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02-22-1977 Planning Packet
M / f i AGENDA PLANNING OMilSSICN MEETING OF FEBRUARY 22, 1977 ORCNO CITY HALL - 7:30 P.M. I. CURRENT ITEMS A. Action Items 1. Call to Order 2. #223 - Public Hearing - 7:30 p.m. William D. Levering - 275 Willow Drive Sii)division (Preliminary) 3. Minutes of Regular Meeting of February 7, 1977 4. #199 - Mrs. Robert Gasch - 1030 Tonkawa Road Variance - Ftence Setback (Structure) 5. #200 - Victoria Grain Company - 500 North Arm Drive Subdivision (Preliminary) - Revised Plan 6. #210 - Jack Rhode - 1410 Bohns Point Road Variance - Lot Area and Width - Conditional Use Permit 7. #131 - Stewart Perry - 2975 Casco Point Road (Revised Plan) ? 8. Ski Tonka - Conditional Use Permit - Second Phase 9. #226 - Williamson Construction Co. - 3779 Casco Avenue Vacation of unused alley or variance on Lots 12 and 13 if vacation is denied 10. #231 - Kermit LaQuey - 190 Cygnet Place Lot Area and Width Variance Renewal 11. Review Platting Ordinance 12. Review Wetland Dredging and Duck Ponds (ftoratorium) 13. Review ?icCleary Resolution 14. Review Park Status (^forato^ium) B. Work Session Items 1. #232 - J. K. Bowers - 2905 Casco Point Road Variance and Riprap 2. #233 - Robert Nelson - 4108 Higjiwood Road Riprap 3. #234 - Stubbs Bay Marina - 3445 Bayside Road construction Proposal - Site and Elevation Plans 4. #235 - North Shore Marina - 3222 North Shore Drive 1977 License Application Review ¥ im- Ho v;;>s ;*l.so I area and wid' ro|,ulntio;is ; cxclvjflod fror sl'iOKod Mia 01 He v.as skcpt; only 20,000 « Willow Drive. I would like Conservation freezing cone line of the v the wetlands We will be sc STAFF - Ftebru I'm enclosing Soils Censerv] You will note wetlands map. The controven mine whether ( in ccnqiuting ] Incidentally make several only 251 ft. south and ad; Elm Lane and’ would elimin traffic away t.^ 4 Ci'— ,I I- —, y mLum t " - ij% • • /l' i: 1 im ' ,: - - A . ■> / m-. $ is^m William Loyering - 275 Willow Drive Subdivision (Preliminary) Pane 2 .' I' i’. t •■•> \ i : ’* V m ;■ •• • *N • f t g, Ml inn of plat v.'itiiin 6 rionl lis. 4. lol-.iT p<(/>..(.'v'Uie LAcIudin»» r.pplicnut 's dMl-y In i)reparin';' .nercissary lonal and cnojncor5}in. data. ^ i i .. / % Ho v.-;is also 3101.1 (:jc(l of the zoninn rc lyal at. io.is in tin a dist.ict: ii-olndinn minimLia lot ,.ica ,a.(l v.idtli require.^.:nts and rc(:uire.::ants. iho wotlaiids aaid ivVi ,'i ^•orc al.so bronul't to bis attention. V.V.t and i .arsh areas and roads arc cxcl..d« d l iom lot areas in caTailat.ing dry bulldablo areas for individual lots. I indicates an area of 156,800 sq. ft. as narslilnnd. onlv 70 non^cn dcterniination. Hie prclininaiy plat as submitted deducts Willow Driw^* ^ unbuildable wetlands and nothing for the 33* designated as I would like to obtain a soils type map and report from the Hennepin County Soils Consenration District, but I*m afraid they might not be able to get to it in these fpezing conditions. TTiis would be the only way we could determine the actual get this report, I would recoimend we follow the wetlands determination as indicated on our wetlands map in the office. We will be scheduling a Public Hearing for February 22, 1977 at 7:30 p.m. STAFF - February 17, 1977 w^lsn^ mp^ ^ soils in the northeast comer of the property concurs with our The emtroversial Ha soil is once again indicated on this map. We *11 have to deter- in Mn^uting "ot^aress consider this type of soil as dry buildable land Incidentally, I*ve been reviewing the road patterns in the area and would like to ISiv I”*" ^ proposed new plat isOTly 251 ft. north of the existing Elm Lane access. The City park is located just ^F? consider vacating the east-west route ofextending Elm Lane due north as the access to the new plat. This would eliminate one extra access point from Willow Drive and route some of the traffic away from the playground. (; )] • ' • N s♦ f * 3)oce.ssniy i^» riiiiibniin lot )n;i rsli ronds arc 1 Tots, I s narslilnnd. ed deducts gnated as nty Soils t in these actual follow e. lepin County rs with our re to deter- lldable land 1 like to plat is ;ated just : route of This >£ the •V •• V-- -iil- y. fv r.:..'vr•' • • . V.' ^ V ■ V.-A-v'vrr .s d' •' ■; ‘ •' : ^ -V- : 'a''• %v.;- - -* MAP -> . .‘;V : tf, -...? . • V' ■ .• . '* ♦ V ••' .•• •:» • f n # . . ... '•.jX./.V * • . •/• -.*'0 i / • > . »• * V t : *; ' i . ' -• ' ' i • ' I ■ . - < * f ^ ■ * V ’• A * •? • ■" -■ ■• -xV. fr ‘ u-*:. •7 * • * ■ * '.■♦'»••< • ■■ •.:■•■ ■■■■■K. ■•■.:?! • /••. \ * T “ * . r < . • ' • i .• f ‘ ’^1 ■• <• .V j;*-. .tv • • ••'' f • T *'•£,4 ‘ •> 'x • ^ T-- ' .* # • ^ ^ .-7 / f. >.. - • »'. •« •. t*iV n^* *• • . ♦ %-'•• • . L* • V*; ■'• • • 1 ^ / . ; r\ V u V* '-•‘■''V. ■;*>■■''■■■■■ 1 . 1 X-f * j X * • m.- PKlifJMfNARY son, AXl) SfTl: l:VAI.UATIi).M R)R 111]; PROPOSl-D WIUJ/01 D. LIA'PRINO SUBDlViSlON IN 'II Oi CriY OP ORONO by James L. Anderson m I. t.\twu)ij(:ttcxv ». I..;veri,i!; .Si'lxlivh?ion“in ll"o Cijy of Oro^™ "''Minra ■•v'th tliis r<port/' ['loposcd <lrycIoi.;iMit is providod Smvcy of lluiinopin County” •md "i-in.V-'-'' '■'■Jit,lined in "SoU 1375 aerial pl.otojira^hs^ tiJe arcl.; '''’“'’'y''- Wefly descrtbl^ Tvo--abl'eld “ development Is are discussed. 1^lS«lons or?hrso^^^^^^ development cUacteristics seated in Sections II and III. symbols and colors are pre should be conduc^*^fore\onstiScti^ additional engineering tests ■^ff.apnng rn insnrp the proper piaraniant of ^ice^ ™ unsewer^ area. Res- • an on-site soil absorotion svst™^,"'j- ineretore utilize household wastes. tS imential of Lch®Sr®fk and treatment of their of proposed develo^t foj the treatoeS*aS^a® *’’® So. oS,2i?:7S M Sr£SSg"oSS ‘S- II. HOW TO USE TOR SOIL »«p s^! ^ ”‘’t«s*a%rt^ed"^J HbB2 Hb (Soil)B (Slope)(Erosion) the degree of erosion. presence of a number indicates Slope Legend A - B - C - D - E - 0 to 2 percent 2 to 6 percent 6 to 12 percent 12 to 18 percent 18 to 35 percent Erosion Legend to S^l - 0 to 1/3 topsoil 10 I ' topsoil lost.i - More than 2/3 topsoil lost. ropos'od U’i J li;un : is provided sined in "Soil '•inty", and lopjiient is characteristics colors are pre- ineering tests the tijne of Ltional soil area. Res- ^i:ore utilize nt of their •ed within the 1 of septic €ms which may the fbdel Ord- n District. Office in 1. Hie soil osiem) is the slc^pe raber indicates topsoil lost. 1 lost, soil lost. Page -2- Medium Blue Medium Blue Light Green Light Blue IJ ^ • fPJk ’Dl'Jl:?. TIio roil typi^s Coiind In idiis area v.erc <• 1 ass i Tied ;ioi:ordlng to tiic "Soil Suj'vey I'ljpoi t lU jijicpin (Vjualy", asid tlio stan<lards oT Lho Na.t ional (.o- (.<pejal ivo Soil. Survey. Soil types present arc: (ilencoc silty clay loam Iltiincl loam T,c Sueur loaja Miimelonta silty clay lorun A brief description of each soil is provided. Map symbols and colors are provi<^ed to facilitate locating the soil types on tlie detailed soil map provided with this report. 1. Glencoe silty clay loam: The map symbol for this soil is Gc and the map color is medium blue. This soil is deep and very poorly drained. The soil w^ formed in loamy colluvium over calcareous loany till. The soil is nearly level occupying depressions and sluggish drainageways. Site develoianent characteristics are generally unfavorable. The watertaDie is above or near the surtace the entire year unless ade quate drainage is provided. The soil has low soil strength. 2. Hamel loam: The map symbol for this soil is and the map color is medium blue. This is a deep, well-drained loam soil that ^curs m short, narrow drainageways on foot slopes and in long winding drainageways between knolls and hills. During wet periods of the year there is a perched watertable within 1 foot of the surface. These soils are oftCT wet for a good portion of the yeaj^ They are also subject to pmding and the upper norizons are nigh in organic matter content giving ^cm low bearing values. There is also a high potential for frost action to_roads^orpa]rtdng_^lo?s|^^S?^^f^|^|Twse^o2^'^^^^^^^^^^^ 3. Le Sueur loam - 1 to 4 percent slope: The map symbol for this soil is LtB and the map color is light green. This is a deep, moderately well-drained, loamy soil that formed in calcareous till. The soil is nearly level to gently sloping occupying uses on low knolls. The native vegetation was mixed hardwoods and a grass understory. The watertable may get within 3 feet of the sur face during wet periods of the year. Soil strength is adeqi^te and since the soil is nearly level there is usually little grading re quired. 4. Minnetonka silty clay loam: The map symbol for this soil is Mt and the map color is light green. This is a deep poorly drained soil that formed in 30 to 60 inches of to the "Soil c N;‘t ioijal. C!o- lo.-uii a silty clay loam ; and colors are died soil map Ls medium blue. ^ formed in is nearly rable. The ir unless ade- rength. is mediun blue, short, narrow ageways between re is a perched are oftCT wet t to ponding tent giving them or frost action is light green, hat formed in sloping occupying hardwoods and a et of the sur- s adequate and e grading re* is light green, to 60 inches of m m 4’ k.' I % Page.-3- IV. c.'.lrai-.o.is, clayey l-rfucoiit lying •;iUv .sotliiiieiit I icb ’.•''It , .1 ii-e is a ni icl J "■it.-nalOc at im'. iV.i'iag v.it por.O'ls n ’ ,, hi;..h vel. ntial for V. surface system or ^ iimoyative mow obtained from thes2rss;m.i» «tic. m »,»»• There is a periodic watertable at f®®Lttir^o?^the^s^age^trenc^^ knowing the systems to function properly. The area of Minnetonka soil, S'*septic*'tank effluent. Con-^ «” “:^sxsL*sn;5 »■>. SSli SS‘22,%'S'’Siri«S other important DEVELOPMEOT QiARACTERigiCS The main problem with all of the ^J;^^^°JJ^tertaWe during wet^periods.ygVra:i.“ia.ar;i.:i5T-r .."'.. >robl Page -4- foot layer of ; liiidei ly ing d untci 1 nt >al !;od< ■ r<‘! t • VSi' ! on the detailed systmsv • sihCfe ‘f “water* from )Ove the surface Ld cOTie in gnrSTSTTtOWBer (tailed soils tank ef£lu«it. > 3 feet in depth ^llow sub- [I properly on this ained from the ayzata. ce of this soil, page trenches watertable tailed soils map, effluent. Con- rly on this soil. f 1 to 3 feet. By ed. rea of propos^ iring wet periods, lisposal and treat- Id be provided to I;*'®Uap i [K m f: •i w V • ,i J Page -4- VI. COXCUIS IONS ••w-.<)>;1«nyinK -iot.ni.lwl -oils m,-,p tl.orc arc 1a.-..c .-.roas of iho li’iVwsVi v'iT!’.''!'■!' ■‘''r >'-o .-.s suo * vri 1 ■ ' ' ■ *i'* I'iO I ii I ii'.'i ly ..-nMlvsis ;sul '.-.il)! Cui 4 Ikt iii-*USiliwii tl,o oxtent of oP il„ 4,. 1^C:,tiiyi, H-.JI i.hc oxtoilt of of [],r<Q .soils .-ay l;.e ed. ']>.ic 1-'‘-honn ! ' f -nra v.T.ro not Citen. Ti.eae soil l*or-- .’nYl^“ > 0 ascertain v.liolher I ho dciailrd du« fed’^on •' percolation t:es1:s should I.e cun- system AddiUonal '? v.Iuch is proposed for a soil absorption slsteni on the instal lation of soil absorption ohtainfvi r of soil boi'ings and percolation tests may be in Wayzata^^™ Hennepin Soil and Water Conservation District Office Mr. Hen Zoning City of P. O • Bo Crystal Dear Mr and hav 12805C 2 SOUTH 'j;c .n'eas of ih.o ■n s H o v.;i‘;to • !i fuithcr iiH I>!o I ’lCsc soil !:or- • Iio ‘^olailcd JlOUld 1)0 I'OIH soil al)sOi|)tion soil absorption tion tests may be District Office McCOMBS-KNUTSON ASSOCIATES, INC. CONSULTilVG ENGINEERS ■ LAND SURVEYORS ■ SITE PLANNERS February 9, 1977 Mr. Henry Muhich Zoning Administrator City of Orono P.O. Box 66 Crystal Bay, MN 55323 ^■=■ '■:> Q i' A li-' o'* Subject: Proposed William Levering Subdivision Dear Mr. Muhich: We have reviewed the proposed William Levering subdivision and have the following comments. 1.A drainage easement should be provided where shown on the attached plan. 2.5* utility easements should be provided adjacent to the street right-of-way for future telephone, gas, and electric service. 