HomeMy WebLinkAbout1992-09-30 Septic System Design Report' S-iP TESTZN 9 ZNQ Steven B. Schirmero — MPCA Cert. No. 627
951 Katydid Lane NE • St. Michael, MN 55376 • (612) 497-3566
September 30, 1991
Paul Boyke
Lotl, Block 1
Lauranne Woods, 10 .1/2
Orono, Henn. Co., MN
This On -Site Sewage Treatment System is Designed for a Type 1, four
bed-nom home in accordance with the Minnesota Pollution Control
Agenc./ Chapter 7080 and local ordinances.
The soils on this site are SCS soils mapped - HbC - Hayden loam.
A seasonally high water table was located at 26" to 38", (mottled
soil). Due to the seasonally high water table, a Pressurized Mound
System will need •.-) be installed. The bottom of the rock bed must
be located at leas. 3' above the seasonally high water table.
The soils at a depth of. '2" have a percolation rate averaginq
6.2 min/inch.
A pumping chamber will need to be installed to lift the effluent to
the treatment area.
The manifold and supply line pipe must have back drainage to the pumping
chamber. The distribution pipes shall have their ends capped. Be sure
the rock and sand fill material are clean. The sod layer below the
entire mounded area must be turned over, just break up the sod, be sure
not to over work.
The power supply and H:.tches must be located outside the manhole and
pumping chamber in a weather proof enclosure. A warning device.raust
be installed with a light and sound device, this is in case of -a pump
failure. Mercury floats are a good method.
All neighboring wells are located greater than 100' away from the
proposed treatment area.
CONT'D
Paul Boyke
Lotl,Blk.1
Lauranne Woods, W.1/2
Orono
(2)
Keep all heavy equipment off of the proposed treatment area before and
after construction. The treatment area should be marked off before
construction►. This Design is not valid & the System will need to
be relocatfd if failure to protect the areas proposed for On -Site
Sewage Treatment occurs.
With proper installation and maintenance, this system should have
no problem in treating septic effluent effectively.
Nothing other than gray water, (laundry,showers,etc.; human
waste & toilet tissue should be disposed of into the septic tanks.
Garbage disposals are not recommended. Additives must not be used,
they may cause harmful damage to your septic system. Recommend
to pump your tank every year if you have 1 tank & every 2 years
if you have 2 tanks.
13 ' -`� � • �z�
Steven B. Schirmersrt
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MOUND DESIGN WORKSHEET
(For Flows up to 12M gpd)
A. FLOW
Estimated 175L;' go (see pages D-7 or 1-3,4, 5)
or measured — gpd x 1.5 =
B. SEPTIC TANK LIQUID VOLUMES
- !d -. . , -f- gallons (see pages C-3 or C-5)
C. SOILS (refer to site evaluation)
1. Depth to restricting layer I -ro 7, v inches
2. Depth of percolation Bests = IQ-" inches
3. Percolation rate mpi
4. Land slope S %
D. ROCK LAYER DIMENSIONS
I. Multiply flow rate by 0.83 to obtain required area of rock
layer: Daily Flow x 0.83 =
'? sU gpd x 0.83 sq. ft./gpd : fa sq.
2. Select width of rock layer (10 feet or less) _ ft.
3. Length of rock layer - Area + Width -
�, y �) sq. ft. + 1, ft. _ � ft.
E. ROCK VOLUME
I. Multiply rock area by rock depth to get cubic feet of rock;
9% ft. x ft. _ ?1'l cu. ft.
2. Divide cu. ft. by V cu. ft./cu. yd. to get cubic yards;
I - cu. ft. + 27 = - -, cu. yd.
3. Multiply cubic yards by 1.4 to get weight of rock in tons;
cu. yd. x 1.4 ton/cu. yd. _ 7 � tons.
F. ADSORPTION VVID'ITI ! ri
1. Percolation rate in top 12 inches of soil is mpi
2. Select allowable soil loading rate from table on page E
gpd/ft2
3. Calculate adsorption width ratio by dividing rock layer
loading rate of 1.20 gpd/fO by allowable soil loading rate;
1.20gpd/ft3+ ,y.; gpd/ft'- a•+.�1
Check this value on Page E-16.
