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Proaiding the Sharper Edge in
Natural Resources &Enaironmental Consulting
ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
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\� � SVOBODA ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
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, �,�/ , Providing the Sharper Ed�c in Natural Resources & Enviconmental Consulting
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1 ,
August 2, 2004
, Ms. Mimi Ryerse
Edina Realty
, 150 West Lake Street
Wayzata, MN 55447
, RE: SER Project Name: 701 Dickey Lake Drive
SER Project No: 2004-085-03
Project Location: A portion of the NW '/, NW '/, Section 34, T118N.,
' R23 W., City of Orono, Hennepin County, Minnesota
Project Description: Wetland Classification, Identification, Delineation, &
Staking Services
, Dear Ms. Ryerse:
' As requested, Svoboda Ecological Resources (SER) visited the above referenced prop-
erty on July 16, 2004 to examine the site for the presence of areas meeting wetland crite-
ria. Criteria for determining jurisdictional wetlands are as described in the 1987 U.S.
' Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual (USCOE 1987 Manual) as re-
quired by the Minnesota Wetland Conservation Act (WCA).
, SITE DESCRIPTION
The subject parcel is a vacant residential lot located at the intersection of Dickey Lake
Drive and Willow Drive North (See Figure 1). The property includes deciduous forested
' areas located along the north and south border with an open grassy/shrub region covering
the remaining middle portion of the parcel. (Figure 5). The surrounding landscape to the
north and east is primarily single-family residential properties. Commercial property is
' located directly to the south of the subject parcel adjacent to Highway 12. Undeveloped
land is located directly west of Willow Drive North.
, METHODS
National wetiand Inventory (NWI) maps (Figure 2), Soil Survey of Hennepin County
maps (Figure 3), Minnesota Protected Waters maps (Figure 4), and aerial photographs
' are reviewed prior to the site visit to identify areas that may be wetlands. Areas illustrat-
ing evidence of wetland conditions are examined in greater detail during the field survey.
' Three wetland criteria characteristics; vegetation, soils and hydrology (as outlined in the
1987 USCOE Manual), are examined during the survey and used to distinguish wetland
types and determine wetland boundaries. A sample transect is established in representa-
' tive wetland-to-upland transition zones in order to characterize the vegetation, soils, and
hydrology of the site. Information obtained from the sample points can be found on the
, field data sheets located in Appendix A.
2�477 Shad�-wood Road • Excelsior, NII�1 55331
� ��s�� 4�1-iiou • ��s�� ��t-000� �F���
'
' �1-toot woc�den lath. The"wetlanci b��undary" is considered to be the topographically hi�hest cxtent
c�t�the wetland basin; areas below the stakcd boundary meet the three required wetland criteria while
' areas above are lackin� in one or more ot�these conditions.
Wetland classitication follows methods described by Cowardin et al. (1979) and is used in the NW[
' (e.g. PEMB, PSS1C, etc.), completed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Circular 39
wetland classification (Shaw and Fredine 1956) is also given (e.g. Type l, Type 2, etc.). The
indicator status of plants,as described in Appendix B, is determined using the National List of Plant
� Sp�cies That Occur in Wetlands — Rcgion 3 (Sabine 1999).
RESULTS AND DISCUSS[ON
' Background Information- (Office-Based Investigation)
The NWI map (Mound Quadrangle) illustrates one wetland on the subject parcel located at the
central region of the southern perimeter(Figure 2).The basin shown on the NWI map is a palustrine
' type(P)wetland with emergent vegetation(EM),and a seasonally flooded moisture regime(C),or a
Type 3, PEMC wetland. The Soil Sisrvey ofHennepin County indicates Cordova silty clay loam is
present on the subject property (Figure 3). The Cordova series is classified as hydric soils (SCS
' Hydric Soils of the United States) and illustrated with blue crosshatching on Figure 3. The
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources State Protected Waters Map indicates that 839W and
, Dickey's Lake (161 W) occur in the vicinity of the subject parcel (See Figure 4).