3.Drainage calculations should be provided for our review to verify that the culvert sizes are adequate. In no case shall culvert sizes be less than 15". 4.The street section shown does not meet the require ments for a City street in that the gravel base is thick enough and the street is not shown as being blacktopped. 5.The drainage from most of the site is carried through a culvert under the road between Lot 1 and 2. We would recommend that this pipe be carried at least 200 feet beyond the right-of-way to eliminate the drainage swale between Lots 1 and 2 which would carry a considerable amount of water. F£6 i)* 1 12805 OLSON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY. MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55441 TELEPHONE 16121 559-3700 22 NORTH MAIN STREET, HUTCHINSON, MINNESOTA 55350 TELEPHONE (612)*897-8029 SOUTHWEST ENGINEERING DIVISION, MARSHALL. MINNESOTA 56258 TELEPHONE (5071 532-5820 MLLAQB a ORONO Mr. Hour P©L;ruary Page Two 6P:sw Enclosure Mr. Henry Muhich P®i;rv»ary 9, 1977 Pag« Two If you have any questions on this, please call. Sincerely, McCOfUBS-KNUTSON ASSOCIATES, IMC. Greg Fr^ink, P.E. TO: pro; DAT SOB I D ait , INC. r r O'i .* m\ |k’« in 4 'P• •• ,• /• J Henry Muhich, Bullding-Zoning Administrator PROM:Melvin Kilbo, Chief of Police DATS: February 7# 1977 30BJBCT: IKSPECnOH - TRAPPIC IMPACT - LSVERINO SOBDIVISIOH I aava vldwed to* proposed plans, personally .rtth ySu and Sill give you following reconmendation. The proposed road from the D?i?“2Sd^thS'B^iungtonXrthe^ ~ ' -V--; • •’.j j>ir^^ )u '■f»1 'S..qhRV ^|||j|Hni»' -'«iflii|; Victoria Grain Company Subdivision (Preliminary) Pape 4 s f.U.^! L.r \ :- r' f /V // STAI-F - January 24, 1977 Jn 1,0 ro,,oly v.ilh I'r. I.m.i’iiu's ,,loa to fu ’„,,it the r.ecessayy ixno-sio.,s to speed i-.p pnxx'd.ucs. the .orrcs.-ntatlvo for "rauer 0 A-.so.,iatcs presented yo addirioiial copies ol: vho p3;.n of v;hich I v;as so:,.cv.nat skept ical. I <r.A -• co})V of this revised plan in the pnehet. Mr. I.sihjn '.v,s soinf.diat irritated, hi)t_ni;,vcd to p.o hack to pyiyer to ret so.iethiiiy toi,etlKo- thereby v.c nr;it oo nblc to c.vj.caitc the j i x. • en-’ineer follov.oJ threuch and s\i’)-nitted a revised plat. Hie icvised \ l^ , , » indicated soi:>3 clir.n;;cs of vdiich I was so.acpat skcpUcal. failurc to"^acknowledge outlet and a dningc in the boruidaiy line of the wetlands and tho f^ili piannine the Ha soil type as wetlands. I was unable to convince the Co^ission and Council would possibly e^inl^rand the questionable deteimination of the wetlands bwmdaries. Mr. Nilensi^^ ftom toauer t, Associates, has requested a change in the wetlan^ line. ^ to^Kon of the Soil Conservation District made these Ganges m “p® TS^^e^lwed he sikmitted with the revised soils map qualifies these report. It does not certify this area as acceptable for on-site sewage systems.} planning OCmiSSICN WiETING - February 7, 1977 The following were present; Robert Cargill and ssissa s.“«.ns.”Si’s: *d.» within proposed Lots 4 and 5. After much discussion, the Planning Lonini plat subject to the following conditions: (3) Gmservation easement over Outlet B wetland area* Combine Lots 4 and 5 as one building site imtil the problem of determining the soil condition and dry buildable area can be resolved. Preliminary approval does not indicate approval for any dock ri^ts. Subject to a Paik Dedication Ffee. If Citv deteimines that the area designated by the Hennepin Coun^ Distr^t as Ha soil .this area should not be included in calculat^g dry buildablo are of lots 4 and 5 individually. Each lot will lack the requir^ mini^ 2 acre area. This determination was recently made by the Planning Comnission in the case of the Painters Creek subdivision proposal. COUNCIL - February 14, 1977 Reviewed revised plan. Applicant requested lake riphts be given some co^ideratim. CiioffAci-ed me cotunon dock over marsh area whidi might be designated as 3rd separate Suggested some dred|in| of existing channel to material resulting from erosion (maintenance of existing watttway). Concurred itt n^Sg S«i« recommendation for underlying conservation «*««« ovct wtl^ A but agreed to consider some change in language to prowde for future coiibination < 4 >ir'1 t. r !f v:; 1. '■* Victoria Grain ' Subdivision (Pr Page 5 Suggested appli requests. Pevi tion. Revised !",1:: \ hanges and reconmenda I 'i.- -J ■-M - ■; y -k > ^ /V Henry F. ^fc^hich and Walter R. Benson A. P. Olson, Asst. Zoning Administrator February 3, 1977 Stewart Perry - 2975 Casco Point Road Seawall and Ripr^ before the City to review work that was done without Council “® req^red by 31.700. The last action by Council war6^4^ ^ vdiOT Mr. Perry was ^vised that the retaining wall portion of the work was reluctantly approved, but that the seawall must be r^ved. The erSlosS^ L**"’ tagged for non-canpliance toJ-8-76. The matter was before the Nkmicipal Court on 1-18-77 for a lieu^S*reSlSSJi”S/Jh'^*^^ suggested a compromise. Briefly, inUeu of removal of the treated wood seawall Mr. Perry says he will cover tiie wall facing to prevent water from reaching the wood and to SJ® ®^.the wall. The question before the Council is whether 5®^ this suggestion will be satisfactory, and to what extent the facino shouM 'tZ se^all). The matter is on Cou.^ deSS^' " continuance depending upon the PLANNING OWtllSSION MEETING - February 7, 1977 Planning Comrission examined photos and saiiqile of stone he nrovided r<m>i{«4«n discussed situation and considered Mr. Perry's suoee^ COrimssion stone facing covering the bottom tw^Ues^ Aelf^U that they would not have approved it if originally oresented ttis^^y. Approval is subject to the City Engineer's recor4^&«oSs ^"effective OOUJ^CIL ^CE^ING - February 14, 1977 “ attendance to answer questions about •1 il D" ■ - .1? '■‘“i 'F- 1 i ?y -VV V, - ■■ -■ ' « ■ , .-V,-'. m ‘ ii1 II! ti i TO: FROM: I).Vn-: Fc Sll3,l):Cr: F'r. itOuoy fi April 22, 10/ Me has currer variances. 1 Planning Coj ’.ir proposals . The status oj as they exisi ^!«-jrfjfcu , »< Ithout Council IS 6-14-76 rork was (Closed iliance to 8-77 for a Briefly, in cover the wall wood and to is whether facing should matter is on pon the Conmission F a mortared Conmission situation (resented (s on effective estions about ' I:.- 9 #*; -! 1 rc r.'m \ y- I *: ‘7 i ' i r # I m 4 y- ‘ifi^iL. 'Sr- iu. v«>ri . i ■ . tfZ .1 y. rvi^. •■'’ i ■ ’-jl '=r.:'®kii Planning Corir’.ission f| Council \ I llmk iiuliich, Zoning Administrator February 10, 1977 SUBJliCT: Kermit LaQucy - 100 Cy^jnet Place Lot Area and V.ldth Variance Pcneral Mr. 'bOuey first obtained a iot area and width variance approval for tliis lot on April 22, 1975. Council renewed tills approval on Fcbmary 9, 1976. He has currently submitted a third application for rcncuTil of these same variances. I am enclosing copies of the last rencw’al application, plat map. Planning Commission and Council minutes and my reports regarding the first two proposals. The status of the property has not changed. The conditions today are the same as they existed in 1975 when the first application was submitted. i- C'. ,-l'. ; - -r ;* • i fc:^ ■■rp7- ::m '-rS ='v a-c >. K -1'Hm p * .. i ' J*%kI'A.. • iStv'l" I LOC'.TIO;:! OP PR' A0 ’3vess Lof.aX CsEcrip'c APPLjC/C’Tr Nan'.e /(rj’t ’< / Addioss /''■ G'.bdlR Name Address / Present Zonin Zoning Oxdina Specify Ordin iA ' Ej^lain Peque k r\ ■' ^**1 ^' Extent of Nci -Trx, Hardships to 7 1. Applical 2. Plat Maj 3. Survey -i.- , .'ftM ■! *» • •■s. >r this lot on 5 same plat map, \e first t\\’0 ire the same I i.-. ,lr r' % :y Mi*-** rwyrr-Fvv'.m*f.r. ■■ -r: ; ^■mf CITY OF ORCNO, MINNESOTA Conditional Use and Variance Application LOCMION OP PR0P0a^L (or property) Ad’Jress /'■/■'I ''' L-J^^SlS: 1^ ( r • Lcsal Dosen APPLJCA'-rr NaJi’.e ption TOH OF RBQUFST Conditional Use //■ Variance V^’.etlands Variance /l rV^'W /-x;/.Z.ff'iueJ:’ AddlOOS GMsMiR /A—p-^/ /:/.•- Kion'o’ # . .-fi'Ji/VI-/ ....„l«-pr.np ............................ ."■ <■ / 1 . s:;» //r / V /- >' - A,.Ui- *. //r •» >v, ) A(,]t,^., Phone#Name /iri. r - / ^ ' -----—---------------- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Council Action Address ■/vojj ^^cj I—7J: J Present Zoning ^ttsecA Use V lAwroved Zining Ordinance Sectioi Relating to Reepjest 1 ------- luenied Requirements .ca .y-y. ,. J //id -----LLS2J./y / '-/i- Ej^lain Request Relative to Re<piireinents :2M /l Extent of Non-confoxmity J Haidshii^ to Property CVour' ms«s for requesting this Variance or Optional tfc^endt ,!K«"XSS^cSS: /plication coiqpleted Plat Map Section Survey (Scotch in proposal) Certified Property Omer owners within (300 ft#) ^^ from Hennwin County Registrar of Deeds (• - ^ ^ o yj^ $30.00 Pee ..1 /■t xT —< i*. r # !>!*■• r m‘ Ifrm t 4 I hi M i *W A I-, O . te /4»r 10 mm tj*i7 j « •« •«*' RHQUiSST tional Use •nee mds Variance Vi-/ .<• <?'// FICIAL USE ONLY ncil Action L^t/, a—>• iditional \Jse Pendt )wner*s List of ft.) (ISO ft.) f Registrar of K.V ^ ^ '/y^' ,y.t i Sj ■ t U “ •■ sr^! 'tv ■r^ffjt / 1 Si-.:. .Ti /, t ;,' t -■ / .:■- i: • ?3C 1^ is V *>>sA *- *- ,u i \ .•^ P£t^ <rj »/T£s r IS 2 CYGNET 1 "I ^ '‘.V:* k:.#1kL ? fTn* Xlj p" '^/4*47 )• i A>o ' 29 ti 1 €4 •'«>'♦ 1 '21 ^•W 230 '1.1' *.yi ■-i. J3e.e J3C o , j c r#t'/'KO 'JVC >'i HC554 !\s.'’nyir/' //(<■/'« f. ‘ »/IT t./r:/2v? /\.„ n ^ '-it 9rl'hur -£r^ blocmen ^/y/f'n Prc>^l^v^ertc ^ichjc^.Bcaiu /^ol?crr/ J. Pros/i \^ill(WmT./YiUU |r'^•• t ; i T2 M "i I i •• \ " . • 3 ... •■ •>' JSC o i i Mess ;ti HC5P«DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE ROOM 116, COURTHOUSE MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. 55415 /" - t !<c’rm/ / /Yh /-cJQac^y PROPERTY OWNERS LIST/-Z? NA!-'.E ADDRESS ^•cixfcJ7.{^.^ I;' •■ V' .1 ^rl'hur E .blocrr^f^i^d z^/_ DESCRIPTION r;'' R o A10 ,'9 VO /.JC. R/i C LOT BLK. PARCEL 30 2 ^ yVc2 /c’r ^ '■■^n . /? /. l. o^ / o f .^** - fZ kon^ M/jvi, ss A-r NO. Re^nnfj^' /60 Cy^ne^f f^/ace ia/?^ Lj<e /n/A/f. ssy^^ r /f\. La^ u ey /^ r 7/ Ptoffcer Tr^jf £ihn sSJ^y kloipcrr/ J . ProVO jlz0 Fboe jUn^ aA/'/)p. 1 /, ^ / p, R. * A^&n9 *-</ 1^ Mi77/Vy///< a / 4 2^S" \^ot>a _D. * '% A^k/2/Lu. A-* '/'V^ z / 31 c*-/ ,./.dL£0-i /Tjy di ^2-4C ^3 S'/ a o S-^O o 1 mS ^cm ‘T* DXATIOM OF PPO T/rrx' 1. . .•.•■;>;ir-.Ci 4m 7Zpi>iay.'c F--.0 /y /.'I'ji.Y:^^;^ / ly 7 o?i:er ITarteA/"? Address /V 7 7 Present Zoning^ Zoning Ordinanc Sqpcify Qcdinan Explain Request j actent of Ncn-o Hardships to Pr 1. Applicatiai 2. Plat Maqp Se 3. Survey (Ske n Date 7 T /j LOT /■-f '/ BI.K.PARCrt • L...cAaz.. .yjr>.6Q_ </dj / 3 S^/O o ^ ¥S'-^O C J3 S~7^d^ d> 3 eoe> o « liL; .vii. ]i % ■M It i '■i-t.|s 4' 1. '■ IM /^ c-4 : *'*v> - / '- * /“ /> »■/ > CITY OF ORDl'K), MOvt^ESOm ^ Conditional Use coid Varianco Applicatiritv ij I lOCiViTOM OF VfDl?0:iMi (or proparty) TiPE OF K-XlUlSST C'.> ] \ cz- L- 3 !-4: ?>dd?.\13S / .y ' >*•.....(a . mm w . .A. Ty/j'l iV\::Ovipt'lv;.i /'cT ./^ A .'- / / . •vV rpwocjri? //*. T-,, n..to p-opcity ;.::vp'31 i (\ / '- y ,J'- . 7 ^ 0T' ^ / f r— -- r / tl f: V ; ............ ...........'v' •J: :’ / /. loii^ss / -/ / / y /1, t • ^ It’ 7 ■> f-^^ c- — ‘C-i ^ _^ p -«.- o?i:sR Hame y. / :) ^^ . 4 . '..rj-V** .Ptoie # 7'A/)J_2^i Address/V7^ >>it Present Use i;yjiO£iri^U r- • Co:;iiticnnl U;;o Vii ri.*'iv:c3 I':tTcand'S V-ii'i ^;nco I FC3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Council acticn Date Approved(!^^>/-r. ' ?(f DeniedPresent Zoning - /// />_____ Zoning Ordinanoe Section Relating to Reguest 3 H. y V ^_____ Sepclfy Ordinance Reguireroents jyiTU L 4,2 L? /<: y ^ >» ;;! gu-fU-; ^____________ \i : , « •• • • 7^^ ^ t Explain Raguest Relative to Reguirenents ri ^ ^ ^1a^/ Y‘,'< j/\j -\A 7^ /I ^ ^7 ~ f ^ 7 n T / ' I ...... . .. .. , I' ' J &ctent of Non-confoanity /^/ \ ’ir /. > ^ '71^. > ^ r-yrko^>4t L r/r//> yfc' I . - - . ^ ^ Hardships to Property Hi ! 