4. Multiply adsorption width ratio by rock layer width to get
required adsorption width;
x ft = ft
EMWrr/ftwWw MOefoerf
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G: DOWNSLOPE DIKE WIDTH
I. If 'landslope is 3% or more, subtract rock layer width from
adsorption width to obtain minimum downslope dike toe for
absorption:
ft - ft = 1 I? feet
Calculate minimum mound sire based on geometery:
a. Determine depth of clean sand fill at upslope edge of rock
layer. Sepamion /, v feet
b. Multiply rock layer width by landslope to determine drop
In elevation; Stop Di/jrerence 1..
v x S- 96 + im
c. Add depth of clean sand depth of clean sand for `" :• _ �:,�:•
separation at upslope edge (2a) to depth of rock layer to `_:
rock depth and the depth of raver to find the total mound
height at upslope edge of rock layer;
• 0 ft + 1 ft + 1 ft = ? feet
d. Enter table on page bottom with landslope and upslope
dike ratio. Select dike multiplier of 3 . .
e. Multiply dike multiplier by upslope mound height
to get upslope dike width: . x _ _feet
f. Add the depth of slope difference (2b) to the upslope
height to get the downslope height
S. LD + _ feet
g. Enter table on page bottom with landslope and
downslope dike ratio.
Select dike multiplier of 5. U
h. Multiply dike multiplier by downslope mound height
to get downslope dike width: x -. = 1 r' feet
I. Compare the values of step G.1 and Step G.2.h. Select the
greater of the two values as the downslope dike width;
1 �4 feet
k.
Total mound width is the sum of upslope dike
width plus rock layer width plus downslope
dike width;
l 0_ ft + ft + ? f ft = -2 4' feet L
Total mound length is the sum of upslope
dike width plus rock layer length plus
upslope dike width;
ft + r c ft + i ft = feet
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A. Determine pump capadtlr.
Gravity DisWbutlon
I. Minimum suSpoed is 600 gallons per hour (10 gyre) to may ahead of
water use rate.
2. Maximum suggested for delivery to a drop box of a home system is 2,7M
gallons per hour (45 gpm) to prevent build-up of pressure in drop box.
Press re Dbefttlaa
3. a. Select number of perforated laterals
b. Select perforation spacing • ft.
c. Subtract 2 ft. from the rock layer length.
- 2 ft.
d. Determine the number of spades between perforations.
Length pert. spacing =1c!` ft.
e. -J., spades * 1= .%- perforations/lateral
f. Multiply perforation per lateral by number of laterals to
Set total number of perforations.
x_ perforations.
g• = x , •s: z gpm
SELECTED PUMP CAPACITY 3 "")_ ape+
D. Determine head requirements:
1. Elevation difference between pump and point of discharge.
_' feet
2. If pumping to a pressure distribution ,ystem, add five feet for pressure
required at manifold
r feet
3. Friction loss
a. Enter friction loss table with gym and pipe diameter.
Read friction loss in feet per 100 feet from table.
F.L. = . ;,; ft./100 ft of pipe
b. Determine total pipe length from pump to discharge
point. Add 25 percent to pipe kngth for fitting
loss, or use a fitting loss chart. Equivalent pipe
lenl,th - I M times pipe length =
_-/ s x 1.25 = /,`_ feet
c. Calculate total friction loss by multiplying
hkoon lag in ft/10D ft by equivalent pipe length.
Total frklbn loss = rr x .100 = feet
4. Total head required is the sum of elevation difference, v
special head requirements, and total friction Im.
(il (2) (30
TOTAL HEAD r feet
C F"Mp selection
1. A pump must be selected to deliver at least gpm (Step A)
with at least ' .r' feet of total head (Step 8).
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CERTIFICATION 1 00627 Logo of Soil Borinya
Location or Project Paul Boyke, Lotl,B1k.1,Lauranne Woods, W .1/2,Orono
Borings made by S-P TTestinl Inc. Steve Schirmers Date 9-23-92
Classifiction System: AASHO s USDA-SCS X s Unified t Other
Auger used (check two): Hand X , or Power , Flight , or Bucket X
Depth,
Boring number I
Depth,
Boring number 2
in
in
feet
Surface elevation 1 -
feet
Surface elevation `! w0.f,
0 -
0 -
Topsoil dark brown loam
Topsoil dark brown loam
0 - 8"
0 - 6"
Brown clay loam
1
I -
Gray brown loam
•~ - 10"
2 -
8" - 212"-MOTTLED 212"
2 -
Brown clay loam
Rusty olive brown
100 - 21100-MOTTLE 2'
3 -
clay loam
3 -
Rusty olive brown --lay loam
21100 - 3-1/2'
6 -
2'2" - 3110"
� -
Rusty olive brown
Rusty olive brown
loam
loam
S _
3010" - 5'
5 _
3-1/2' - 5'
6 -
6 -
7 -
7 -
6
End of boring at 5' feet.