Site Visit
, SER personnel examined the subject property for areas meeting jurisdictional wetland criteria during
the site visit (July 16, 2004). An area meeting the jurisdictional criteria of a wetland, for which a
boundary was determined, is comprised of one wetland basin(Type 3/6, PEM/FOl C) located near
' the southwest corner the parcel (Figure 5). Detailed soils, vegetation, and hydrology data for the
delineated wetland is provided in the data sheets of Appendix A.Approximately 161ath were used to
delineate this basin. The southern forested edge of the wetland,as well as topographic variation,was
, used as the primary boundary cues while delineating this basin.
Vegetation at the wetland sample point is dominated by reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea,
' FACW+) and sandbar willow (Salix exigua, OBL). Sub-dominant plant species present at the
wetland sample include; swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata, OBL), lakebank sedge (Carex
lacustris, OBL), Anemone (Anemone spp.), and silky dogwood (Cornus amomum, FACW+).
, Dominant plants at the upland sample point consist of Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis,
FACU) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis, FAC-).
' Surface soils (<7") at the wetland sample point are composed of black (lOYR 2/1) clay loam that
contains fibric features as deep as 4 inches. From 7 to 14 inches in the wetland soil profile,brown
' (l 0YR 5/3) common, fine, and faint mottles are present within the black (lOYR 2/1) clay loam
matrix. Light yellowish brown(2.SY 6/3)clay loam with light gray(2.SY 7/1)calcareous depletions
and brownish yellow (lOYR 6/8) few, medium and distinct iron oxide soft masses (IOSM) occurs
' from 14 to 18 inches. Light gray(2.SY 7/2) clay containing light yellowish brown (2.SY 6/4) few,
tlne, and faint IOSM and white (2.SY 8/1) depletions are present beyond 18 inches. Water was
observed 12 inches below the ground surface 10 minutes after boring.
1
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'
' Th
e upland sample so�l consists ot black(1 OYR 2/l)clay loam trom the so�l surtace to a depth ot 13
' inches with tibric characteristics occurring in the tirst 7 inches. No [OSM are present with 20 inches
c�t�the soil surface. No water was observed within the upper 17 inches of the soil horizon in the
upland sample borehole.
' Wetland vegetation was also noted in the road ditches along the west and south perimeter of the
subject parcel.This ditched area was not delineated as a wetland because it is located within the road
' right-ot=way and is likely influenced by stormwater runoff via a culvert located in the southwest
corner of the parcel (See Figure 5).
' RECOMMENDATIONS
While the wetland boundary that SER has delineated is not official until approved by a WCA
approved local government unit(LGU), SER advises the property owner to refrain from any filling,
� draining,or excavating,or any impact to the area SER has delineated as wetland. Depending on the
location of the property, buffers around the wetland may also be protected. Any activities in the
' proximity of the wetland should be cleared with appropriate WCA regulatory agencies. It is also
advisable to have the wetland boundary surveyed by a licensed land surveyor,or located with a sub-
meter GPS unit. Since the lath used along the boundary can be vandalized or inadvertently knocked
' over, a survey or GPS location of the lath will assure the permanence of the boundary. The client
should also be aware that approved wetland boundaries are typically valid for only three years from
the date of approval.
' CONCLUSIONS
SER examined the subject property and delineated one small wetland, located near the southwest
' corner of the parcel (Figure 5). All of the areas within the delineated wetland boundaries exhibit a
dominance of hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland hydrology. This small basin likely
collects enough water during excessive precipitation and during seasonally high water periods of the
' growing season that create conditions for wetland characteristics to become apparent.
Please feel free to contact Coley Grostyan or Frank Svoboda at (952) 471-1100 if you have any
' questions or concerns regarding the information in this report. You will be receiving a follow-up
phone call in two to three weeks to see if there is anything else that is needed. SER appreciates the
opportunity to assist you with this project and we look forward to serving any future needs that you
, might have.