7 J iA/> ,^n /? gr_^ j. ,/ 't- -<■ >■<■ / •.V 137 / — / 9 y >/ t/ MECBRIAL NBCESSAIV H» OGMPIETB APPUCAIION (Mist be suhnitbed 1 week prior to Ocuncil Meeting) 1. Applicatlcn oonpleted 2. Plat Nap Section 3. Survey (Sketch in proposal) 4. 5. Abstractor’s Certificate of ncoperty OMiers Within 300 Ft. ^,-w .>r«v>vI(Vy7j $30.00 Fee ^ ADate /-' >97C signature^iik lA It ^ u ■. y.:m hAArA^ ORONO COUNCl A status rep Herrick Circ Council stat devolcpinont provide util Ibc* (lovolopc Ihcj City of ;nzcd for a! v.’oiiTd j)0 «•«>] T,a3id U:2<? Pi- by tho dovo V.’o3.::h nov»"<1 and rofor 1 pertinent d reports tha code standa were not pr design does 4) Bank si ments; 5) submitted t setback's fi are not clc Mays (0)• Paurus mov< variance f< for lot art 1) Approv. of date of to Mr. LaQ Paurus mov award t)ie materials and recoiran Motion, Ay Welsh move be transfc cover the and Police Welsh move Village A< the salar: $8,000 pe: from $7,5 April 21, Paurus mo position period. t ■A yym: mmORONO COUNCIL MEETING OF APRIL 22, 1975 A status report by Mr. Henry Muhich concerning Herrick Circle. A policy statement by the Council stated that the developer, if e development is approved, shall construct and provide utilities that are designed to serve the developed area only, would be served by Ihci City of V7ay/ata only, and v;onld not be •;i/ed for any future growth or reserve capacity, vould b" wit h Vi U-mjc ro.,p,-,-.bonsrvo Land Us<? Plan, and with all co^3ts l^eing boine lay t h e d a v o 1 o p e r. V.’elsh moveci, Paurus seconded, to deny a va». > Me- and refer to the Planning Commission waen pertinent data is complete, based on; ' _ reports that proposal plans do not code standards; 2) Percolation test holes were not properly sized; 3) Septic system design does not meet ® . ^®^^ina*"®eauire-4) Bank slopes do not meet engineering q ments; 5) All requirements are complete and submitted by a certified engineer; 6) Requirea setback's from proposed house and are not clearly defined. Motion, Ayes (3) Nays (0). Paurus moved, Welsh seconded, to approve a vSrianerfor Kermit LaQuey, 190 Cygnet Place, for lot area and width requirement subDect to. Approval of onsite septic design; 2) if date of transfer of *’"2” to Mr. LaQuey. Motion, Ayes (3) - Nays (O). Paurus moved, Welsh seconded, to accept and award the tabluation of bidders for street m^teria^s and equipment for and recommended by the Village Administrator. Motion, Ayes (3) - Nays (0). Welsh moved, Paurus seconded, that be transferred from Federal Revenue Sharing t expenses of remodeling the Tronrud and Police buildings. Motion, Ayes <3) y Page 3 HERRICK CIRCLE •P. - i II -•.Ml V '-1 VAR IANCE 14 65 r.ong Lake Boulevard I . VARIANCE Cygnet Place BID AWARD 1975 Road Materials & Equipment TRANSFER Federal Revenue Sharing (0). Welsh moved, Paurus seconded, Village Administrator's 4-he salarv of Shirley Nelson from $9,000 to $8?000 pei^ year and Charlotte Knutson's salary from $7,530 to $8,000 P®' (0)April 21, 1975. Motion, Ayes (3) - Nays (O). SALARY ADJUSTMENTS Shirley Nelson Charlotte Knutson Paurus moved, Welsh seconded, i®4a.epwUion of issistant treasurer for an indefinite leriod. Motion, Ayes (3) - Nays (0). ELIMINATE POSITION Assistant Treasurer i j-* - 1 i 8-^ if . 1 # ORONO COUNCIL MI P a urns i.>o v o d, B i T.'. gal Don.vrlr. . -nt a crjiK■ i.-|;Vjua 1 v.i Pvl.'aus riiLviif.f;■ f 111 • M: . • 1 X :■: a f f. y L'fuipfc); ']0-2 Ok to. V’li.s .v‘--i:)r,r 0}i r. k 3.• • t: ()\-7 a fo ‘.•’ho licenuG vn.I roc(.>3,nt of l-jio . Hay.s (0) . Ilonry Muhich, Bi reported to the ov/ns the buildir by the Lumber Me (Business & Prol the -counter tyi B-1 and B-3 zone The building is had several leai not permitted ii appear for the i Planning Commiss Hr. McCharles re necessary for ap counter sales ty zoned area at 35 This building wa Lumber I'lart. He was informed would not be per and game table o sales, auto part other uses which zone - municipal office. He was could not be use sales) without r Welsh moved. But variance renewal Place, because n to expand the lo in single separa Motion, Ayes (3) rv^.Page 3 CIRCLE ■ T'. i -n E ng T.ake Boulevard CE gnet Place rARD toad Materials k lent E’ER al Revenue Sharing Y ADJUSTMENTS ey Nelson otte Knutson [NATE POSITION itant Treasurer rn^amm 4l 1 OROIJO COUNCIL MEETING HELD FEBRUARY 9, 1976 P.iurus ji’ovod, Butler seconded, to requc53t tliG li'-nal Dc;p.:.rto dr.'aft a re.'.olut.lon allovn ’jig a conn i.t 1 vn e p*. ri iii; ro'oil n I; j oio ;rl on i*:r, J.ce pT'j.i iUu ;"ii.jTu i.i'i.M'nj a report t<) tiie (Ji,ty Cou;i(?j 1 Imat. .’11 .ts prcv.loti.cl I’l 3.' ’jO — '?. or I ki'3 Oj'o.K^ (7cd(i ii,rv*?. Ivonn .‘.dlii.u.V'd to. XU 3r‘-pf:u;t v/xll bo p3'i';v.xfl('rl ]jy .nn rxpxirt 031 Sjv3. -I.ov7 safety at Mr, Px‘.x};!i3a ' e;:pf;ni:-.o i Vl3o ]..\cc’JiijG V7il.l Ijo ixaruecl :>.l)uult.";:itnju.uly uijf^ji reco.xpt of the above report. Motion, Ayes "(3) Ways (0). Henry Muhich, Building & Zoning Administrator, reported to the City Council that Rod IlcCharles ovms the building v;hich was recently occupied by the Lumber Mart. This area is zoned B-4 (Business & Professional) which prohibits over- the -counter type operations as permitted in the B-1 and B-3 zones. The building is now vacant and Mr. McCharles has had several lease proposals from parties for uses not permitted in the area. Mr. McCharles will appear for the meeting to discuss the matter. Planning Commission - February 2, 1976 Hr. McCharles requested what procedure might be necessary for approval of commercial (over-the- counter sales type operation) in recently B-4 zoned area at 3502 Shoreline Drive. This building was recently vacated by the Lumber Hart. He was informed that several uses he had proposed would not be permitted in this zone (pool hall and game table operations, restaurant, plant sales, auto parts, etc.). He suggested several other uses which v;ould be permitted in the B-4 zone - municipal use, banking, and architect office. He was also informed that the property could not be used commercially (over-the-counter sales) without rezoning. Page 5 COWin-TIOWAL U.SE PERMIT f’kl Tonka (( ’i./nbD nuoci) SPECIAL REQUEST Non-Conforming Use 3502 Shoreline Drive Welsh moved, Butler seconded, to approve the variance renewal for Kermit LaQuey, 190 Cygnet Place, because no other adjacent land is available to expand the lot size and the property has been in single separate ownership prior to January 1, 1975. Motion, Ayes (3) - Nays (0). VARIANCE RENEWAL 190 Cygnet Place m. M i '■■t. 1 ■I i i • • li’.n-.i: Uvri:: nil: Mr. L from width Swan ] Mr. Lj chang< avails south result might 1060. The PI of the This s the ne Mr. Lai The re( approv! is knoi Page 5 JAT. USE PERI LIT 1 xi) REQUEST arming Use reline Drive RENEWAL Bt Place I 3 1-i li IjTj '’■'K -'Lib'cn l-i'OM: i:.rn]; :*iLidi •).Vri*: April 16, l'J75 Swan Lake Addition)!^ ^ located at 190 Cygnet Place (Lot 4, Block 3, ch«ge*^AOTin^i^ l*aCTe1to*2*^acres recentavailable to tte ^ a<l<Jitional land is south (Bennis residence). To ac^ire mvresult in an off«;At nf cquire any land to the east would night interfere Kith1060. ^ possible future division plans of parcel £! ?rs^r.2s.?inis“g »' is known to have LiAJL 'S\ :-'M S- k£ I 1 W». ■ -iL •« TO: FROM: 0 AVi:: RF: Mr. LaO April 2 30,638 ing 170 He has f inane ii of this PLANNIN( Recommei adjacent has beex U It OJl X)uirement rt. lot Block 3, recent s and Id ich cel cause ty. of igineer's i area TO:w.R. Benson ^ »•.' '’irf ,<• ’■ V FPOM:H.K. 1 lull Ich ^ 1 h 't- s • DAT!::J.-ij iunry 30, 1.9/6 RF: •Koir.iii: L-iQucy - J.qo Cy;^r.el: r']o.c<5 il iuth ir. UiOuc^y obl;nini.-d approvnl of tho oxact saino variavicos on 87,J.20 so, ft. re-|ui);emont to existing J0.638 sq. ft. and lot width from 700 ft. requirement to exist- ing 170 ft.)« He has not been able to proceed with construction because of financial conditions and is requesting a renewal of the approval of this variance which expires April 22, 1976. PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING ~ February 2, 1976 Recommend approval of renewal of variances because no other adjacent land is available to expand the lot size and the property has been in single separate ownership prior to January 1 1975 TO: r-ROM: 'Wni: 0 II; I-. .T. •'r. P-OAcrs I.S con.si sts of 1 v.’ouid require Although tlie from the lake I have sent h From idiat I f the existing have more con The riprap re neighbor's sh Althou^ the i to the Planni] data I will f< Ifc can treat i • ‘ • J on • > •listing exist- 2 of approval ler i property 1975. p '4 i ■-rt s -li..;. * 1 k V-." * t te TO:Orono P]nnning Cortnission and Council FROM; iWT}:: SUPOJ-cr: A// Haul. . uliicli, Zoning .A(^jiunist.rator I-o1)ruary 17, 1977 f- V -V ■ • . / / • / f. K. Rov.ors - 2905 Casco Point Pond Variance ;md Pioran r4 nf '■‘-'i’'"’' retaining KnlJ. TliisrouU! pv,^IJ concrete veils v.iti, entreated tinber. 'niis A?»i •^.‘-'1""° ? variance as tlie wall is less than 75' fron tlie shoreline Althounh tlio nlone ___UK, Miorcune, tney do not show an elevation viewAlthougli tJie plans submitted are quite good, the\ P-Posed Vetai„inV;.ii: Fr^ v/hat I found on the site, I would like to suggest we sucrest the removal the existing COTcrete slab Oiardcover within 75* of the lakel I think wa cKmii/i ve more confiination that the proposal does not include any filling or grading. H? i^uest appears to be an improvement. It is a continuation of th* neighbor's shoreline riprap. It would protect the shoTefiSTfir^rt.^ elSsion. ®“^^tted is not complete, I will be introducing the niODOsal St?1 T 22, 1977. When I receivTthe ne?esM?7data I will forward copies to our engineer for review and conments. ^ IVfe can treat this as a work session item. I K i >• $ t i op PRj •Address i^gal Oescrlptj applic /ot Name / Address * * 0;VNER Name Address Present Zoning Zoning Ordinance Ordinance ^tplain Request St i*//? - ✓ e-y/. ®**ent of Non-ccnfi Hardships to Pnper (Mj 1. 2. 3. i^lication cc..^ SectlS sirvey (Sketch it Date V#I P. '• %■' •'5 e' •:nn. This r. iliis rcline. Icvation view lining wall. ihe removal of :hink we should ^ng or grading. :ion of the Either erosion. the proposal le necessary ^ 1 i,3| ' I .5 ; .1 'I yi : A ■S -r 1 m r ■«»™ Of «««,,„ p_, , ■Address I^gal Description applicant TVPB OF REQUEST - Conditional Use Variance Wetlands Variance wiating to Request ®P»cify Ordinance Bequliwi*nts Explain Request' Relative to Requi HardsUps to Proper^ (Your ”■»«» «sr raquostin* this Variance or Ccnditional (be Penit 2’ «*l»letedi’ W‘»»®Sectien • (Sketch in proposa) ft3.H~.pi. Wi2.gSJ*i ■ 5* $30.00 Fee V ' v;, A •-^'j.r‘.>; e-^:; ;,■•.->•«• TO: l-ROM:H DATi-:]• 5>nAJi-r:r: «< :v. w-isoji 1 fui'lViOr ores Alt1iou”li I h be introcluci The notation Upon checkin to i^ether a I have sent will forward We can treat t- ' Planning Connission and Council Htuik iX’Jiidi, !!onim^ Acljpinistrator }^;bniniy 17, 1977 Robert, ’kelson - 4103 lli«;bv;ood Road We can treat this as a work session item. r,-'II *» /.V / /. t £• I : i. ’■r. '’ •Tsoji is rc'Juastin'» a.oproval to ripia;) liis 100’ of sbofeiijic to orcYcrit furtbor erosion. Althougli I liavon't as yet rcccivctl ajiy ])Tans for tlic proposotl project, I will be introducing it to you at the Planning Cononission ir-ccting of February 22, 1977. The notations on tlie enclosed plat map do not give a true picture of the property l^[>on checking the site, the contour of tlie land left me with some questions as to vihether any filling or grading were being considered. I have sent him a letter requesting plans. IVhen I receive the necessary data I will forward a copy to our engineer for review and comments. I 4 ■(■ ' r i LOC‘\T.ro.'4 OF ] Address /// v- bogal Djscrip APPUC/dJr Address Name Address Present Zoning Zoning Ordinan< Specify Ordin) Explain Request 4* J.