The URL can be used to link to this page

Home My WebLink Aboutseptic info SP TESTING INC. Steven B.Schirmers —951 Katydid Lane NE—St. Michael, MN 55376 Cert. No 627 — State License#394 — Phone 763-497-3566 — Fax 763-497-5011 www.sptestin�.wastewater@comcast.net— schirmerswastewater.com RECEIVEQ June 13, 2014 JUN 13 2014 CITY OF 02C�i�;�' Lynn McDonough 1840 Fox St. Orono, MN A site evaluation was completed on this property for a proposed 5 bedroom home. This site originally had a five bedroom home that was destroyed in a fire. The existing septic system was abandoned. Soil probing found 1 site which will only support approximately a 3 bedroom home, there is no area available for an alternate site. The potential buyer is the neighboring property to the east. It may be possible to have enough area for a 5 bedroom home by moving her lot line. There is not enough area on the east property for an alternate site due to slopes of 18% to 25%. We are looking for approval to continue evaluating the site for new construction having only 1 septic site. Thank You Steven B. Schirmers � � °� ,o 0 „ �,� ' CITY of ORONO -.�_- ..- � �� .�..-,r�-: � � '�,��,.��►_ '��'" � -�, 'J�r i � ' ,6 =.� ,yti MunicipalOffices �\ �� ` +,�; \ � .� '� , �� ;`,`,y G Street Address: Mailing Address: �. ,_. \ �`9�t'EggOg'� 2150 Kelley Parlcway P.O. Box 66 Orono, MN 55356 Crystal Bay, MN 55323-0066 May 16, 2000 John Skoglund 1840 Fox Street Wayzata, Mn 55391 Dear Mr. Skoglund: An inspection of your septic system was conducted on May 5, 2000. A summary of the inspection is below. Septic Tank Condition 1. Pumpout needed within one year(last pumpout date 8/26/91). The septic system is a compliant system, meaning it meets all or most current City and State Standards. Enclosed is a list of licensed contractors who work in Orono on a regular basis. This list is enclosed simply for your reference in case your septic system needs maintenance in the future. Also enclosed is a fact sheet explaining your septic system and how it functions. Finally, an as-built drawing is enclosed showin�the approximate location of the septic system. If you have any questions regarding this report, please contact me at the City Offices at 249-4600. R ectfu , l�cc/ hris Pence On-Site Systems Manager Enclosures In the event this inspection report is used to satisfy the requirements for a mortgage or other transfer of propea��, be ad�zsed that this report does no guarantee or certify the existing system will continue to function properly,�n�R is merely an opinion of the adequacy of the system under current conditions based on the available inform��a�m,� This report must be kept on the premises with the system location and pumping records. Telephone(952)249-4b00 • Fax(952)249-4616 www.ci.orono.mn.us ,;��0-��. ,; � 11�' �� % O O`�;;, �� , :� , �i C ITY of URONU � �;s;, `• r�,, �� zv,: '�i �. �!�,''�i� Municipal Offices `�,t ' �'� '� ``�'� �' �� Street Address: �15a-a4�1-y6o � Mailing Address: �kESH�g�' 2750 Kelley Parkway P.O. Box 66 - ---__=� Orono, MN 55356 Crystal Bay, MN 55323-0066 To Current Owner: Address: � ��' �� s fi- City Ordinance 199 requires that each existing on-site sewage treatment system in Orono be inspected every two years. The on-site sewage treatment system at the above address has been inspected and appears to fall into the categories checked below. SYSTEM CONFORMITY (1-3): � 1 "CODE SYSTEM" An ISTS which meets all the location,design and construction standards of the current Orono Municipal Code. 2 COMPLIANT SYSTEM" An ISTS which does not meet all the location,design and construction standards of the current Orono Municipal Code bu[does meet the three foot separation requirement or two foot requirement for systems installed 1996 or earlier,and which is not failing or an unminent threat to public health or safety. 3 "NON-COMPLIANT SYSTEM" A prohibited ISTS;an ISTS located within a designated 100-yeaz flood plain,any ISTS which may or may not meet all die location,design,or construction stanhards of the current Orono Municipal Code and which is failing for any reason;and any ISTS with less than three feet of unsaturated soil or sand beriveen the distribution device and the limiting soil characteristics. TANK CONDITION(5-7): � Tank inspection indicates: �Pumpout not needed at this time. 6 Septic tanks must be pumped out this year (city code recommends tanks to be pumped out once every 3 years. Tank was last pumped ��'L-`5-�� ). Make sure septic tanks are pumped through manhole and not throu�h white inspection pipes. This allows for the proper cleanin�. Keep water softner and iron filter dischar�e out of septic svstem to prolong life of drainfield. Ask pumper to test alarm float to verify alarm is still workin�in your house. The alarm warns owner that septaQe is about to backup into basement. 