' Sincerely,
Svoboda Ecological Resources
' �
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' Franklin J. Svoboda, CWB, PWS Coley J. Grostyan
Vice-President Hydrologist/Wetland Ecologist
'
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, DATA SOURCES
' Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Protected Waters Inventory Map, Hennepin County.
1985.
' USDA. Soi!Survey of Hennepin Counry. April 1983. 159 pp. Plus appendices.
' United States Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetland Inventory Map— Mound Quadrangle.
1991. (Taken from May 1980 aerial photographs).
� USGS. Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle—Hennepin County, Section 2, Township 117N, Range
24W. USGS. April, 1991.
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' LITERATURE REFERENCED
, Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and R.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of Wetlands and
Deepx�ater Habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-79/31.
, 103pp.
Eggers, Steve D. and Donald M. Reed. 1997. Wetland Plants and Plant Communities of
� Minnesota and Wisconsin. US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. 263pp, unclassified.
Environmental Laboratory. 1987. 1987 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation
' Manual. Technical Report Y-87-1, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, Mississippi.
' Gleason, H.A. and A.C. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular Plants of Northeastern United
States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 910pp.
' National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils. 1991. Hydric Soils of the United States.
USDA Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., Misc. Publication Number 1491. 1991.
' Sabine, B. J. 1999. National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: Region 3 —North
Central (Indiana, Illinois, lowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin). Resource
' Management Group, Inc. 77pp.
Shaw, S.P., and C.G. Fredine. 1956. Wetlands of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
' Service, Circular 39. 67pp.
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Y��� Ecologica! Resources � Hydric Soils 701 Dickey Lake Dr.
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Wetland Boundary
' l ��O�O` � * Sample Point Location s
� � Figure 5
���,;� �.� � Culvert
r�,';2�° Ecological Resources Q Parcel Boundary 701 Dickey Lake Dr.
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APPENDIX A
� Field Data Sheets
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' ' ,� ' SVOBODA ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
� '� � Weticritcl�� lnventr�ry & Dc�lincutio�r • Fi,shcric.ti• • WildliJe • Nutttrul Communities
' Y// tiitc Namc: Dickcy L'ak� u:,ic: July 16,2004
�� ' l;asin�.rArc�: F3�ltiin I tiumplc Noint ID: SP I-1 WCT
I�.��iig�i�,r.: CJG, BKB c'ommuniryTypc: Type 3/6, PEivt/FOIC
� I)isturbed Conilition° Y'cs No �
N�turc uf Disturbance:
VEGETATION
� Dominants (>�o°o �basal or aerial co�erage) Non-dominants
S ecies Stratum Indicator Status Soecies Stratum Indicator Status
' Phc�luri.c urtu�dinaceu � � S T FACW+ Asclepias incarnata �V S T OBL
Salix e.ri�uu F� V 5� OB[, Care.r(acu.stri,s C7'V S T Q$L
H V S T Cornus umontt�m H V�� FACW+
f I V S T Anemone spp. � S T
� H V S T H V S T
fi VST H VST
H V S T H V S T
' >50°%of Dominants FAC or wetter? �/ Yes No >50%of Dominants FACW,OBL(FAGneutral test) � Yes _No_N/A
Notes:
t SOILS
County Soil Survey Map Unit: �-nrrinva cer;ec � Soil Series is on National Hydric Soil List
' Area mapped as depression or wet spot on Soil Survey
Field Observations
Hydric soil assumed because plants are OBL and FACW and wedand boundary is abrupt
� � Mineral Soil Organic Soil
Horizon/Depth Matrix Color Texture Features
�-7" 2.SY 6/3 Clay loam Fibric to 4"depth
' 7-14" IOYR 2/1 Sandv clay lOYR 5/3 common, fine,faint mottling
14-18" 2.SY 6/3 Sandv clav lOYR 6/8 few,medium,distinct IOSM
2.SY 7/1 calcarious deposits
, 18+" 2.SY 7/2 Clay 2.SY 6/4 few,fine,faint IOSM; 2.SY 8/i deplet.