^ /^iT' A t ' ^*^e**t of Ndn-cc Hardships to Pitj J* A]|>licatian 2. Plat Msq) Se 3. &rvey (Ske % i- >6 I: • /.V ■I to prevent oct, I will ruary 22, 1977. of the property questions as essary data I ‘ ir M > ij V I fl I* Ik. .■■I CITY OF ORCNO, MINNESOTA C C ^ C'"^ Conditional U sq and Variance Aoplication' LOCWION of PROPOS.AE (or property) ‘ ‘ ' ' TyPE OF REQUESTAddress _J//r‘r iC'E-'l Description /.■,■< , . n , • - ----------____________l / /rV. ; i mvjc.mr ^ Nnjre A - ^■-21 r -••Phone # 0:.7{ER Conditional Use Variance lietlojifTs V'arjrncG *.• T>^ iviprap ' ?Pc-e Name Address Phone # Present Zoning 4 - //r Zoning Ordinance Section ReUtin Specify Ordinance Requirements Present Use .r r r g to Request ];; l]{:. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Council Action Date ■i/V^ / L» Lt/^r:Conditional Usi 2*Z. mt Hq> Section . Suiyey (Sket^ in proposal)ft!)'asoit ®^Hennepin County Registr.; if 5. $3ert)0 I^e / **, Cc " I / \ • / ; / OF REQUEST c •♦. I.' *“-«. ■'. — * ncUtional Use nrnce ■.Innds A'arjrnco >rap FFICIAL USE ONLY Jncil Action L</■ X f /V/v tional Use Pemit *s Ust of (ISO ft.) - Uttar of TO: ’ . Vi I -• • s k r « • I*1 ’< I 1 bi- I ) l<. O ■•. Eo-lit SlOIT coi'iparisor ITB Zone Lot Area Lot Width Lot Depth Lake Setbs Side Setbs Street Set Street Set Landscape Parking - Maxinum Ih Relating 1 for lot ai mininum r< wm TO:llcniy F, ftiJiich, Zoning At^ninistrator . J / i i. // /* A. P, Olrnn, As^.-lr, ;it:or r r*. / V / • // t i.r> ..r ) •i*. 4 4 ’•.VU!:)/, I'V// I i I ! •. #.1 4 I* .’l ' , ! I ■ •/1 * »s , 1 i. • 1 • « •. A o J ‘ . r • • ) A k \ m r i nV IS w \ / A ' i 4. I *. I i X 1-. 11-.1 •t :’l 1 ^ 1 * "S r>i: *« ; M - ‘ I.' ‘ * .!' <• ‘iiA ’ch’/i 1 'll. t - Isiiri'f laii 1<:iji.'iS i >i• : -n 1;|’ i !P;i j-.-> ;V>|- .1 ^ ..... . . ^ (’ J s 1 X'O iiC, p-C(1 f.o ■ <) IV.: ••/;•<; J p, ior lo i.!.C vu, : 11 UI t it :1 ol.‘ the now built: nif'. Float Storage is a por/iiittcd use In t’lo P-2 zone (3S.]lo). The following; is a conparison of the zojiing rcc|uironcnts and the infomation siiliinittcd to chite. ITEM ZOnIING REQUIRBlEm'ACTUAL PROPOS.^L Zone Lot Area Lot Width Lot Depth Lake Setback Side Setback Street Setbadc (35.162) B-2 2 Acres (87,120 sq. ft.) 200 ft. 200 ft. 75 ft. 10 30 ft. ft. Street Setback (35.173 Landscape Yards - Front - Side • Lake Parking - For Docks - For Building ^?axi^u^^ Hardcover 50 10 10 75 42 23 25% ft. ft. ft. ft. B-2 Approx. 80,000 sq. ft. 250 ft. Ave. 300 ft. 110 ft. 25 ft. (Bayside Road) (Bayside Road) 20 ft. (Lake Street) See Above 10 ft. 25 ft. Plus no ft. 65 Total 7S-*- Approx. 201 Relating to the above information, it viould appear that a variance vrould be required for lot area, and that the street setbacks must be increased to meet the 30 foot minimum requirement. .. • pi f V ^ I 1 I '41I ‘ *3^ i 1 rV t> 1^^ Is- jte' • • •• vt". •“...f S .U vt. • <. ... •’•-I ,• ‘ ••• . • .■ *• . i ■ • i • '• - • j’* •. <* • •jr L X • •• - .* ■ • •: • ••• .. * , i •H •% r- %■ • S’’: ' V*-.' F-T'-'S. • •* ' 4.'- -I. ' ■ •Y •, * 4 4r • .. . ■ ■*^9*'* ' •• ;-v-. V •n » f \, .. . ^ ^ I % i . /i] 1 ■ ‘1;*1. |:l!iJinj;''S on • » acv; bulUi'n^. cing is a :o tlate. nUAL PROPOSAL 80,000 sq. ft. ) ft. (Bayside Road) ?S\* Road) (L^e Street) i;e Plus 20t ould be required the 30 foot <-r- m M ■f S f J&. ;n ^ i: I. ^ * I? ‘ H ^ I » T ' .* i \ . •» ’ j «» • *• / .« . , » . - 'W • ^ - ^', 1 * “'. .*1 %•* ^ 4 I r V • • • \ * ^ • . H V.„1o '*• 9 r\ .. ;■ o ■ r*?# I •• • # „ ‘.a*;*'r7 A' '■ T .- t* < J r I .‘v ToT V t •« » » •* rV ■ ■o .. .’ •• ■.. • • •'"••. ’i/ * .• ; •V i. • » \ ^ ^vi» > • -... < . r Im^ : . • .1 . • M * •• • . • ■ **T' > ♦ ^ •- '*' v>; „ f• •. . Hi* «’ • • ' K ■i ■} J. ■;1'! k.-I 1 V- _• i V. V*. i: -**• * r/-.V;'v*.5:.-v 5.^ ••^r. - wv- * V TT^h . ■ ■■Xi.-.. •\->rcic-:v'J- •^.■>^■•.■•14 .,»>.■.% <..** • ' V •a•<v 4 -A >* , • * • p ■S^ f * »%*• >;,•*' jy. Ki. • .•• ^ - ‘.-.A.-r.* "w .. II *> *. • .^1 ■IP 1 > i: •1 • •i.1 *» ?T«u I.’ « ‘1 CO ;!iiu {^♦2 i V.Q s=tt!ii^ Jl t •« 1977 liccn Annual 95 Slip Total 1 Facilitie* Change Fr Proposed 1976 Land Prior Lan Proposed Percentaj Suggestei TO; I'Rai: DA’IT.; SUIUHCT; Annual Fee - 95 Slips - $142.50 Total Ffee $217.50 Henry F. Tynch, Zoning Adrunistrator PJ.cr..*:\jr /■ / (: ✓ * 1 :•>r>. /». A. P. Olson, Asst. Zoning Adninistrator Febraary 17, 1977 Harlna License - L’orth S!iorc Drive Harina 3220 North Sliore Drive - Lari*y Hork 1977 license application and fee received on Febnmiy 4, 1077 loxax rcc ----------- jnSLXll ---------------- * r J~.vc »ft rtav within IMCD 200 foot maxiimim length. Change From 1976: realignment of docks to stay -j .w. «-oo a m to 9:00 p.m. daily - docks 24 hours Proposed hours: office and shep. 8.00 a.m. to ». f 1976 Landscaping Completed: graveling of parking areas. Prt., m <«..»*. = - ‘■’™ Proposed 1977 Landscaping: None Percentage of Completion - 4 Year Plan: 90% maintenance of green ^ efforts to remove old boat hulks and dwns. \i. m :i ■Jiki \n • '4X1 e j.'r>i l'»; • vvn;; SHdTl'fT: I Ihere arc nr arise porio: imist be dob? whicli cxnrc? 'nic‘'C nolic bone rccon»’i< 1.!)rt oxj CX[ Mir for Adc if rer Di« nir 5.^t1 A r as I rr*t ■ lU] ncr anc 6.Due not she re? / •Ha is wet >V; I Pi anent slips, ock ac end of »t maxinum length )cks 24 hours shore (1975) ireas • Gonrinued md d^ris. y 4 I liv *, I T;?: >■ E-h;:.. r f Ii'; I'ri'no riartr.ii:>: 'Vrrassionr. rail] IVsrK ivn::T',•/'-r.iaiv li>, ir Sl'B.T1'(T: Tol icv Rc'coi ’rcr..lnt ions I’iici'e arc nniv' nucstions are not snoci fical Iv licfincd by tlic ordinance nriti that arise p<^rioi'icaIlv that the rianninp Cownssion rnisi solve. Tacli tine these issues inust be debated and re-debated. Instenil, thev can bo covered by a no 1 icy staterent which exnres.sc<i tb.e current orovailin^ oninion of the roiTmission. nic'^e policies raist bo reviewed vo.arlv to confotr: with current conditions. bone reconrended TX'lic.ies are as folUtvs: 1.Drcirlno. - No new dredrine, but TX^rrussable ‘‘or naintonance of exi.stiny channel", vduck r>oni!s, etc. !>redye*.i areas cannot !»e cxpandeii, and if exces.sivelv l.irye no«.v must be reduced. 2. Riprap - If it conforr's with the cob:. Staff can approve witl.out Comission review. Addition to Rxistino IIou.se on .Suh-Standarl I.ot - Staff ray approve: if tliere is no substantial addition to Iiar ’cover and setlnacl.! renain within lenal or current setbacks. 1. discussion - Lirrit floor renarks to S ifiiniues ricr person, or 10 irinutes for a yroun spokesman. 5.\ttendance - .Ml members must attend 7S?. of all sche<Uile>l mcetinys. A member vdiosc attendance slips Ixrlow tliis will be automatically asked to resiyi'^. mcml>ers will be reviewed after I nonth.s. This enables the Commission to always have a niionim. Also, a member ivho misses more than 1/4 of the meetings will lost continuity and will not be able to contribute. 6.Puck Ponds - Purpose is to nrovidc nestino for water fowl. This is not needed in marshy areas or within 1/4 miles of onen water. iTiey should he pro’;ibited within that area and some very compel liny reasons given for any outside that area. 7.Ila Soil As lW>uildable I.and Tn llnseivercd Areas - lixpert testimony is needed to decide wliether Ih soil should !>e regarded the same as wetlands. Poes slope make a difference? litc. If so, the wetlamis ordinance should be ai?ic*nd<?(' to include tliis soil. -TTf ■>\ VTP: R(TI: PATI:: sinkn:cT: T am enclo Sensitive V, S. Invi Service wa Note the r feather in Xi cc nri:' tMat osc issues stHtcront irs. ru i tv 5 IS riiev ^ Th: RO?l: nATH: sin;Ti:cr: ;'•' yOrono Planning Conwnission and Council I Lank MUliidi, Zoning Administrator Fcbniarv 15, 1977 Performance Controls For Sensitive Lands Report I am enclosing a copy of some of the pages from the fPerformance Controls for .'>ensiti\*e lands, a book prepared for the Office of Research and T>evclopnent. i. b. Lnvironmcntal I'rotection Agenev. Tins report by the Planninj» Advisory Service was prepared as an environmental guide for municipalities. Note the recognition Orono receives regarding wetlands regulations. ,\nother teatner in the hat I ■ - "... fc- ' • •' ’V mmm A^*,l .r\*«».'A» M, » ^*• t • I »• A • M f^ • U' I i Ol N\ 1 1^4 K A» i Ki w L' AV ‘I' V ' * ' 'M I * A . I \ Hy'; » f A A 0»V I • I C. M A 1 vv M T t M I A u B R 'J C L I > WI c i. I fhi oi ri C k V.. r4 < fiAuc ROMA; tJ r.. t i KiOut .! OAI4 Y I/. Af. f 1^ Mv t' I) I 141 r K , . *1 ri B f4u vL F L*. M A1 K f I# C, q jamc ^ s11 itrn JAMCS B.v.Ot*KMA»4T ALLdN A. HiNOCKA.<r« C lifforo m. oRrc%e D. WILLIAM KAUFMAN Mayor City c P.O. E Crysto Dear B Enclos County for SE. office Agency there : ond be< lands c 125) . I have library that yc be of i BDJI: s s cc; Her WaJ )ls for )pnent, Ivi sorv ^lother ‘V*! "W‘ '■. m vXj I 1' ; : ti. POPHAM, H aik .Schnobrich . K aufman & D otv. Ltd.^VA»>, I f .* A » M , ''< » ' A 11 A I H I »•* V\ *.A Mf,Ol N\ I M K A» * M .x\L' AV • I ' i 'V > T ' »« • 'M I U ^ A . Nf I \ W^n » I A v\ OKI •! N C. MAfVi VVm TtMiAO IJ R <J C t U VV I L L I V. fMf. Of l^iCrt . M r»»A«WC>3 ffOMAt tJ r . » I MOuf .: -MlMfiSON OAlvy I/. MAC ^ fV L’ DI. I C K » . M *, I 1 f j U$4U(.f L/. M A L K K l< <, O N JAMC*> R. STf ilTN JAMES t3 . c Oi" K H A T ALLEN W. HiNOERA.^ER CLI^roMO M.ORfCNE O. WILLIAM KAOFMAN I »i .»i* ♦t ‘VMINNEAPOLIS. MN 5S402February 11, 1977 • . ?-335-OJji Mayor William B. Van Nest City of Orono F•O• Box 6 6 Crystal Bay, Minnesota 55323 Dear Brad; County and^l^loDv^of ''s- MarinettG for sensitive lands which is a book rr'V*" PERFORMANCE CONTROLS office of Research and DeveLpmen? ,j f for the Agency. i send certain portionrof thi^^ Protection there is an interesting suiiunarv of m ^ t>ocause and because this book includos^thoroi^"' J"P°fEance of wetlands lands ordinance of the Villaao nf^o " tne floodplain and wet- 125) . village of Orono, Minnesota (see page library, if you wish to see it plo /"''^‘^““tiontal law that you have enough material inform me. i realize be of interest to j%u I thought this may Very truly yours. Bruce D. Malkorson BDM;s s CCJ Henp Huhich (with enclosures) Walter R, Benson ^-ea n W '"I-MG6 06 oaoNo mai,"' « All, -A V I ft V HKI*OK r NOS. 307. 30Planning •fv • ^ " .* - v ' ' 'V. A ^ w T* .►•f P I L4 - / < pj{ £L , , \ Wt ***. 1. :>4, .. **> . ,^r- I. / ; f ? •# jct .* r ' j, . V- i js Marino ttG NCE COIJTI>.OLS cl for the al Protection because v/etlands n and wet- see page ital lav/ realize ;his may KKI*OKT NOS. .107. 308Planning Advisory Service LN # * Fterfcmiance CcMTtrols for Sen^ive Lands A Practical Guide for Local Administrators by Charles Thunow, William Toner & Duncan Erley rr...- :•- -"vv» ■•' • - ;v“-v> •ViT’v "V . v^-V-r-r •): • . . Xl,- rr;-!/; •• >;•. IL-^' ^'‘vV m]^ . > mm\ t m m V ^ * * £ * '‘igriftfllEBliH \ i A' '-T >» Y i-i. • WmX,X fy xn.srtSi • ivL ^ 1- ii .mm.S:-,j2 :-^ .::.\>cm.•S' i* ■V ■' , Performance Controls for Sensitive Lands: A Practical Guide for Local Administrators, Parts 1 and 2 By Charles Thurow, WOliani Toner, and Duncan Erley 4i **'*P “«<* f»f t*»e Office of Research and Development. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Woshington, D.C. 2(1160 Contract No. K802-443. Program Element 1 llAOdS Project Officers: Martin Redding and Isabel Reiff, Washington Environmental Research Center. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ■ >* m .y^ 'M: < M i4i ,-1*^ The authors wish assistance given by writing this report, the members of the A who participated in number of reports, o response to our reqi the time it took to | letters: without this < be impossible to pro< planners whose conr with writing this rep by explaining the re and candidly evalual We would also like us with their tecl environmentally sen: like to thank Barbf Kline, Neil Jacquet > Diane Korling of the of great value to us were William Walkei and David Miller o: individuals, along wi telephone questions, how to approach the: After the first dri group of 10 came to spent two days with < and proposing revisio The review session pa Planner, Orange Cou Lecturer, Wheaton C Planning Administra Shoreland Managemc Charles Rrandes, L Quality Council, Hele Kane County Envir Geneva, Illinois; « m-^ .. .65 :>•:..*» •!*< •*! vr. :>j ^K4 ■i'. «n>*- :’y Ski1?^ U- A'* ";■- ;> 1i I 'a- :■% rkk A'i i f '”1 ' ■•■« ► i r': •■ *: '■^'r ^y:7- ;• • •' ■' I ♦ •»% A ._;S*■•*; ~ 7 mfe ftp C hapter 2. Kxcerpu of Ordinances................................................... ‘ jj3 W nlcrcourse rrottHiion Ordinance of Napa County. Calif(»rnia.................................. 113 Township Floodplain and Wetlands Ordinance of Oakland County, Michigan...............115 New Jer.spy Soil Conser\'alion Coiumittee Model Ordinanct?......................................... j 16 Shoreline Management Frograin of Snohomish County, Washington .......................... 118 Aquifer Recharge Ordinance of Volusia County. Florida ................................ 12i h loodplain and Wetlands Ordinance of Orono, Minnesota........................ 125 WetlandsOrdinanccof Dartmouth. Massachusetts..................................... 127 Tree Ordinance of Leon County. Florida................. .............................. 13^ Woodlands Protection Ordinance of Oakland County, M ich igan............................ 132 Hillside Preservation Ordinance of Pacifica. California..................................... 136 Soils Overlay Ordinance of Mine Hill, New Jersey.................................... j.j I Proposed Hillside Protection Ordinance of Poise, Idnlio .................................... 142 Chapter 3. Technical Assistance Resources........................................... 14^ State Cooperative Kxtension Service Agents ....................................... 147 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Directors and Conservation Education Coordinators................................................................ U.S, Forest Service Regional Offices................................................. I3q U.S. Soil Conservation Service State Conservationists......................................... 151 U.S. Soil Conservation Service Field Biologists................................ 153 U.S. Geological Sur\ ey Regional Pulilic Inquiries Offices..............................................I54 State Geologists and Geological Surveys.............................. 154 ■'•T i-r#iM- •!: . '* •• * T- We have com wetlands—the m low-lying areas th) covered in part breeding grounds marshes and bogs theme in Ameri< conversion of these So-called reclame for a hundred yea provided “Swamp reclaim the “swam sold the land the pr far as necessary to the Federal Swamp filling of 65-million 1930s, the marshes Indiana. Ohio. Mid 10 per cent of their ] wet prairies of Mil drained extensively of that region’s wal The most sever midwestern states, 1 South and along the the Interior report o coastal wetlands ha\ modified. California 1 wetlands. Overall, il years the American million acres, slightlj estimated at 127-mill with significant wetls the conversion of tli urban uses. Land developed fo has accounted for mu phenomenon of urban Urban conversion ol value is not influt individual is unlike system or the nesti waterfowl. House a wetlands in April 19 town that have be< around has skyrock( sometimes be bougl cost of surrounding Wetlands are the I no doubt that real causes of wetland . . .113 . . . 113 . . . .115 . . . 116 . . . 118 . . . .121 . . . .125 . . . .127 . . . .130 132 36 . . .141 . . .142 . . .147 . . .147 . .150 . .150 . .151 . .153 . .154 ....154 mm mmmm Chapter 5. Wetlands w«tl*nrf^ tk thinking of tew fviirA^*'* »thcrte lying areas that during some portion of the year are c^wl in part by natural nonflood waters-os the breeding grounds for disease. Yet the tendency to see marshes and bogs as wasteland has produced the major theme m Amenca’s management of wetlands: the conversion of these habitats to supposedly better uses. bo-called reclamation of wetlands has been public policy years. In 1850 the federal government provided Swamp Land Grants’* to enable states to ^he “swamp land in their limits.** When a state sold the land the proceeds were to be used '’exclusively as far as necessary to the reclamation of said lands.** Later the Federal Swamp Land Acts authoru»d the draining and ,1.1!!® acres of wetlands. In the 1920s and 19J0S, the marshes and bogs in Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin w'ere reduced to 10 per cent of their previous size. Since World War II the wet prairies of Minnesota and the Dakotas have been drained extensively. Nearly 350,000 acres, or 25 per cent of that region’s waterflow-producing potholes, arc gone ' the most severe changes have occurred in the midwestern states, but the problem is extending to the &uth and along the Atlantic coast. A U.S. Department of the Interior report of 1967 shows that 7.1 per cent of the 23 per cent severely nn^ifi^. ^1,forma alone has lost 67 per cent of its coastal wetlands. Overall, it is estimated that in the past 100 American wetlands have been reduced to 70 million acres, slightly more than half the original acreage « .n».Ud at 127.miUion acres." NeverthelerJ; every state With significant wetlands is stUI experiencing pressure for the conversion of these lands to either agricultural or urban uses. Land developed for increased agricultural production has accounted for much of this loss, but the more recent phenomenon of urbanization has taken its toll Urban conversion of wetlands occurs be« ause’ real estate value ,8 not influenced by the value of wetlands. An individual is unlikely to pay for a lake’s natural filtering system or the nesting sites for herons, cranes, and other waterfowl. House and Home pointed out the potential of wetlands in April 1958: “Some of these are in areas close to town that have been passed over while higher land all around has skyrocketed in price. Yet the marshy land can sometimes be bought and filled in for much less than the cost of surrounding land.*'* Wetlands are the builder’s dream of cheap land. There is no doubt that real estate values are one of the major causes of wetland destruction. California’s wetland inventory in 1958, for example. wa.s down to 500,000 acres from an e.stimaled two million in less crowded days.* The Ip-eater the increase in land values from urbanization, the greater the iinpiftus to take advantage of the low market price of wetlands. 1 here is one- more turn of this economic .screw. Wetlands not only suffer from the cataclysmic changes of dredge and fill; they also suffer from less dra.stic. everyday uses th.it otcur on their borders and cause an incremental loss of quality. 'I'he housing development .sit ting on the hill above a marsh dumps runoff, silt, fertilizers, and other by-products of urban living into the mar.sh. Similarly, the incremental effects of agriculture can destroy a marsh or bog. Fertilizers leach into the wetlands, and plowing increases the silt flow. The people on the hill then exrieriena! the tragedy of the commons: they lf>cat«I there because they liked the open space, the access to rivers and lake.8, and the variety of wildlife, but their actions destroy tht^sc fiiilurcil benefits. Society has not found out what the actual credits and debits of tievelopment of Its wetland resource, are. I hough there has been little .systematic work in evalu iting the consef|Ut Mces of converting wetlands to other uses bits aiul pieces of evidence indicate th.it the bent fits are not without liabilities. It has been .shown, for example, that the peat soil of wetlands is not always g .od farmland. Uotland.s are low-lying areas subject to early frosts, and Sinct- the pe;it relea.ses nutrients too slowly and too uneveiviy to prt.vitle fertile soil, ultimately it require,^ more fertilizer than «,thcr farmland. As a consetpience drained land has previously ended up in .soil hanks rather than in production. Likewise many converted wetlands have not proved to be good home sites. 'I'he canals of the new \enices m Calih.rnia and Florida have quickly become chokwl with aIgMe, leaving homes sitting on the banks of lagoon.s tliat more nearly resemble open sewers. Although llH-.se problems remain unresolved, there has bt?en a significant shift in both public attitude and public iMihcy since the early 1960s. Where the older laws were devoted to protecting xvetlands only as a corollary to the protection of fish and wildlife (Migratory Hird ( onservaliou Act. 1929; Wihllif,. Itesloratinn Act. 193.|: Hsh Kestoraiion and Management Act. 1950), recent legislation and policy statements are focu.sed on the wetlands thcm.selve.s as the resource to he proteeted preserved, ami restored (Kstuarine Areas Act 1972- Art. 1972). Likewise i:, ..\prii 19..). the Lnvironniental Frotecti.m Ag.nc> annumav,! a new pohey to actively protect and pre.serve the nation's j amis and omhned four .spe cific jHilicy g<.als in .supi.nrt of this general stance: ** 3 I To ininimi. the n.iliiral flow pro|«vl them fn solid-waste man ditioii of pesticul nonfmint-soiirce and to prevent standards. 2. 'I’o deny fee waste water tresi the existing a alternative of li feasible. 3. To consult determining the programs on fish 4. To rccommi projected signific While these pol significant chang April 1974, the similar set of gi Rivers and Harbo During the past have also begun n wetland protectioi and Atlantic coas have passed legis effort has been tc filling of wetland! require a state peri therefore difficult that the rate of i Similar systems c instituted by mu: response to state r cover wetlands devi restrictic,.; dredge i described in detail WETLAND EC( Wetlands are <i land and open wi poor drainage, ai yearly variations sometimes hard t may be dry throi during years of extensive than in Though it is dil definition of exact begin, wetlands vegetation, w’ater depth. Wetlands marked difference Table 2 lists the ^ these factors, alo disturbance. It is I habitats by the U. Analyzing a cor ecological types | resources living cor 38 down to SOO.OOO acres s crowded days.* The rom urbanization, the igc of the low market nmic screw. Wetlands L'hanges of dredge and c, everyday u^es that n incremental loss of ting on the hill above rtili/.ers. and other marsh. Similarly, the n destroy a marsh or Hands, and pkoving le on the hill then ts; they kKatwl there s; access to rivers and their actions destroy le actual credits and land resoi’i*t(*> are. ic work in evalu tting ands to othe.- uses, hat the benelits are shown, for example, vays g..od farndand. to early fro.sts. and oo slowly and too tcl> it require.^ more •onse<|Ufnce drained tanks rather than in wetlands haw not canals of the new ive quickly become ing on the banks of r*n sewers, iresolved, there has attitude and public he older laws were s a coroll,'iry to the (Migratory Bird oration Act, 1931: tet, 1950), recent e focused on the • to be prutected. Areas Act. 1972; Likewise* i;i .April '•-•nej a!!iu»ii.;i.(l a ■S4ne the nation's :y goals in .support 1 To imiumi/c alterations in the quantity or qunlitv of ^ the n.i Ural Bow of water which nouiishe.s wetlands and to prouvl them from adverse dredging or filling practices it''oTli‘ P^«clices, siltation. or the ad- dilion of pesticides, salts, or toxic mulerails arising from nonimmt.source wa.stes or through construction acliviti. s 2 To deny federal funds for construction of niunicinal waste water treatment facilities that may interfere with the existing wetland ecosystem, except where no filsible.'''