7 Inspection risers missing-tanks could not be inspected. Inspection risers(4"dia.pipe)must be instailed in each tank. If tanks have not been pumped out within the last three years,they should be pumped out now. D INFIELD CONDITION 8-10 : � 8 Drainfield is dry,no surfacing evident. 9 Some evidence of surfacing,not critical yet. 10 Drainfield is saturated and visibly discharging untreated effluent to the surface. Contact the City Inspector immediately.Repairs must be completed within 90 days. COMMENTS: D(�.`��\� ,�,r- S�p ��.. ��^k) �o�k- bj�- r � -Z.Z-�U`� �.,�,ti �� Date of Inspection Matt Bolterman - Septic System Inspector No[e: In the event that this inspection report is used to satisfy tlie requ'uements for a mortgage or other transfer of property,be advised that this report does not guarantee or certify that an existing system will continue to function properly, but is merely an opinion of the adequacy of the system under current �....A:N....o l.00nA..n thA�.,a:lvl,lP;nfn,-matinn � . . .. .. . . . . .�, 0,�. _ O ��, O ��. ��'��. CITY of �RONQ � '�-`' �-.�? ,�1 A��'�T:r�. D,r ti � ;; �f�� G4ti � y � O�ces - `�,� � '4i��'� �� Munici �,..- � ��.'''f�,�;� f� ' Street Address: MallinQ Address: � �ES�iOg 2750 Kelley Parkway P.O. Box 66 Orono, MN 55356 Cryatai Bay, MN 55323-0066 95d-�4q-y600 To Current Owner: Address: �� y U ��x �fi- City Ordinance 199 requires that each existin�on-site sewage treatment system in Orono be inspected every two years. The on-site sewa�e treatment system at the above address haz been inspected and appears to fall into the categories checked below. SYSTEM CONFORMITY (1-3): � 1 "CODE SYSTEM"An ISTS which meets all the(ocation,duign and construction standards of the current Orono Municipal Code. O "COMPLIANT SYSTEM" An ISTS which docs not meet all the location,design and construction standuds of the eumnt Orono Municipal Code but does meet the ttuce foot separation requircment or hvo foot requirement for rystertu installed 1996 or earlier,and which is not failino or an imminent threat to publie health or safety. 3 "NON-COMPLIANT SYSTEM" A prohibited ISTS;an ISTS located within a daignated 100-year flood plain,any ISTS which may or may not meet all the location.desi�,or construc6on standards of tjte cunent Orono Municipal Code and which is failing for any reason;and any ISTS with less than thrce feet of unsatunted soil or sand between the disaibution device and the limitina soil eharacterisdcs. TANK CONDITION(5:7�: 5 Tank inspection indicates: . �5 Pumpout not needed at this time. Septic tanks must be pumped out this year (city code requires tanks to be pumped out once every 3 years. Tank was last pumped �1-1-�-01 ). � Make sure septic tanl:s are pumned through manhole and not through�r•hite inspection pipes. This allo�ss for the proner cleaning. 7 Inspection risers missin�tanks could not be inspected. Inspection risers(4"dia.pipe)must be installed in each tank. D INFIELD CONDITION(S-�Q): ,� 8 Drainfield is dry,no surfacing evident. Some evidence of surfacin„not critical yet. � 10 Dninfield is saturated and visibly dischuging un�eated ef�luent to the surface. Contact the City Inspector � immediately.Repairs must be completed within 90 days. CO�NTS: �r�:��.clr� a�� S��h�Z �fi�r.kS lOoK o� - �-�-0�. �azC Date of Inspcction Matt Balterman- Septic System Inspector Nou: In the event that this inspcction rcport is used W satisfy the requircments for a moctgage or other tracufer ofproperty.be advised that this repoR doa notguarantec or certify that an existing rystem will continue W function properly,but is mercly an opinion ofthe adcquary of the system under current conditions based on the avaitable information. � ;; � � `.,`.. � ,� � ; CI�'I' of �IZOl� �� ' Municipal Offices Street Address: Mailing Address: �L�9 �'�G 2150 Kelley Parkway P.O. Boz 66 kE��1� Orono, MN 55356 Crystal Bay, MN 