Standing water table:
present at feet of depth,
hours after boring.
Not present in hole x
Mottled soil:
Observed at 2'?" feet of depth.
Not present in hole
Comments:
End of boring at 5' feet.
Standing water table:
present at feet of depth,
hours after boring.
Not present hole x
Mottled soil:
Observed at 2'10" feet of depth.
Not present in hole
Comments:
CERTIFICATION # 00627 Logs of Soil Borings L-13
Location or Project Paul Bovke,Lot1,Blk.l,Lauranne Woods v.1.1/2,Orono
Borings made by S-P TestIng, Inc. Steve Schirmers Date 9-23-92
Classifiction System: AASHO t USDA--SCS X Unified s Other
Auger used (check two): Hand X , or Power , Flight , or Bucket X
Depth, Boring Limber 3 Depth, Boring number 4
in in
feet Surface elevation feet Surface elevation sy Z s"
0 - 0 -
T
opsoll dark brown oam
0 - 6"
Topsoil dark brown
0 - 10" loam
Gray 6„ _ 1, brown loam
1 -
1 -
Brown clay loam
Brown clay loam
2 -
1' - 2'2"-MOTTLED 2'2
2 -
Rusty olive brown
i0" - 2-1/2
3 _
clay loam
Brown loam
2'2" - 314"
3 -
2-1/2' - 3120-MOTTLED
4 _ Rusty olive brown 4 _ Olive brown loam
loam
3'4" - 5' 5 3'2" - 5'
-
6 -
7 -
0-
End of boring at 5' feet.
Standing water table:
present at! feet of depth,
hours after boring.
Not present in hole X
Mottled soil:
Observed at 2'2" feet of depth.
Not present in hole
Comments:
6 -
7 -
8 -
End of boring at 5' feet.
Standing water table:
present at feet of depth,
hours after boring.
Not present in hole X
Mottled soil:
Observed at 3'2" feet of depth.
Not present in hole
Comments:
L-13
CERTIFICATION i 00627 Logs of Soil Borings
Location or Project Paul Boyke,Lotl,Blk.l,Lauranne Woods U1.1/2,0rono
Borings made by S-P Testing, Inc. Steve Schirmers Date 9-23-92
Classifiction System: AASHO USDA-SCS X ; Unified Other
Auger used (check two): Hand X , or Power , Flight , or Bucket X
Depth, Boring number 5 Depth, Boring number 6
in in
feet Surface elevation 177S feet Surface elevation yJ41, r
0 Topsoil p 0 - 6" af6amrown
(Iray 6" - 10" broein loam
1 -
Browb clay loam
2 - 10" - 212"-MOTTLED
Rusty olive brown
2'2"
clay loam 2'2" - 2010"
3 -
Rusty olive brown
loam strong
4 _ 2'10" - 4'
Rusty olive brown
loam
5 _ 4' - 5'
6 -
7 -
8
End of boring at 5' feet.
Standing water table:
present at feet of depth,
hours after boring.
'Tot present in hole___ X
Mottled soil:
Observed at 212" feet of depth.
Not present J.n hole
Comments:
0 -
Topsoil dark brown
0 - 10" loam
1 -
Brown 10" - 1'2" loam
Brown clay loam
2 - 1 1'2" - 2'4"-MOTTLED 2'
Rusty olive brown
3 - 2'4" - V 2" clay loam
Rus*•.• olive brown loam
_ 3'10"
4 -
Rusty gray loam
,in" - S1
5 -
6 -
7 -
I'm
End of boring at 5' feet.
Standing water table:
present at feet of depth,
hours after boring.
Not present in hole X
Mottled soil:
Observed at 2'4" feet of depth.
Not present in hole
Comments:
GERT.#00627
PERCOLATION TEST DATA SHEET
Percolation test readings made by S - P Testing I ne . on— 9 - 2 4 - 9 2 startingat : 0 7 p.m.