Hydric Soil Present? �/ Yes No Undetermined
' No�es: *Iron Oxide Soft Masses
HYDROLOGY
Depth of sampling: 1 g+ Inches Oxidized Root Channels in Upper 12 inches(S)
' Inundated,Depth of Water:(P) Drainage Pattems in Wetlands(P)
� Free water in borehole,Depth from Surface: �Z�� � Water-stained leaves(S)
Water Marks,Elevation:(P) �/ Local Soil Survey Data(S)
Drift Lines or Sediment Deposits(P) FAC-Neutral Test(S)
' Hydrology Criterion Met' �/ Yes No
O�her Observations:
' WETLAND DETERMINATION
Is the Sample Point in W'etland? Yes �/ No Undetertnined Distance from Delineated Edge: � ft. N/A
' NnrPg: �SIC:iu�iu C,J,,,.L,.,._a
.,s., �a�..0 on�egetation,water stained leaves and topographic line.
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' ' '' SVOBODA ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
� � ' Wetlnnc/.�� lnvent�»y cPc Delinccttiorr • Fi,s/terie.ti• • 6Vilc/!i/e • Nuttu•cr! Commtutitic.s
' f' / Siic Namc: DickCy L'ak� Daic: �
I� � July l6,..004
� l3asin\,�rca: ��til� � Samplc Puint IU: SP 1-I UP
In�cstigaturs: C1G. BKB Community Iypc: UPLAND
� Distunc�d Conditiun° l'cs No �
N��urc��f Disturhance:
VEGETATION
� �O(T11f18IlIS (>'0°0+basal�tt�erial co�erage) NO�-dOIlllfla�IS
S ccics Stratum Indicator Status S_pecies Stratum Indicator Status
' Sulidu.�u cunudensi.c � S �� FACU Cirsitim arrense �/�-v S T FACU
Pou Drulensis H V S T FAC- Asclepras.rti�riuca tY V S T UPL
F I V S T Get�m aIIePPict�m �V S T FAC+
H V S T Carex lacttslri,c �V S T QBL
' H V S T Verfiena has�ata �V S T FACW+
H V S T AXros�is hvemulis � V S T FACW
H V S T Ambrosia sop. S T ______
' >50°'0 oF Dominams FAC or u ener? Yes �/ No >50°'0 of Dominants FACW,OBL(FAGneutral test)_Yes � No_N/A
Notes:
' SOILS
County SOiI Survey Map Unit: Cnrrinva ceriec ✓ Soil Series is on National Hydric Soil List
' Area mapped as depression or we[spot on Soil Survey
Field Observations
Hydric soil assumed because plants are OBL and FACW and wedand boundary is abrupt
' � Mineral Soil Organic Soil
Horizon/Depth Matrix Color Texture Features
�-7" lOYR 2/1 Clay loam Fibric
' 7-I 3" lOYR 2/I Clav loam
13-20" 2.5/1 YR Sandv clay loam
20+" lOYR 5/3 Sandy clay lOYR 6/8 few,fine,prominant IOSM*
� lOYR 3/2 mottli��
Hydric Soil Present? Yes �/ No Undetermined
' Noies: *Iron Oxide Soft Masses
HYDROLOGY
Depth of sampling: 2�+" Inches Oxidized Root Channels in Upper 12 inches(S)
' Inundated,Depth of Water.(P) Drainage Pattems in Wedands(P)
Free water in borehole,Depth from Surface: Water-stained leaves(S)
Water Marks,Elevation:(P) �/ Local Soil Survey Data(S)
Drift Lines or Sediment Deposits(P) FAC-Neutral Test(S)
' Hydrology Criterion Met° Yes � No
oehe�obse��ac;ons: No water in borehole after 45-minute time interval
' WETLAND DETERMINATION
Is the Sample Point in Wedand? Ycs No �/ Undetermined Distance from Delineated Edge: � ft. N/A
' Nctes: ;;��•�-_a a__L___� • .