55323-0066 To: The Cunent Owner of Address �`l `�� r�� City Ordinance requires that onsite sewage treatment systems in Orono be inspected on a periodic basis. The onsite sewage treatment system at the above address has been inspected and the follow•ing is known about the system. A sketch of the known components of the system is available for most properties at the Orono City Hall. Imminent Public Health Threat Yes �No If yes, please co�itact the Onsite Systems Manager at 952-249-4626 within 10 days of receipt of this notice. The septic system must be brou�ht into compliance within 90 days. Failure to do so will result in referral to the City Attorney for legal action. System Identi as Non-Compliant Yes �fC ��,(-4-�i � S ( d� R �t� 'i.� jl�a 2� i A�c.-► � �� ""JIZ�F_'� A�r'c;� .: !��".l- �a•�t i�i�.4n C�- If yes, system must be brouaht into compliance by: December 31, 2007 � December 31, 2010 ather Septic 'I'ank(s) ump out Needed Yes l�T o The City recommends the septic tank(s) and/or lift tanl: be serviced and pumped olit �v�rv three years. City records indicate the tar�k(s) were last pumped out on cZ-�( . The tanl:(s) should be cleaned through the manhole and not tlu�ough the inspection pipes, tlzis allotivs for proper cleaning. Comments: ll�� l5� ' I ��5 �rzr-�, �S a� �1A��/�� P� c.,JS ►t �� i✓A•.�fe� d� isSv�c' ��-r,�i 5"��t,c S �-lS+�`'�` � S i3�^,.>�i-�-� ��"n �fi-'u C a�i� ��'.t^ c�. Insnecto� Date of Inspection �� lele��an� (��2) 2;�'-=;6�� k��:� (9�2� ��9_�n:�� 3°��1'35.C_.t�'_'C 53 t3.3i:�li.�15 � o� 0 o ��_ �� CITY of ORONO �#��,j� -__ � � r I � �� :� � �� ti Municipal Offices � ��'�'��',�'°,T'� 'ti �,��',,`-.,��`��,"��,�,G Street Address: Mailing Address: �f'EggO 2750 Kelley Parkway P.O. Box 66 Orono, MN 55356 Crystal Bay, MN 55323-0066 Owner: �h� �� Address: 1840 Fox St. Permit #'s: 7021 Dates: 6/B/B3 Contractors: Sullivan (This is [X] an existing system [ ] new construction) . SY5TEM COMPLIANCE (1-3) : 1 � Code System: Meets or exceeds current City standards in all respects relating to design, construction, and location. Appears to be operating properly. 2 Compliant System: Does not meet all current City standards for new construction, but in most respects appears to be designed, located, and constructed in accordance with previous codes and is functioning properly. 3 Non-Compliant System: System may or may not meet current City standards for design, construction, or location, but is failing to properly treat and dispose of the current input; and any system with less than three feet of vertical separation between the bottom of the drainfield and the saturated soil level. (The saturated soil leval [�J has or [ ] has not bean identifiad at this time. If the saturatad soil level has not been identifiad, this classification is subjact to revision.) TANK CONDITION (5-9) : 6 Pumpout not needed at this time. � Solids accumulation in tanks indicates they should be pumped out this year. 7 System is discharging to the surface. Tanks must be pumped out within 48 hours. 8 Inspection risers missing-tanks could not be inspected. If tanks have not been pumped out within three years, they should be pumped out and risers installed now. 9 Inspection pipe is located over tank baffle-can not measure solids accumulation. If tanks have not been pumped out within three years, they should be pumped out now. (During the last septic tank Maintenance Pumpout the tanks [ ] were or [xj ware not confirmed to be watertight by the licensed pumping contractor. If the tanks ware not confirmed to be watertight, this classification is subject to revision.) D INFIELD CONDITION (11-14) : 11 1 Drainfield is dry, no surfacing evident. 12 Some evidence of surfacing, not critical yet. Repair is not required at this time. 13 Drainfield is saturated and visibly discharging untreated effluent to the surface. Contact the City Inspector immediately. Repair must be completed within 90 days. 14 Drainfield extent and condition unknown. POTENTIAL FOR SYSTEM FAILURE: (system age and condition, soils, etc. ) : medium COMMENTS: ��_� �-� �' c �-r----- Date of Inspection Sep ic System Inspector Note: In the event that this inspection report is used to satisfy the requirements for a transfer of property, this report does not guarantee that an existing system will continue to function properly, but indicates the operation of