® environmental damage is found 3. To consult with the Department of Interior in determining the probable impact of pollution-abatement programs on fish and wildlife in the wetlands : ;®,‘'®f«mmend a public hearing in the event of a pr^Mted significant adverse environmental impact.* W hile the^ policies remain general, they do represent a significant change in the federal government position. In Apnl 1974, the Army Corps of Engineers adopted a similar set of guidelines under its authority from the Rivers and Harbors Act. During the past five years, state and local governments have aim begun many programs addressed specifically to wetland protection. Most of the states along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, and Michigan on the Great Lakes have passed legislation protecting wetlands. The majo^ effort has been to obtain state control of dredging and fUIing of wetlands: in most cases these activities now require a state permit. While this legislation is recent and therefore difficult to assess, most state governments feel ^at the rate of wetland destruction has been slowed Siinilar systems of wetland protection have also been mstituted by municipal and county governments, in response to state mandates. Ixical wetlands laws tend to cover wetlands development in general, rather than simply restricting dredge and fill activities. Th6se programs are described in detail later in this section. ecology and THE PUBLIC PURPOSE Wetlands arc defined as a transitional area between dry land and open water. They are areas of low topography poor drainage, and standing water. Due to seasonal ami yearly variations in the borders of wetlands, they are sometimes hard to spot. Water-logged land in the spring may be dry through most of the summer and fall, while during years of extensive rainfaU wetlands are more extensive than in years of drought. Though it is difficult to produce a universally accepted ^finition of exactly where wetlands end and other lands begin, wetlands are generally classified by their vegetation, water (fresh or saline), and predominant water depth. Wetlands also vary according to climate, with marked differences in vegetation from north to south Table 2 lists the various types of wetlands according to these factors, along with the most common forms of disturbance. It is based on the classification of water f<.wl habitats by the U.S. Fish and W'ildlife Service. Analyzing a community's wetlands in terms of thise «»Iogical types gives a better picture of the local resources lieing considered. Sedge meadows, for example. 38 are often overlooked when considering a uetlamls pro;fram lH‘cause they may look more like gras.slands tl.an wetland.s, but they are strategically im,.ort:^nl fo.- their fUtermg and water storage capabilities. LikewiM*. certain t>jes of wetlands m.iy const it ute an extre.melv rare hioIogMcal resource. Hogs, for exan.ple. arc relatively rare in the plains .states and will support pitcher plants, sund-ws am other flora that arc not found elsewhere in the region’ In this ca.se they can have value for their uni(,ueness. W hatever their specific local valutr. wetlands do have a set of common natural functions that make them valuable resources for society. The* resource values of wetlands can he summarized as follows: change inorganic nutrients into organic material, storing Tw ho n r ^*1^0 if *ti water through a wetland, allowing the silt Thuf th of it them.selves. Ih s the removal of wetlands cau.ses faster runoff of dm,or w»,or. Con«,q„o..„^ prZi,h 2. W'etlands al.so influence the quantity of water Thev act lo retain water during dry periods and hold it back during fl«,oil.s thus ket*ping the water table high and relatively .s3ahle. One acre of marsh is capable of ahsorMn-r or holdin)c 300,000 gallons of water and thus helps project the commnnity against flooding and drought. C«a;tal vvetland.s also absorb storm impact. 3. Wetlands are important resources for overall environmental health and diversity. They provide essential breeding, nesting, re.sling. and feeding grounds 'T' u. h nH t • «“ractiN e ti, m.nny upland birds and animals. Since it is here that the food Hr r f"'- *'»Pl*orting a wide variety of I ants and animals. 3 ht se factors have the social value of providing g.neral environmental health; creating rwreational. research, and educational sites: maintaining •iHdin trapping and fishing, and adding to the aesthetics of the community. n many ways wetlands present the classic case for public rcgnlal ion. Mo.st of their assets arc public g.Kids " they are provided for one member of society, they wl*ila* 7 ***' ('onsciiuently. the use values of wetlaml.s are not ensidered through the regular system of the land market. An individual cannot sell hi*s marsh tering funetu.n on the market, nor can he pric, his grounduater protection sy.stem and .sell it to others .Such values nmy play some role in land use dt>ci.sion.. but H of th^hn •' Thrrer*‘*’''"f ^ Potentialoi iht laml. Jherefore. it becomes important for the i f 1. ^ • !. ** ” of Steps a communiiv fctlands tegulaiory program for it^ u. 2. 1'hen it must act on a policy level. It must dec-de if tium. vul„..s „rc- enou,:l, t» ,1„. uVv Wet land Seasonally l’'loode<| lla or Flats Inland Frv<i Meadows (2 Meadow) inland Shai Fresh Mars Inland De«| Fresh Mars Inland Oper Fresh Wate; Shrub Swamps Woodetl Swamps Inland Salii Flats Inland Salii Marshes Inland Oper Saline Wale Coastal Sha Fresh Mars) ('onstal Dee Fresh Marsh Coastal Ope Fresh Water Coastal Salt Flats Coastal Salt Meadow Irrc*gulnrly FIntKied Salt Marshes Regularly Flooded Salt Marshes Sounds and Bavs Mangrove Swainp.s nsidcrinjj a lands pro^jram more like gras>lands than tcgically ixnfiortant for their npabiliiics. LikewiM*. certain nstilute an exlrtnu'ly rare example, are n;Ifttivcly rare in wrt pilchfT plants, sundews. >und elsewhere in the rej^ion. due for their uniqueness, id valu(\ wetlands do have a •ns that make them valuable •urce values of wetlands esan ity of water. Aquatic plants to orpnic material, storing , which is composc^rl of their nd roots of the.se plants also H wetland, allowing the silt ling some of it them.sdves. Js cause.s faster run<df of ^ wetlands protect the resources of the community he quantity of water. They ^ peri^ais and hold it back the water table high a.nd arsli is capable of absorbing Iter and thus helps prote-ct ing and drought. Coastal pact. It resources for overall diversity. They provide ling, and feeding grounds myriad forms of fish and is al.so Httracti\ e to m.*Uiy :e it is here that the food ost intimately connected, ijiorting a wide variety of rs have the social value of ental health; creating alional sites; maintaining ipping and fishing; and ■ommunity. ■«ent the classic case for assets are public giirxls; if d)er of society, they are luently, the use valui*s of ugh the regular system of 1 cannot sell Ids marsh “t, nor can he prin. his nd .sell it to others. Such l use deci.'sion*, but thev lie developme nt |Kjtential »me.s imiiortant for the nmon resource functions ics of steps a cejpreunily >?uIatory program for its L- llu- range of use valm ’ h vel. It must dt-cide if gb to insure Ibat tbev ■ 'i= . i.V ) ■j i .■U • I m: Willatid TyjH* of Lar|»o.sl Acrea^t* 1AHLR 2. WKTLANDS CllAllACrKRISTfCS Heprvsentutive Vegetation (North)Hfprusentutive Vi gKarior. t.Souih) - — - -------------------------------- INLA.M) KHCSIl wHat, wild mill.I. (,|l --------------------------------------- lt*al^rH.ss, chufu, ryprins Same Ccircf^crahses, paspalurna, bft*aknjsht*s rnsn Marshes burreed, bulrushes, spikeb rushes, cattail. arrowheads, pickerel weed Maidenrane, sawgrass, arrowhead, pickerel weed, rushes, cattails Central north Catlaifs, rmi;. hulni^hos. wnd'7k^^^^^ snikT I resh Marshes Atlantic south rushes, in open areas: pondwoeds. naiads, t-ooii- — tuil. watermilfoil, duckweisJ, water lily Inland 0|)en Fresh Water Shrub Mi.ssissippi north Swamps Pondwoeds, naiads, wild celery, coontuil, water* milfoil, muskgrasses. lilies, .spallerd<M.ks Alders, willows, buttonbiish. dogwiKal, swamp- Many of the .same sp<*cie.s. plus water hyacinth and water primrose in soiiie areas i Similar , pins water hyacinth Mississippi TO—-----------north_________privet, usual ly along .s]uggish streams Sw*Jmns Atlantic south 'I’ainarack. arborrii.ie. black sjiruce. b.a?sam,Tt"d * muplo, bhick ash, northwest: western hemlock ivd alder, willows arid I hick ino.-ises Same Water oali. ov<-rcup oak, tupelo gum, swamp mack gum, cypress Hogs Atlantic south Lc>ulher leaf, labradm 7eV.'cran»u*'rfiesT carexT Mississippi cottongrass, .sphagnum moss, black siiruce _________tamarack, insectivorou.s plants Cyrilla, pcr.sea, gor^onia, sweelbay, pond- • pine, \ irginia chaitifern. insectivorous plants INLAND SAMNKT'T—--------*___________________________ J^nd Saline Hacilic aouth IminiaT Inland Saline Pacific south Same Marshes ?,*c1£Sh Alkali or hanlstein bulrushc.s. wdgt«)iigrass. i Coastal Shallow Mississippi Fresh Ma rshes south ______________________________ Kedgrass, big cordgrass. carex, spikenisV s^’^rass, ca tt^uls^aj-rmvhoacis. smartwri*f| pS Mississippi CattalLs. wild rice. prckTri.lwei (i Trijfni7ntim iss" j^hMarshes south_________spatterdock . pond wee,Is ^ ’ FreslI*Warer" touuT***’*’' excluding wiii. r iiy^eiiu'h Similar, with mnidoncani Similar, with water hyarinth and water- let lure Scarce in turbid waters: pond weed's.'nTiiads'. wild cek-ry, coont lil. water milfoils, mu>k* I grasses, water hyurinih ' Coastal Salt Flats Central South Coastal Salt Meadow Atlantic north Atlantic south Irregularly FI,HKied Salt Marshes Atlantic south Kcgularly Flo^cd Suit Marshes Atlantic south Mississippi south Sounds and Bays Central south Mungnive Swamps Florida only COASrALSAIJN'K grass Similar, with .saltflal giass an,I saltwort Sana* •» 5»u iwiiinrsn i c<»^t^c«rex. hairgras.s. juumea Same i> ~ t~ ^ 9UII. iiiiir.sn corugra.ss I acific Coast: alkali bulrush, gl.i.s.sworl, arrowgra.ss Open areas: wigeongrnss. eelgrass or .sago pondweed Same- grass Southeast: .shonigrass. maiutiegraVs'"turtle" gras.s Much red and .some black mangrove I'oninu sitting will fol areas.i Wha duride.s undersl regulal regiilati wetlam The : way it inland ^ than c, Con.ser% Clark, ii sallwat, to all wi the S|H*t Wet load Wetia the nuti serving i This nati damaged every we fr,im the create m« is able tc the fring health an Due to vulnerabi within th broad ot wcll-beinj and regul most suit) and pron water —re. mission. S hydrologic bodies of v When a c, dangerous assimilativ long-range program. C^iteoft the import, removal of immediate lakes belo' documents community this assert! wetlands ar 40 ;irv!>i-ntutjvo Wt»Ka:ior. •South) ) 5es, iKispaluma, btcakrusht'S ____I ru*. sHWgrass. arrowhead, pickerel hes. cattails the (.aim* .speems. plu-* water nml water primrose in some areas lus water hyacinth I . overcup oak, tupelo gum, swamp ’ . cypress ?rseM, Kurdonia. sweeihay.’pond- ! I^inin chciitifern. insectivorous i J lardstiin bulrushes, wi^'e«)iigrass, : vfcsi ih nriirlencane iih water hyariiuh and water Lirbid waters: pond weeds, naiads, . ccMintail. water milfoils, mu^k- j tCThy^cinih j th saltflat ^lass and salt wort hoalgrass. man itf e^rasb. turtle- d some btaek mangrove 39 m mm ? t •1' ' i*»■ r ■f:'. - r . ... ..ri^‘•'i/ vl; - - i: fOMiimie Then, the ctmummity must tleterniine the »|H*c»fu- values it is most interested in. 3. It must then eh.Mse a method of reti«lation based on these imhaes. If the |)oIicy is U> Buarantee that the s. .UK n « f.H,t of water one set of regulatory procedurt s Tnl J r I T as wildareas, then it must develop a different wetlands program. dtcide.s that it wants to maintain, it is first necessary to understand how the wetlands function .so that^thc regu atory program can achieve those goals. The closer the ecological nature of the wetlands, the more effective it will lie. The following discussion of wetlands ecology and the way It smes the public interest focuses primarily on inland wetlands, since these have received less attention than coastal wetlands. A recent publication of the Conservation Foundation, Coastal Ecosystems, by John Clark, IS an excellent study of the ecolog>* and functions of saltwater wetlands.