~ �
� ` �� ,��y .F}�� �#;"� {s Y* _ ,�� r � ¢_
!'` � 4-�Y f yt' �;{ ,A+, ..�,. �.� . ,Y.
I ��{ � s Y, ��»a F �� � ' � � , � � �� �+ !,t"`
,,
... °
�,; v , ` �•�. �,y,
�` �"' ��� �� � f ,. '�,���� "�';;K�. -. . y;. '°5�•��� �` Y� � �� �� /'� � �F .✓n '�.4�� }�,1 .a�
� �� ,...,., s , �
. .
�
' r ' x
t �� yi.. (� U ,. , - . . , . �
rt+
,r
r . "
�
�1R ` ° �
f .Y� . -.� a���. �°��'�,,� a �.e. . " 'f . I'�« M �� �. r
�'�'`,�."'.,�} � t, '��,,�>"�, ';,`.. �1 � `�'y,� 1 �X�� Y����
�„ � �� .� _ .�,` � r����1 d �y,` _.
� ♦ , - �.�� - ;'v
y�,. ►, �
. �
� �I�� '� .r..S_ .._<_. .-.- .�M. + ' . .: `-:,� � � j� .,t�._� -
, ^ rt_,,� .,,�. - �`�' �: . 4 y �. yN�� " .. '�+•1- 'ws P
' � � � iF'�E _ _;p �+ �f` � �,�� ��: � -^"� " ,t ,
't!4 � * �,�" '� � �. ;N.,� ,. , � n,
{� �• � P'', .� ` I . �� ��� 'a b b.
+� E . .} �� ,.�, -� �_ �y4.
�•i� �p.r^...� � . � F � . � ,,�,a.+� - " `��� .. r". y� a,4;n� � � "'°:a . '�Y" ` ' � 3 �jy
} �,ky Q :!9Y�., � �� $ ".at,, � i � ., .f'� �� �h ;wy� - �����,, ��� � 'R�
,
�
��
, ! 'i4r4. � � #� �'_ .
. �
, , `�"� �..6 '_�"".P..
e
..
��>. �. ...r. ..
�, , ,,' R ,, �`: " � '�� J F+ �� � �. �� � ��;/1�� `J � t �"'� i.
� us
�€ ;�, . �w�i � r���� :. ' �,. � -l�.�.�s'�"� .
F�.... � .,�.•�.r '-p`� �`z' `,� .r^ � �i�.. A
� �� R }� �' �E� �..# °� � � ' ���'�"��`���` �,�� l' .. • ��,`� • „� ���.M�'' ,�"'s�% o ,.
4� .� ' �� .ti- �}„c#,� . �'�. s,� +G.:# * t. � yI . '�/�"�I� w��"'",� k w � .�J�
,z. .�y_�,i . .,� ',�N, x�A� rS'`sa.,4 �Zt �,.M �� o����'.'4..''` °'�
� N�� � ..t :�. . .� w�IL ..;x� j' R'°y.�.�;�e '�. ."�`"� �, ►a .�.' �.5...
N` ��, ��� s�,., �' ���� -��I �� �.#.�,. � �� �,� 7 ��.. � ♦ ��'��` "%A
. . +:�
�.. '
. ,...... �.
+� ' y �.:�� _ .. �, `'�k . � �p � p :���"�- � .. ,{' .�`,`�y�,��<., � �� � .
- �+�,�r. ta�r '
. F t " �` °�`_�� `c* ;.r `��,;. ,7r . � t .�:-�",y� � � f 'q%?r.Al�{�� < 4 �/ -.
.. �; w .�
x _
r �: . � �. , ,_,jQ` . , . � .t " . . � /� �I� . , t
, �I@
�.
'+� t �' �j�1�' .. . �.� `' �R{t�.�a I��'Xh ` Tf +fM'' �e��, . �;�� �.,i�.t�.
►"' 1
� :.� � .r
� .,
, . .� '�A .,; 4 .:: , :. , •. .i . •r •a'�"��.�. ..