the system under current conditions. Telephone (612) 473-7357 � FAX 473-0510 CITY OF ORONO � O� Municipal Offices O � O Post Office Box 66 Crystal eay, MN 55323-0066 � � ON—SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT r�,� � INSPECTION REPORT �' G~ �9kESH�4� Owner:�� '�/1` Y� Address: ��'7`V �� ,�l. Permit #'s: � Dates:__[��d� Contractors: �/��/�71"'� City ordinance number 100 requires that each on-site sewage treatment system in Orono be inspected on a regular basis. The on-stte sewage treatment system at the above address has been inspected and appears to fall into the category checked below. (This is � an existing system [ ] neu construction) SYSTEM CONFORMITY (1-3): 1 "CODE SYSTEM"-A system which meets all the location, design, and construction standards of the current City Codes, and which is operating satisfactorily by treating and disposing of the entire current sewage input without discharging any pollutants into ground or surface uaters. 2 "CONFORMING SYSTEM"-A system uhich does not meet all the location, design, and construction standards of the current City Codes, but uas installed according to the code in effect at the time of installation, and which is operating satisfactorily by treating and disposing of the entire current seuage input without discharging any pollutants tnto ground or surface waters. 3 "NON-CONFORMING SYSTEM"-A prohibited system; a system located within a designated 100-year floodplain; any system which may or may not meet all the location, design, and construction standards of the current City Codes and which is failing for any reason; and any system with less than 3 feet of unsaturated soil or sand betueen the distribution device and the limiting soil characteristics. (The limiting soil characteristic {�has or [ ] has not been identified at this time. If the limiting soil characteristic has not been identified, this classification may be subject to revision.) TANK CONDITION (5-10): //� � Tank inspection indicates: 5 Pumpout not needed at this time. 6 Solids accumulation in tanks indicates they should be d out this year to help prevent future problems. 7 Solids accumulation in tanks is at a critical level. Tan s should be pumped out as soon as possible. 8 System is discharging to the surface. Tanks must be pumped out within 48 hours to eliminate surface dischar�e. 9 Inspection risers missing-tanks could not be inspected. Inspection risers (4" dia. pipe) must be installed in each tank at next pumpout. If tanks have not been pumped out uithin the last three years, they should be pumped out now. ]nspection pipe is located directly over tank baffle (does not give accurate measurement of solids accumulation). [f tanks have not been punped out within the last three years, they shoul now �--- �r�= � d� DRAINFIELD CONDITION (11-14): Dr field inspection indicates: 11 Drainfield is dry, no surfacing evident. Some evidence of surfacing, not critical yet. 13 Drainfield is saturated and visibly discharging untreated effluent to the surface. Contact the City ]nspector immediately. Repairs must be completed within 90 days. 14 Drainfield extent and condition unknown. LIMITING S17E FAC70RS (slope,setbacks,etc.): POTEN7IAL FOR SYSTEM FAILURE (depends on soils,water table,etc.): �+N�� COMMENTS: Da e of Inspection Sep c System Inspector Note: In the event that this inspection report is used to satisfy the requirements for a mortgage or other transfer of property, be advised that this report does not guarantee or certify that an existing system will continue to function properly� but is merely an opinion of the adequacy of the system under current conditions based on the available tnformation. This report must be kept on the prE�nises with the system loc�tion and pumping records. WHITE COPY/Inspectors File YELLOW COPY/Homeowner CITY OF ORONO � O� Municipal Offices O � O Post Office Box 66 Crystal eay, MN 55323-0066 � � ON—SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT � �, INSPECTION REPORT ti �L9kESH.�4'�G Owner: _.