..��a��u e.,���a���on�cgctai;or�,waic� stamed ieaves and topographic line.
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APPENDIX B
' Plant Indicator Status
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INDICATOR CATEGORIES*
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Obligate Wetland (OBL)—Occur almost always (estimated probability >99%) under natural
' conditions in wetlands.
Facultative Wetland (FACW)—Usually occur in wetlands (estimated probability 67% - 99%),
' but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
' Facultative (FAC)—Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probabiliry
34% - 66%).
' Facultative Upland (FACU) —Usually occur in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67% -
99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1% -33%).
' Obligate Upland (UPL)—Occur in wetlands in another region, but occur almost always
(estimated probability>99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the region specified. If
a species does not occur in wetlands in any region, it is not on the National List.
'
' 'Reed,P.B. 1988. National list of plant species that occur in wetlands:Minnesota. National Wetlands Inventory,U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service,
St.Petersburg,Florida.
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APPENDIX C
' Soil Series Descri tions
P
' Acquired from Natural Resource Conservation Service Website Official Soil Series Descri t' n
, p �o s
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� CORD
OVA SERIES
' I he Cordova series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils that formed mostly in loamy calcareous
giacial till on ground moraines and till plains. The upper part of the profile in some of these soils formed in
, modified glacial tilL These soils have moderately slow permeability. Their slopes are less than Z percent.
Mean annual precipitation is about 28 inches. Mean annual temperature is about 48 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls
' TYPICAL PEDON: Cordova clay loam with a plane slope of 1 percent in a cultivated
field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
' Ap--O to 10 inches; black (N 2/0) clay loam, very dark gray (lOYR 3/1) dry; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; friable; about 1 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt
wavy boundary.
' A--10 to 18 inches; black (N 2/0) clay loam, very dark gray(lOYR 3/1) dry; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; friable; about 1 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy
tboundary. (Combined A horizon is 8 to 20 inches.)
Btgl--18 to 30 inches; olive gray (SY 4/2) clay loam; few fine prominent dark yellowish
' brown (l 0YR 4/6) Fe concentrations; moderate medium angular blocky structure parting
to moderate fine angular blocky; friable; common very dark gray(SY 3/1) clay films on
faces of peds and in pores; about 3 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
' Btg2--30 to 38 inches; olive gray(SY 5/2) clay loam; common fine prominent dark
yellowish brown (lOYR 4/6) Fe concentrations; weak medium subangular blocky
' structure; friable; few distinct very dark gray(SY 3/1) clay films on faces of peds and in
pores; about 3 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined Btg horizon is
12 to 40 inches thick.)
' C--38 to 80 inches; light olive gray (SY 6/2) loam; common medium prominent
yellowish brown (l 0YR 5/6) Fe concentrations; massive; friable; about 5 percent gravel;
' strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Waseca County, Minnesota; about 5 miles north of Waseca; 550
' feet south and 1100 feet east of the northwest corner of Sec. 22, T.108N., R.22W.; USGS
Morristown quadrangle; lat. 44 degrees 8 minutes 32 seconds N. and long. 93 degrees 27
minutes 45 seconds W., NAD27.
' RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to free carbonates ranges from 24 to 50
inches. Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 10 to 24 inches. Rock fragment
content is 2 to 6 percent throughout and is of mixed lithology, but some pedons have less
' than 2 percent in the upper part. The A horizons are neutral to moderately acid. The B
horizons range from strongly acid to slightly alkaline.
' The Ap or A horizon has hue of lOYR, 2.SY or is neutral, value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 0
or 1. It is loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam. Eluviation is evident in some pedons by a
few porous coatings on the faces of peds in the lower A and/or upper B horiozns.