Test hole locatiM+Lot1,B1k.1,Lauranne Wood ''1tW� 1 9-23-92
. �6R ndrtlHe� ,Date hole was prepared
Depth of hole bottom 12 finches, Diameter of hole 6 inches
Soil data from test hole:
Depth, inches
0 - 8"
8" - 12"
Method of scratching sidewall Knife
Soil texture
Topsoil dark brown loan
Brown clay loam
Depth of gravel in bottom of hole inches
Date and hour of initial water filling 9 - 2 3 - 9 2 • Depih0t�tnitial water filling 12 —inches above hole bottom
Method used to maintain at least 12 inches of water depth in hole for at least 4 hours Automatic siphon
6
Maximum water depth above hole bottom during test griches
Time
Time
interval,
minutes
Measurement.
inches
Drop in water
level, inches
Percolation
rate,
minutes per
inch
Remarks
2:51
prefi11
6
3:07
3:22
4-1/8
3.6
15 min
3:33
3:48
3-7/8
3.9
"
3:49
4:04
3-13/16
3.9
"
Percolation rate = 3 ' 8 minutes per inch.
CERT.N00627
PERCOLATION TEST DATA SHEET
Percolation test readings made by S — P Testing, Inc. m - 9 — 2 9 2 starting at 3 : 08 `A.
e+'
TeathoklocatiM+Lotl,B1k.1,Lauranne Woods,.? . /2 2 9-23-92
Hole num r . Date hole was prepared
Depth of hole bottom 12 inches. Diameter of hole 6 inches
Soil data from test hole:
Depth, inches Soil texture
0 — 6" Topsoil dark brown loam
6" — 10" Gray brown loam
10" — 12" Brown clay loam
Method of scratching sidewall K n i f e
Depth of gravel in bottom of hole 2 inches
9-23-92 ,De 30ppm. , 12
Date and hour of initial water filling pth of initial water filling inches above hole bottom
Method used to maintain at least 12 inches of water depth in hole for at least 4 hours_ A» t-.,matiC aiphoD
Maximum water depth above hole bottom during test 6 inches
Time
Time
interval,
minutes
Measurement,
inches
Drop in water
level, inches
Percolation
rate,
minutes per
inch
Remarks
2 : 5 3
pre f111
6
3:08
3:23
3-15/16
3.8
15 min
3:32
3:47
3-3/4
4.0
"
3:50
4:05
"
3-5/8
4.1
Percolation rate : a - n minutes per inch.
CERT.000627
PERCOLATION TEST DATA SHEET
a.m.
Percolation test readings made by S- P TP c t i n T n c_ or 9- 2 d- 9? starting at A Q
.,4.N
Test holeIOCari(ln Lot1,B1k.1,Lauranne woofter��J2 3 Date hole was prepared
9-23-92
Depth of hole bottom 12 inches, Diameter of hole 6 inches
Soil data from test hole:
Depth, inches
6" - 12"
Method of scratching sidewall Kn i f e
Gray brown loam
Depth of gravel in bottom of hole - imbes
Soil texture
Date and hour of initial water filling 99� 2 3 - 9 2 l'epf RRnitial water filling 12 - inches above We bottom
Method used to maintain at [east 12 inches of water depth in hole For at least 4 hours Automatic siphon
, Maximum water depth above hole bottom during test 6 inches
Time
Time
interval,
minutes
Measurement.
inches
Drop in water
level, inches
Percolation
rate,
minutes per
inch
Remarks
2:53
prefill
6
3:09
3:24
It
2-3/16
6.9
15 min
3:31
3:46
412-1/16
7.3
« "
3 : 5 1
4:06
2
7.5
» »
Pacolation rate - 7 • 2 --minutes per inch.