* Though much of what follows applies to all ivetlands. there is an additional section at the end of the s|H*nal functions of coastal wetlands Wetlands Protect Water Quality Wetlands affect water quality by trapping and storing the nutrients from upland runoff in plant tissue and serving as a settling basin for silt from upland ero.sion. This natural filtering function of wetlands can be seriously damaged, however, by poor land-use practices. Since every wetland has a unique tolerance for filtering runoff from the uplands around it, development in the upland can create more nutrient and sediment inflow than the marsh IS able to absorb. Moreover, development in and around the fringe of the marsh itself can destroy its ecological health and thus its filtering ability. Due to their contribution to water quality and their vulneraliility to destruction from runoff, wetlands fall within the regulatory function of local government. The broad objectives of social, political, and economic well-being that give communities the power to zone land and regulate subdivisions are designed to promote the most suitable use of land, as well as to protect, con.servu, and promote the orderly development of land -and water-resources. Protecting water quality is part of this mission. Since wetlands are an important link in the entire hydrological system, the community's interest in larger ^les of water requires it to be interested in the wetlands When a community has to close its Inaches becnu.se of dangerous bacteria, it knows the natural wetland ’.s assimilative capacity is overloaded. Thus, there are al.so long-range health and safety considerations in a wetlands program. Quite often planning documents cite these use values u.s the important functions of wetlands. It is true that thl removal of wetlands by dredging or filling will have ua immediate impact on the water quality of streams and lakes below them in the watershed sy.stein. 'I'hcse documents also suggest that by preserving mar.she.s the community will have an effective antipolliilion device. Yet this assertion may not necessarily be true, especially if W'etlands are treated as a bottomless catch basin 40 When nutrients are added to an aquatic ecosy.siem, the physu jl and biological result.s art* called eutrophicatio.n It 1.S a n.-mir.d process which occurs in all wetlands to a greater or le.sscr extent, dejiending on local availability of mitnents. the rate at which they enter the sy.sttm, and the rate at which they leave. Kutrophicalion is a process closely associated with the aging or filling-in of lakes. As the nutrient level increases, the water sup,xirts more plant me, which m turn builds the organic bottom of the water body W etiands. bccau.se of their greater plant population and their tendency to hold water longer so that it is not flushed downstream as qui<*kly. trap the.se r.utrients which are then stored a.s muck and peat .leposits. Under n<*rinal conditions these deposits do not build up as rapidly as is often supposed. It can take thou.sand.s of years to add a few fwt to the liotiom of a bog On the other hand, human activities can comiiress the long gradual process of eutrophication from centuries to a few decades or even years. Sediments and nutrients from upland (l. vdopmunt can overload and dama,.,. tho nalural ^.Slcm turn,OK tho wotlan.l into a aoltlini; basin of polluted and unpleasant-smelling water At mlvancu stages eutrophication is an unpleasant proce.ss from man's point of view. It produces smollv algae blooms or dense gn.wths of water weeds, and it depletes the oxjgen levels m the water when the plant.s start to n-spiro or dmimposc. On a hot. windle.ss night, the rate of chemical activity m a small marsh is high, no lij;ht is ON ailab t for photosynthesis, and little o.xygen is added to u .siirf.tce If the plants are re.spiring or decom.io.sing at the time, the o.vygen level m.ny get very low and kill the Siiicv a marsh is relatively smaller and shallower than a lake. I IS less aide to handle the nutrients from a given watershed. A wetland has a larger relative surface area exposed to sunlight, where algae and .suhmerged. floating or emergent plants can grow. .Since the bottom mud is wanm*r even when shaded, chemical processes occur faster than m a deep lake. Likewi.se, when agitated by winds, the bottom layer of nutrients an* stirred up and released into the* water. All of these conditions tend to make mar.sl„*s and other wetlands quite seiesitive to mitrienf. inputs. VVhile wotlarids operate as nutrient filters, they can c-a.sily he overloaded and thus destroyed, 'rhis is exactly what happens with man-caused eulrojihication. Through uu rcased ruiudf and nutrients from fertilizers and urban de^eopn,ent. the entire process of eutrophication is sp(H*(h*d up to as much as 100 time.s as fa.st as the natural process. ( onse(,uently u marsh an*a that would have acted r*..s an important nutrient filter for 1.000 years may only function that way for 10 years <„,ce it is overloaded. ' I reatmg wetland.s as settling ha.sins for overland runoff Has many of the same ctualifications that apply to their > met urn as nutrient trap.s. Kc*moving wetlands will •f.*.n. *(.lately affect adjacent waters by increasing the flow Oi dirtier water into them. Wetlands act to hold du*.vn urimlity the amount of sii.spended parlieles ii. water- by slowin,: the upland runoff as it flows through the tangle of weUaiul plant roots a„d systems. The resulting reiluction III the force of water flow and the natur:.J catch basm formed by plant roots allow.s some sediment to ¥: r’ I .4 t sett le. in il«it*| the en wet la IK I m‘ by r A .sin big jars influenc iKiltom and lea> with the take the it will cl Turbh and oth amount competit plants SI requirem also infli depend < desirable scavenge sight feec populatio constanti: and thus In thes by increat and degrt experimer developmc of erosion take 15.0C forest; an< fanner has in his field higher rati such incei const ructic ecology sin constantly figure 12. Psriodof lowp jr. jaWe»KtA Water collected and stored in the wetland filters dc tonBC/iargeihegi aquatic (^osystem. the ailed eutrophication. It > in nil wetlands to a on local availability of :er the system, and the ihicution is a process ■ filling-in of lakes. As [;r supports more plant ic bottom of the water eater plant population *nger so that it is not trap the.so nutrients, peat tleposits. Under do not build up as m take thou.sands of m of a bog. ic.s can compress the an from centuries to a ts and nutrients from d damage the natural a settling basin of iter. •n is an unpleasant ►roduces smelly algae e«ds, and it depletes > the plants start to ess night, the rate of is high, no light is e oxygen is :iddf d to g or dt!con'j»().sing at ery low and kill the »nd shallower than a trients from a given flativc surface area ulimerged, fl<»aling, the bottom mud is ■al proce.sses occur , when agitated by are stirred up and conditions tend to quite sen.sitive to t filters, they can ed. 'I'his is exactly •hication. 'i'hrough itili/.er.s and urban eutniphicalion is fa.st as the natural it Would have acted M) years may cmly is overlo.»di*<l. for overland runoff hat apply to their ng wetlands will increasing the flow act t(» hold duv.'n artk le.s ir. waier- through the tangle is. 1 he reau ’ling I the natiir:.! catch joint* sedifiunl .ho ..nKtaMliiy of ,h. upland »« nfluenml by msion and the other with water and onto, fc bottom inDtorifli from b hoAlthy marsh Thnn cs»* h win clet ;nttir b^f-e lurbidity drastically reduces water quality in marshes ZLnt n, S“»P»<led pa^Ucles Xe te the bottom and thus give a nlnnt^ "if ^ Certain plant species. Top growing plants such as algae or submerged plants with*^ 1^ light rt-quimments wUl dominate. These suspended TrSa also influence the animal life in the marsh. Fish wS trt feeding-which inclu^ air he desirable game fish-wUI be seriously affected Thl scavenger fish, such as carp and suckem. Sire not ^ht f^ers, will be at an advantage. This change in fish population also adds to sflUtion. since scavenged fi^L are iS" i ‘trough the bottom as they feedand thus keep the silt in suspension. In these ways agricultural and suburban development siltation in a wetland's watershed, overload and cfegrade the wetland's natural fUtcring system. An experiment conducted in Wisconsin shLs how sUtatlon. The amount IlcdfTfi *" ^ wouldtake 16,000 years under fallow land; 27,400 years under forest: and 171,500 years under grasslands Sinerthe i^irfWH *"®ent>ve of preserving as much of the soil V speculate about the even higher rate of erosion from construction sites where no •ttch incentive exists. Even e one time silUng from constructron can have a long-term impact on^mersh ecol^y smee silt is slowly flushed out of wetlands and is «mstantly stirred np by wind and scavenger fish ami abUhv 17 ’'’”''’.'"' "’“SI l“ko into seconnt man ’s , eutrophication and sUtation of iJe.11 . k * ‘he KMl IS clean water, wc must do more than n.?l, '■ '','■“**'"8 “"<1 filling of wetlands. We cannot \v1 m^s."’ “"“""K basins or nutrient traps. W t musi mimmice nutrient inputs so that wetlands wiU ~M.nne u. act as fUters as long as ,K.ssiblo. and we m«t . “““ ''"'“"'Is "illn„re, . '’“P Mdtments from runoff. By regulating marlhll Jilh g"*""'"*, "“*• ““ <■“” "'""‘“in healthy marshes w ith diverse plant and animal communities ■ an „ «gc..n,.oK abe ,vs wiodollow precipitation ... ~~ Period ol hiQh precipitation ‘bey during dry'peS' ZZu itTnck d^ Thni krepmg the water tahio high and relatively s^ble. A wom ho has straggled to get petunias to grow in a w indow box understands how wetlands perform^his Tnlctl Pe« the organ,c material depositeel al the bottom of rweulnd k I t u ®*’f»®"*c material to window l)ox soil helps the .soil to withstand the do ing eff “u Jf til sl^l irants'™! 1'“^ ‘''1' ‘bo "ecessao moisture for the wtu inrls iisiiural sponges which reduce the risks of flooding and drought. * The complete relationship between marshes ^ounrlwater hydrology is more complicated; here wet- lands m.ay have one of three general 1haracu.ris.rs': Kiniire '* * ’“ob “''eo area for groundwater. (Sec addition..! amounts of it arc able to rep wish therihf:r;irr win 'rr "t ■- koepmg the groundwater rllXtaTr ' li ill!1 iaWaiittJi •>-lo '• » /4-. 4 - .“."IPP Water collected and stored in the wetland fiiters down to nehMrge the groundwater I. S Ground Welter is discharge to the wetland j. • V { i r^- 7 , f 'rh»* lt*\ t*l.s of u a h«' equal After ii • occurs, water will I will |H*rcol:ite into obout I he same. Al the wetland due t< somewhat by gre groundwater becon up. 'I’his process i: meadows or sh. "temporary" wetla that dry up during t hummocks of vegc capacity during pei upon contact with drought. Since thes fill, they are most them means drainir 2. The wetland is 12.) Although this overland flow, it a seepages. Such wet regions of the West, by evaporation, bul Because they are fed are likely to support higher quality than overland flow for the str.ble water level mj 3. The wetland is its basin floor is seah this case, there is m and the water table, basin for overland precipitation the basi the rest of the water c In this way it functio total amount of watc figure 13. EFFECT < i m "1. r ■■ r fc- -—I y v"' r Ms h,Ffeiwwalflfnl.e ■’dljwaihnjuqn ’: 2-. . it.fr m :;^r; . f-:ji *v- ^••*‘ . . ... . :e into account man's ion and siiiation of 0 must do more* than k'ctland.s. VVe cannot ns or nutrient traps. 