�cef�h S�3'��1 Address: �157� /�X S� Permit #'s: /�-�� Dates: f�� Contractors: �i///►%bY��" City ordinance number 100 requires that each on-site sewage treatment system in Orono be inspected on a regular basis. The on-site sewage treatment system at the above address has been inspected and appears to fall into the category checked below. (This is � an existing system [ ] new construction) SYSTEM CONFORMITY (1-3): � "CODE SYSTEM'�-A system which meets all the location, design, and construction standards of the current City Codes, and which is operating satisfactorily by treating and disposing of the entire current sewage input without discharging any pollutants into ground or surface waters. 2 "CONFORMING SYSTEM"-A system which does not meet all the location, design, and construction standards of the current City Codes, but uas installed according to the code in effect at the time of installation, and which is operating satisfactorily by treating and disposing of the entire current sewage input without discharging any pollutants into ground or surface waters. 3 "NON-CONFORMING SYSTEM"-A prohibited system; a system located within a designated 100-year floodplain; any system which may or may not meet all the location, design, and construction standards of the current City Codes and which is failing for any reason; and any system with less than 3 feet of unsaturated soil or sand between the distribution device and the limiting soil characteristics. (7he limiting soil characteristic �] has or [ ] has not been identified at this time. [f the limiting soil characteristic has not been identifie?�, this classification may be subject to revision.) TANK CONDITION (5-10): T,myc inspection indicates: C5� Purtipout not needed at this time. 6 Solids accumulation in tanks indicates they should be pumped out this year to help prevent future problems. 7 Solids accumulation in tanks is at a critical level. Tanks should be pumped out as soon as possible. 8 System is discharging to the surface. Tanks must be pumped out within 48 hours to eliminate surface discharge. 9 Inspection risers missing-tanks could not be inspected. Inspection risers (4" dia. pipe> must be installed in each tank at next purtipout. If tanks have not been pumped out within the last three years, they should be pumped o�t now. 10 Inspection pipe is located directly over tank baffle (does not give accurate measurement of solids accumulation). [f tanks have not been pumped out within the last three years, they should be pumped out now. DRAINFiELD CONDITION (11-14): � Drp�,nfield inspection indicates: laJ� Drainfield is dry, no surfacing evident. 12 Some evidence of surfacing, not critical yet. 13 Drainfield is saturated and visibly discharging untreated effluent to the surface. Contact the City Inspector immediately. Repairs must be completed within 90 days. 14 Drainfield extent and condition unknown. LIMITING SITE FACTORS (slope,setbacks,etc.): � POTENTIAL FOR SYSTEM fAILURE (depends on soils,water table,etc.): � COMMENTS: Date of Znspection Septic System Inspector Note: In the event that this inspection report is used to satisfy the requirements for a mortgage or other transfer of property, be advised that this report does not guarantee or certify that an existing system uill continue to function properly� but is merely an opinion of the adequacy of the system under current conditions based on the available information. This report must be kept on the pre�nises with the system loc=tien and pumping records. WHITE COPY/Inspectors File YELLOW COPY/Homeowner On the North Shore o f Lake Minnetoraka ON-SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT INSPECTION REPORT � POST OFFICE BOX 66 1335 S. Brown Rd. � � � Crystai Bay, MN 55323 473-7357 -�_ I OWNER �/��h S /t� ADDRESS l��/� �k Sr PERMIT NO.'S. �� DATES �� u� CONTRACTORS ��/`/�{�� City Ordinance No. 210 requires that each on-site sewage treatment system in Orono be inspected on a regular basis.The on-site sewage treatment system at the above address has been inspected and appears to fall into the category checked below. (This is G� an existing system ❑ new construction) � � Meets or exceeds current City standards in all respects relating to design,construction,and location.Appears to be operating properfy. � 2 Does not meet all current City standards for new construction (1978 Code) but in most respects appears to be designed, located, and constructed generally in accordance with previous codes.System appears to be functioning properly; no major upgrading of the systern is required at this time. � 3 Does not meet current City standards in many respects relating to design, construction, or location.Appears