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' Sum� peci��ns have AB horiic�ns.
The Bt� horizon has a matrix with hue of l0Y'R to SY, value of 3 to 5, value of 3 is only
' in thc; upper part, and chroma of I or 2. Some pedons have a BA horiron. The B horizon
typically is silty clay loam or clay loam but ranges to loam in the lower part. The upper
20 inches of the argillic horizon averages between 28 to 35 percent clay and exceeds 15
' percent fine sand and coarser. The B/A clay ratios range from 1.2 to l.4.
A Bk horizon is present in some pedons.
' The C horizon has a matrix with �Y or 2.SY hue, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It
is loam or clay loam and is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
' COMPETING SERIES: These are the Barrv, Berville, Brookston, Buntin v� ille,
Clackamas, Hamel, Jameston, Maren�;o, Mill�-ove, Navan, Nosoni, Rensselaer, and
' Westland series. Barry soils have less than 27 percent clay in the control section. Berville
soils contain more than 6 percent gravel in the control section. Brookston soils are more
moist in the soil moisture control section dunng the 120 days following the summer
' solstice and have less montmorillonite in the lower part of the series control section.
Buntingville, Clackmas, and Nosoni soils are drier in the soil moisture control section
during the 120 days following the summer solstice. Hamel soils have A horizons 16 to 27
' inches thick and and chroma of 1 or less in the upper B horizons. Jameston soils have
very firm till beginning at depths ranging from 18 to 30 inches. Marengo soils typically
have thicker sola, contain appreciable amounts of sedimentary rock fragments in the silty
' clay lower B and C horizons, and are more moist in the soil moisture control section.
Millgrove soils have up to 15 percent gravel in the upper part and 7 percent or more in
the lower part of the control section and very poorly drained.. Navan soils have than 35
' percent more clay in the lower B and C horizons. Rensselaer soils have reaction greater
than 6.1 in the upper part of the control section, are more moist in the moisture control
section and are poorly drained. Westland soils have 7 percent or more gravel in the lower
' part of the control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Cordova soils have slightly concave to slightly convex
' slopes on broad flat ridge tops in rolling moraine areas or on lower lying areas in ground
moraines and till plains. Slope gradients are 0 to 2 percent. Soils formed mostly in friable,
calcareous, loamy till of Late Wisconsinan age. However, the upper part of the sola in
' some pedons is from modified glacial till or drift. The mean annual temperature is about
c t� �� ,�o..,.00� c �
✓ U��L��J . . .�Zea;, a;ulual precipitation is about 26 to 32 inches.
' GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The main ones are the Dundas, Lester,
and Le Sueur soils. These soils formed in materials similar to those of the Cordova soils
and are members of a hydrosequence with the Cordova soils. The well drained Lester
' soils are on nearby undulating to hilly slopes. The moderately well to somewhat poorly
drained Le Sueur and the somewhat poorly to poorly drained Dundas soils are on nearby
higher positions. The poorly drained Webster and Hamel soils and the very poorly
' drained Glencoe soils are a nearby associate in a few places.
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' DRA[NAGE AND PERMEABIL[TY: Poorly drained. Surface runoff is low.
Pcrmeability is modcrately slow.
' USE AND VEGETAT[ON: Must of the soil is cleared, drained and cropped to corn and
soybeans. A few areas remain in woodlots or permanent pasture. Native vegetation was
northern hardwoods, largely basswood, maple, and elm, and an understory of grasses and
' sedges.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Minnesota and north-central Iowa.
, Extensive.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
' SERIES ESTABLISHED: Waseca County, Minnesota, 1963.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized are: Mollic epipedon from 0
' to 18 inches (Ap and AB horizons); argillic horizon from 18 to 38 inches (Btgl and Btg2
horizons); aquic moisture regime - low chroma with redox features beneath the mollic
' epipedon.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedon 69 MN-7-11 for results of some laboratory
analysis of the typical pedon of this series.
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