�� i��� ; � 3�ay t��+•�r T� '.+4�
L<�"`�'�1`�'?��� �` 'iaf"aw' ;. ��'. ;i � '�i '/`� �V'��� � .a�"�.',`�•e t `"�'•�""". � {°f.��+ ��,�'
�',�'�;�".� �� _ 4 '�. �' ���" '.+ 4 1,
• „ `^ •
7 �
, � a
� '
. � ,- r� -:.. 4�. . . '. ��1.' �a .. ��r
' _ ��• � 6 „'•�1 .A�� . �" � •iT� � •
t �
. � �_ . � .ti �l . _ - _. "�Yu' � . �
.
e
_ � .. .w�. � v �. '.��. _ ��.. � �+' �3 �,. . �� t �� - .f. ,r� � �:��
r
.
�a.�.� _� p � ,.., m . � .
, � ����f '�
9 4 'Y�. . e . .. v-' * 9�n X'��
.
, ,. - ' t� �j +��' '
t4:... ��u ",u ' . . �iv� �rF *�'': W. ` .✓a,.. y4'�-��.- $� ',,•�,_S' � ,4' -
�" , .. " .� , ,� ��
..,,•��, y, ,�'�� , �- k .: :_ '� .� � •, � - �, y }� ,R.� ';�� ��:� Allowed lo tion for
.laq � ��• � ��rrv�� _j3+'_, ,,_. ,�k,1� ��, '*,rtr,�„ �r4 � . .. Jy4b. Ca �, � � � ,�'� �
>4rt 1 '��. '�t�;, },� � °� �� ,�� .�;�, ��'� �}- -- an accessory structure ��"'� ,:�•'�
. .
,.. .
,�.� ... �,,� � R �� �. �� �.. ,
1�M �`,y��� . . .; t. $f - �,� ,�� '�u� . ..,�,� �... � ay ��-. ,a:�� _ . . �'." ..
�$ ,�.�,: tF,-'���� � � ��� , � •,� „� y�" � �"' '�«�`�y��=��y��'!c `�t�'�yq4�` t` '�'`�� �•3� �•� ' �
s `�.,� �s � ��
Ya ��, �:' '�� � ... ^�- ti" 'M1+' ' °" �� +*M `�' ��� '7"�,
.,,
,
: .y!-t J . ,� �. � „ ��. . � `r . . _}�r►y,� �xt`' _� ,..�a�t
<
}.. � �i^� . . ` � �,Y� � � �P -`��r��1i'�d' __ . � � � .
++
. " . - >. �t , �: �w- �'S ' t� _. - a � �^�
. .�' . . �:: : , .
�; � '
� :_ '� �'N'.'�.i.��"`wp..r . x� ` _._ �
� a' '
� .,
..�."R � �a .,. . -�f . . _ a: � , ,� ..g... � �.: � � �.�,�a'" ,.''� ! ,,�p�,,. �tsy �i�� . ,�yr+t}
. i� . � � � � . G �� �.��F �k�� ��
, , . _ .r'�,
�y �.
-, , . - ; . 4�,, . -
-- v.�: z�.��. - v R^�. ' � d� '-` >'7'y' �h� �,,�y�'ry�,� .�� � "�" „� n��°� . . � ` ,�t y ��.r+'., . �.F-- a `�.
. _ , ,r
� � ,�t . t � ,�y��. ...���.. ` � "t.*} � ,,�.+ �'i`"'`�,t:,,M,Y°9 -..�.,4�k y�� � �k" �'�'�^i �
. y_� ^:.�. � -'. F� ` .,._ . . �X .
r f
,�,- � ..� .�. . .�� k. , �;r� . .�a .
.
� ..: z� ��, . x� � fi ��j�
, . �
.:
, .
�.,.,� ` �y �, �ti � �. ��� •. �5 ���� `��� � ,'�',�'..w�, . �j.
'� .,�- ,�� � �
� . ,. . . � � ` °`� �, � `"
_ . �� : ; �: z . . ,�, ��.� � d �
. . .
, .. u.,� , � .,E ..-,.
.�
'� � ,�' 4 r 1�; +n x .1 1�,� '4��y i _��^.5 _ . . �<: ;
3 * a �.. ^�,, � {�#.� � �F -��"s � �; �� � :r� ��
;_ -.