to be operating adequately at this time, but has a relatively high potential for future problems. No major upgrading of system is required at this time. � 4 System may or may not meet current City standards for desig�, construction or location, but is failing to properly treat and dispose of the current input, and is endangering a water supply, or is a source of pollution to surface or groundwaters,or is creating a safety hazard, or is otherwise creating a public nuisance.Please contact the City Inspector to discuss system repair/ replacement procedures. If drainfield replacement is necessary,soil testing will usually be required,and a design and site plan must be submitted for review.Your contractor must obtain a permit before work is started. SYSTEM CONDITION ( m Checked items may require your action) Ta�k inspection indicates: ❑ Inspection pipe is located directly over tank baffle. (Does not ❑ Pumpout not needed at this time. give accurate measureme�t of solids accumulation.) If tanks � Solids accumulation in tanks indicates they should be pump- have not been pumped out within the last three years, they ed out this year to help prevent future problems, should be pumped out now. ❑ Solids accumulation in tanks is at a critical level. Tanks Drainfield inspection indicates: should be pumped out as soon as possible. '�] Drainfield is dry,no surfacing evident. ❑ System is discharging to surface. Tanks must be pumped ❑ Some evidence of surfacing,not critical yet. within 48 hours to elimi�ate surface discharge. ❑ Drainfield is saturated and visibly discharging untreated ❑ Inspection risers missing—tanks could not be inspected. effluent to the surface. This condition may require replace- Inspection risers (4" dia. pipe)must be installed in each tank ment or additions to drainfield. Contact the City Inspector at next pumpout. If tanks have not been pumped out within immediately.Repairs must be completed within 90 days. the last three years,they should be pumped out now. ❑ Drainfield extent and condition unknown. SITE CHARACTERISTICS: Limiting Site Factors Potential for System Failure Site Capabilities for ❑ Slope (depends on soil types,water Futu e Expansion ❑ Soil table,and system condition) �Adequate ❑ High water table � Low ❑ Fair ❑ Lot size ❑ Medium ❑ Poor ❑ Lake,wetland,or stream ❑ High ❑ Inadequate ❑ Drainage ❑ System is causing visible surface discharge. COMMENTS: /��b�9� " Date of Inspection Septic System Inspector Note: In the event that this inspection report is used to satisfy the requirements for a mortgage or other transfer of property,be advised that this report does not guarantee or certify that an existing system will continue to function properly,but is merely an opinion of the adequacy of the system under current conditions based on the available information. This report must be kept on the premises with system location and pumping records. WHITE COPY/Inspector's File GOLD COPY/Homeowner � 1 SEPTIC SYSTEM INVENTORY Site Address: 1840 Fox St PID: 0311723420008 Owner Name: John B. &Linda F. Massopust Owner Address: 500 Washington Ave S#440 Minneapolis MN 55415 Building Type: residence Installer: Date of Permit: 6/8/83 Sullivan System Type: standard trench BRs Designed for: �4 In Musa?: No Shoreland?: Yes SEPTIC COMPLIANCE INSPECTION Report Date: Compliant?: Expires: Non-Compliant?: Report in Street ile? SPECIAL NOTES / 07/22l04 NO BUILDING PERM S OR VARIA ES � � SEPTIC TANKS ' Material: precast concrete Capacity: 1000, 1 Tank Filter: DRAINFIELD Treatment Area: 1000 Soil Boring: yes D t above Wt: 24" WELL DATA Setbacks-Well-Tanks: 50 Well-DF: 75 Report ile?: � Depth: 211 INSPECTION RECORD PUMPOUT RECORD Date Description Date Gallons 06/10/83 installation 08/26l91 1500 08/07/86 no surfacing 09/02/98 2000 07/05/88 no surfacing 09/28/01 2000 10/30/90 no surfacing-pump tanks 11/14/06 2000 06/10/92 no surfacing �— 11/15/94 no surfacing-pump tanks �— 08/25/97 no surfacing-pump tanks � 05/05/00 SB done, compliant system 08/06/02 no surfacing 07/22/04 Non-compliant, replace by 12/31/2010 � � � ' i lS� �x J� _ __. � __ �- _� ✓� �� _ � � �, � j , � �. �. � jl I i I ' I , j � � , � — I � Y � `� I � � , .� I � � �� ' � � � 1 � 1 , ! fl � � . � _ �v�'-�Ye S,-{-� , � ` � �} � � � — T, ��- �9'D ��a I�1 I �'o ��'� 7a 1�1� s�'� �� i �`g� �� a � � , 3 5� (� `�q �f ��1�� 'D .� — �� `