CERT.N00627
PERCOLATION TEST DATA SHEET
Percolation test readings made by S — P Testing, Inc. on 9 — 2 4 — 9 2 starting at 3 : 10
'moa (n
Test hole location_Lot 1, B 1 k .1, Lauranne Wootkkyt;,bW2 4 Date hole was prepared 9-23-92
Depth of hole botto12 inches, Diameter of hole 6 inches
Soil data from test hole:
Depth, inches
0 — 10"
10" — 12"
Method of scratching sidewall
Soil texture
Topsoil dark brown loam
Brown clay loam
Depth of gravel in bottom of hole 2 inches
9-23-92 2:30pm 12
Date and hour of initial water filling , Depth of initial water filling inches above hole bottom
Method used to maintain at Ieast 12 inches of water depth in hole for at least 4 hours Automatic siphon
6
Maximum water depth above hole bottom during test inches
Time
Time
interval,
minutes
Measurement,
inches
Drop in water
level, inches
Percolation
rate,
minutes per
inch
Remarks
It
2
7.5
15 min
11
N
N
N N
tl
11
N
N N
Percolation rate = 7 - 9 minutes per inch.
CERT.#00627
PERCOLATION TEST DATA SHEET
LAL
Percolation test readings made by c- p To c h i n q, T N r_ 9m 9- 2 4- 9 2 starting at p.m.
4J.W1
Test holelocatiort.Lot 1, B 1 k .1, Lauranne woocl�bl ItllorhlaCr2 5 Date hole was pn;+a 9-23-9 2
Depth of hole bottom 12 inches. Diameter of We 6 inches
Soil data from test hole:
Depth, inches
0 - 6"
6" - 10"
10"- 12"
Method of scratching sidewali Knife
Soil texture
Topsoil dark brown loam
Gray brown loam
Brown clay loam
Depth of gravel in bottom of hole - inches
9-23-92 2:30pm 12
Date and hour of initial water filling , Depth of initial water filling inches above hole bottom
Method used to maintain at least 12 inches of water depth in hole for at least 4 hours Automatic siphon
, Maximum water depth above hole bottom during test 6 inches
Time
Time
interval,
minutes
Measurement.
inches
Drop in water
level, inches
Percolation
rate,
minutes per
inch
Remarks
: 5 3
prefill
6
�:11
3:26
to
1-11/16
8.9
15 min
�:29
3:44
1-5/8
9.2
"
I:53
4:08
"
1-5/8
9.2
w w
Percolation rate - 9 - 1 minutes per inch.
CERT.#00627
PERCOLATION TEST DATA SHEET
S—P Testing, Inc. 9-24-92 3:12 a.m.
Percolation test readings made by on starting a m.
Lot1,B1k.1,Lauranne woods L—.112 6 9-23—
Test hole locati, Hole number Date We was prepared
Depth of hole bottom t 2 inches, Diameter of hole 6 _inches
Soil data from test hole:
Depth, inches
0 — 10"
10" — 12"
Method of scratching sidewal
Soil texture
Topsoil dark brown loam
Brown loam
Depth of gravel in bottom of hole 2 inches
9-23-92 2:30pm 12
Date and hour of initial water filling , Depth of initial water filling__ inches above hole bottom
Method used to maintain at least 12 inches of water depth in hole For at least 4 hours Automatic siphon
6
Maximum water depth above hole bottom during test inches
Time
Time
interval,
minutes
Measurement,
inches
[)top in water
level, inches
Percolation
rate,
minutes per
inch
Remarks
of
2-7'8
5.2
15 min
It
_ 4
5.
"
to
7 _
" w
Percolation rate - S - 4 minutes per inch.
PERFORATED
ram_ LATERALS
SANDY LOAM SOIL
LAYER OF GEOTEXTILE
NA�CpyOR 4 INCHES OF
BUILOING ; PER --1
IV OR 2'
PIPE FROM PUMP--
3/ -2/•
CIt0AN DOCK — y
V TOPSOIL
i
`;aN L6EASLO
F ll
/ DIVERSION FOR
SURFACE WATER
rg
e LAY
q
RpkEN vER
BA
IERRAL4vER
LAYOUT OF PERFORATED PIPE LATERALS FOR
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN MOUND
PERFORATED PLASTIC PIPE
PERFORarIoNs SPACED ]B'
ON CENTER PERFORATION
END
VIEW on - W1v BE�: h"
PERFORATIONS ON BOTIOM or
PLASTIC PIPE
ENO CAP b.