+
_
� � ��' -� . a �' ' i � �'�� Unclassified � - � �� � `
w � ��� +���_ .��, �:, ...�`� �a' .� �'� �' �r;�,�
a .
r:�� � x -`""`,� � � �'�, � �1��,� "�' �"f Wetland '� � ��`�•� �,� `: � �, ;4 ..� �.�-�
;
�y^ � - . . .. A.^ 5
5�" 9 f � `�� . �� * .. .
� µ
�' � � �-
. t� ,� '=. � '- .. - � . .
y'��-4; n " ��r�, � �y"�' ' " �'�"�# s � ` �c
,; ,�A�' �. :e � •¢ /, a, � � , +rs 3�� � �+�y' e�F��'`''�
�� _� `.�a � r��X � � . '� � v'�' � '� � . ' .. �`I ��` �` ��
�
�
,
� .�
. . r i
:br � tr � i'°��Ra, ?� :�: �'� "� � �i
. , .� i�
"ql�' .�-�, �r�.. � r,� � �1f�`�t� �,�,% � � . , •�'�.�aT�' � � . � . . �.y'°, �� -
. . ' 'vu.t` �. '� - �� ::�� ;. i,' '; ' .+'� . a �:', . . . . � �1�. '�
- ' ,�. ' X ; .,
».�/
_ e ,� :
--"�`+6. ' , ��.r .�; 4
,�v , � °' ��. �, `. _�t�Y �,�,e�,w �
,.
, . �. . .�.� _ � : �,� � ��.;,� .
,
�
F r
t � ,��,. � -
.
"„� _ 4 �-y ^ �� - .� � `- � �'��
, , •;
.. '�. � •� � �,
� .� # at� ��R�° � �,' , ,�� , '��r� i^� �, i,��'� ,��� � " � ��`��;
: . ,
. . .
„_,�;*.? .-3�-.. �M r� . 3 �� � �' �� S
�
�.- " � , »�
v¢ �,y4� ;. *..• # � � "__,�L r�`�,I..-' ,�. `
� .
� .� ,. : �s t � ,, w . '11 - • �" �� �� �4 .� � t•
. _ . +Arr
z. ,rta • . . , � g �, rt � 3 ;n -W��kr �_., "r^. _,y
t . < ' � . _ -�. ._ . .
E , . � ;�� � s� '���> .y +- ',,,�
, � : , � "
s� x �` � �'�� . .� �`�' L`"� .r
. . � �>t* ��� t.�,w . T e„ � . :,:..�-�x F � ' w w., 1 �w�..+ �� -
\. �,�a � _�' " '� + .� �
. �
q .,� �d r" Y � , ' f. a.��.. � ��1 �� .�' �� � ""i`�,ykt _��„� ,����,• �`� ���i�` �� �� 4 � ,��
T '=N"'. .tr:� Y � ��� 'i f"
.
, . � c � ,�
r:
, ., `
k'
,.
. �.. I "� .:� � ,y � � ' . �' ��`�h��ai.x mY+.., .�j.�y � �y v .....� � �� ��
. , �
. -y�
• _�y . �
" • ' ,,�r �z ,i�'� � � y� ,. ��'�f`-' ;� � , � r �� .� !r�. ;x s, � "�'
.1i .�` ,t . '. .
,��. �'� ���� �, ��
,
, ��{
��� _ .. ._ .�R �* ,
.. , * _a' . '. , �'� �'�'+" '� t
, : , , , .. �: �'� �. �_ , � s r
,
'� F- � «ti � v e s� �5.�.�m:
.. ����.� ,��z�a. �� . .:�. � �� ���� � - �r;..��"' �wk:.. �, � +�, ., b•s�: 'i. _y,_, .• �a'�S_�.
':� �,�� � �i;�� ,t. �� "YS� �r`�z �'�"' '�� 7F � 4 4.�:�_ m�� �.. t� � �f.i� .
' . '+L . � .0 wr ,� ,.r , . �'!^.. . . ._ . .... ... . ... . � . . ,. �e� � „x� � .?�ik � �+m - ,. � . .