�y K�Arlo
TM o`
m
IOFTfICAT
PPC F." P !w
Y rIPE FROM
PUMP04 CHAMBER
LAVER OFGETExTILE
GRASS COVER
.EAN SAND FILL----
kx 4 SLOPE
It
LOAAIV SAND CAP
r PERFORATED LATERAL
% TO►SOILS
TOPSOIL L PLOWED OR
oiSsKEOSKEo SURFACE
UBSOIL
CROSS SECTION A - A
-- Pipe FROM
PUMPING CHAMBER
_ W
PERFORATED I
- LATERALS
BED AREA
1 ._. -._.
20
egg
- IN HE II N -
- I I
DIKE — OMFE T�+-DIKE
X.
TOTAL WIDTH - z!
END PERFORATHM OF A PERFORATED LATERAL
Gr. Cau
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NOTES ELECTRICAL WIRE FROM POWER SUPPLY
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Figure C• 14
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MEASURE SCUM AND SLUDGE ACCUMULATIONS
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To: Michael P. Gaffron, Asst Planning & Zoning Administrator
From: Stephen Weckman, On -Site Systems Manager
Date: October 15, 1992
Subject: Subdivision #1762, Paul Boyke - Septic Review
I have reviewed the proposed septic system testing and
design for this property and would make the following comments.
LOT 1, BLOCK 1 - EAST ONE-HALF
This lot has an existing residence with an on -site sewage
treatment •stem. The system is a conforming system according to
MPCA RulE 'hapter 7080 and City of Orono Code. The system
includes two 1,000 gallon pre -cast concrete septic tanks and
approximately 1,000 s.f. of shallow drainfield trenches. The
septic system was installed in 1987 at which time soil testing
indicated a three foot separation between the trench bottom and
the seasonally high water table as indicated by mottling and is
presumed to be installed as designed.
The existing drainfield is approximately ten feet from the
proposed driveway for the west lot. Due to the elevation of the
existing driveway, the proposed driveway for the west lot would
likely require fill to be constructed which would impede the
natural drainage and could adversely effect the function of the
drainfield. Driveway specifications should be provided
including a topographic map detail so the impact of any) may be
noted.
Soil testing has been provided indicating an alternate
drainfield site for a 4-bedroom home to the east and north of the
existing drainfield. This area would also be suitable for a
shallow trench system. Drainage from the existing driveway would
flow directly across the alternate drainfield site, therefore a
drain tile or other method for redirecting the drainage must be
incorporated at the time the future site is to be used. Specific
alternate site details are included below:
- Depth of seasonal saturation (mottling) is 4' to 412",
requiring shallow trenches.
- Slope is 4%.
- The percolation rate averages 7.9 minutes per inch at
12 inches.
- Drainage must be directed away from drainfield site.
P.
Subdivision #1762, Septic Review
October 15, 1992
Page 2
LOT 1, BLOCK 1 - WEST ONE-HALF
Soil testing and septic system design has been provided for
a 5-bedroom home including primary and alternate drainfield
sites. Both sites meet MPCA Rules Chapter 7080, however a 25'
section of the alternate drainfield site encroaches within the
20' setback required for driveways. The proximity of the
driveway to the alternate site cannot be avoided due to site
limitations. Driveway specifications should be provided to show
that drainage will not adversely effect this site.
Due to the proximity of the access road to the septic sites,
snow fencing will be required around both drainfield sites prior
to the issuance of final plat approval. Specific septic system
details are included below:
- Depth of seasonal saturation (mottling) is 1' 2" to 3'
6", requiring a mound.
- Slope at the primary and alternate drainfield sites is
up to 5%.
- Percolation rates average 6.2 minutes per inch at 12".
- A 10' driveway setback variance will be required for
the alternate site.
SUMMARY
The site inspection revealed several concerns regarding
drainage around the drainfield sites due to the existing driveway
for the east lot as well as the proposed driveway for the west
lot. Additional information will be required regarding the
proposed driveway to assure that a 10' setback from both the
existing system for the east lot and the proposed alternate
system for the west lot is feasible as well as to assure that it
is possible to drain the driveway away from both of these septic
sites. The alternate drainfield site for the existing residence
will also be required to assure that drainp--e can be directed
around this site from the existing driveway.
Provided that acceptable information can be provided
regarding these drainage questions, staff is comfortable with the
septic plans provided. One condition of the subdivision must be
that both the existing and proposed drainfield sites must be
staked using snow fencing to prohibit any traffic from compacting
these sites. The fencing must be installed prior to the granting
of a final plat approval and any motorized travel across these
areas.
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