0 that wetlands wiU ssible, and we must to that wetlands will ™off. By regulating ) maintain healthy il communities.* rr Supply inity because they They retain water luring flood i. thus 'ely stable. Anyone >w in a w'indow box •is function. Peat, >ttom of a wetland arge quantities of 5 window !k>x soil effects of the sun y moisture for the the peat makes uce the risks of •n marshes and cated; here, wet* iracteristics: ffroimdwater. (See id's basin extends the top surface of r>n, much of the lly to be absorbed indwat«r supply, hold the Water, o replenish the periods, the |»eat ase water, thus ly stable. !■; i w #• The h*\ el.s of water in the two systems, however, will not b.' etpial After a hard rain, es|HVMlly if overland flow • oa-urs, water will be higher in the wetlands. Surface water will ptTcolate into the groundwater until both levels are about the .same. After a drought, the water level is down in the wetland due to evaporation, but may be replenished somewhat by groundwater. Eventually, however the ^und wau, been*, low ,„<».gh «, that wotlaad ly up. Ihis process IS often the most dramatic with sed^ meadows or shallow marshes. These areas «rp ••temporary'' wetlands-with standing water durTng ram^ that dry up during other periods. Because of their semidrv hun.n.oclu. of vcgetatioii. they have greater absorpttoil capacity during periods of preciplution and then depend drouffht Tk ** ^undwater during periods of fuT thPv drain or to destruction, but damaging them means draining the groundwater supply. 19 1 iu/K * fi^“"dwater discharge. (See Figure overlaid nlf*‘ '^*tor fromoverland How it also obtains water from streams and rSion^of fhimportant in the arid regions of the West, since other land wUl be quickly dried Slcaurtr*^"’ r“i r *"*P®^ton"t elsewhere f fed from clean underground water, thev arc likely to supi^rt different plant populations and be of higher quality than wetlands which are dependent on r.Th for their water. Many plants depend on the 8t.able water level maintained by groundwater flow. j» A T^®_''®‘‘®"d is "perched" above the water table, but Its basin floor is sealed by a layer of impermeable clay. In this case, there is minimal linkage between the wetland and the water table. The wetland simply acts as a catch .^sin for overland flow. During periods of heavy precipitation the basin will fill untU it overflows, sending the rest of the water downstream or into an adjacent lake In this way ,t functions like a small dam by reducing the total amount of water in lower areas of the watershed. thereby rcrlucing flood risk. During period, of drought, it liKSes water through evaporation like the uplands, but at a slower rate because of soil and plant condition., and thus acts as a water hole for farm animals or wildlife. 1 he cycling of water is important to a wetland's Mabdity. as well as providing man with a natural mechanism which moderates the extreme.s of flooding and drought. Many wetland plants and animals depend on fluctuations water level for their existence. For exjampic hip.h spring waters stimulate the growth of level for effective growth, they depend upon the gradual subsKlence of spring flood waters. Likewise, the lowering tor ducks and flue .r ' r “"""toral patlei ns of waterfluctuation, however, seriously damage these spccie.s. Mans influence on water hydrology generally exaggerates these fluctuations. This can be seen in Figure 13. Under na^tural conditions, upland runoff is slowed by vegetation. The percolation of this water into the ground rwluces the amount of water entering the marsh and also rlXA ‘n " ® or urbanconditions tins process change.s. Greater amounts of precipitation are released to overland flow, covering wetlands with much higher water in the .spring and in turn demanding more of its water for groundwater recharge in dry periods. If a community is pumping groundwater for recbcTtipm™ and w rcduc,.. ... chances of drou,.ht in the “dfau"^ l artinilarly temporary wetlands, the low prairies the I art of the y, ar. must be presetted. These areas are often ncuREU. effectofubbanization on wetland water levels 1^ Light runoff Ffei«'<*alef Itlie dQlrutttfouqrv ■S.X 1 V 1 n w- i m » m ■ W I 4- 4 r f h m \Vi*ll>ii\<K, ttviieriil Fi Wetl.nut. piov l<lc ( *aiid feeding groimils i kinds of fish ami wildl water are nm.l intiina (hii> iin|M)rtunt for su| and wafer aiiiinuls. L tor n wide rangi; of vi not exist without thei the benefits of a healt recreation, research, a and game for hunting, to the aesthetics of t .should be concerned al intricately connected v suitable use of land, tc which harm common r quality and the econor To a large extent, various water-related fi and environmental hea However, it is impoi diversity works and ecological theory ur, environment is in terra tnore stable it is. Stabil of large fluctuations du Species diversity ensur for diverting and disper le.ss likely it is that changes. This process can b opposite, monoculture, plant species by one—a arc attacks by pests. Since the most imports species in a natural co food web, it is easy to among the crops. With available, the plant-eat rapidly along with the farmer sprays pesticides process kills or harms tl the pests, making the si It is reasonable to ass prey and predator aninu The racoon, for example species of marsh birds numerous other foods, h the brunt of the raccooi point of view, if one prey survive. The presence of will also be important ir for example, can be eat osprey, among others. I the others will keep abundant. The same throughout the marsh herbivore, keeps the cat will not choke the marsh Within a healthy, di’ animal species will have urinp pc*rio<Ijj of dro;i;,'h»., ii •n lik«* the- uplands, hui at a plant conditions, and thus inimi'ls or wildlife, mportant to a wetland's in« man with a natural le extremes of flooding and s and animals depend on for their existence. For stiimilate the growth of 2 slightly above the water depend upon the gradual r.s. Likewise, the lowering ling places for ducks and innturul patterns of water damage those specie.^. -T hydrology generally This can Ire .seen in Figure pland runoff is slowed by his water into the g. ound Lering the marsh and also der agricultural or urban E!.s. Greater amounts of overland flow, covering ' in the spring and in turn groundwater recharge in mmping groundwater for ion is more exaggerated to a greater degree, ibili/.e water supplies—to er areas of the watershed i;ht in the immediate area protect our wetlands, ds, the low prairies, the marshes that are wet only .‘d. 'I he.se areas are often t contributions to our •i • •:% ■ 0 V . 1 .'r:;* fj> i! ■» I-,-# ^ »■ j >1- i ! 1 WcthiipiN. (Seiieriil Knvlri»nnicnt«l lleHlih, Diversity Wetl.iuils |iii>\i<le esseutini bret'ding, nesting, resting, *aiid l^•••^li^g gnuimls amt preilutor-csca|>e cover for many kinds of fish ami wildlife. Since the footl webs of land and «at«T are nmst intimately connected in wetlands, they are ihus iin|Nirtanl for supporting a wide variety of both land and water aiiiinuls. Likewise, wetlands provide habitats for a wide range of vegetative communities which could not exist without them. In these ways wetlands provide the lM?nefits of a healthy environment. They are sites for recreation, research, and education; they support wildlife and game for hunting, fishing, and trapping, and they add l»» the aesthetics of the community. Local government should be concerned about the.se benefits because they ore intricately connected with the desire to promote the most suitable use of land, to prevent nuisancedike uses of land which harm common resources, and to protect residential ({uality and the economic base of the community. 'lo a large extent, if marshes are performing their various water*rclatcd functions properly, species diversity and environmental health will follow as a matter of course. However, it is important to understand how species diversity works and why it is important. Present ecological theory urges that the more varied an environment is in terms of habitat, flora, and fauna, the more stable it is. Stability in an ecosystem means the lack of largo fluctuations due to inside or outside disturbances. Species diversity ensures that the more channels there are for diverting and dispersing the results of disturbance, the less likely it is that there will be abrupt population changes. 'I'his process can be appreciated by looking at its opp()site, monoculture. The farmer replaces hundreds of plant species by one —soybeans, for example. The results are attacks by pests, outbreaks of weeds, and disease. Since the most important way in which the multitude of species in a natural community interact is through the food web, it is easy to see why there are pest outbreaks among the crops. With a large amount of one type of food available, the plant-eating pests, or herbivores, increase rapidly along with the increase of the food supply. 1 ’he former sprays pesticides on the pest population, but in the process kills or harms the birds and insects which feed on the pests, making the situation even more uncontrollable. It is reasonable to assume that the existence of alternate prey and predator animals will help stabilize populations. The racoon, for example, has the eggs of several different species of marsh birds to eat, as well as crayfish and numerous other foods. No single prey population will take the brunt of the raccoon ’s foraging. From the raccoon's point of view, if one prey population fluctuates, he can still survive. The presence of several different predator species will also be important in controlling populations. A frog, for example, can be eaten by a heron, a bittern, or an osprey, among others. If one predator population i.s low, the others will keep the frogs from becoming too abundant. The same kinds of relationships exist throughout the mat'sh ecosystem. The muskrat, as a herbivore, keeps the cattail population stable so that it will not choke the marsh. Within a healthy, diverse ecosystem, each plant or animal species will have its ow ’n functional pt^sition, or niche. A niche is the sum of the rc1:«iionships a species has with the rest of the system: what it eats, how, and when; what temperature it prefers; whether it is active by day or night; what plants it uses for cover and nesting; and so on. The theory of the niche assumes that species avoid dinct competition by not u.sing the same resources in the same way at the same place and time. Niches may overlap partly, but not completely. 'I’hus species comp!t?ment each other, rather than being in constant, direct competition. Wetland eco.systcms arc more complex in term*: of this species diversity than some other systems. One explanation i.s that they have a number of edges or boundarie.s between structurally different vegetation. At such edges the greatest diversity occurs. Along their immediate uplands wetlands may be surrounded by trees or shrubs; as the gradient declines there may be sedge meadows or shallow marshes; finally, there is a change to deep marshes and open wrater. Kach of tht;se areas provides niches for different plants and animals. Generally man simplifies these systems by creating conditions unfavorable to certain plants and animals. We can crowd a marsh so that predators such as minks and foxes do not have enough escape routes. Or excess nutrients and siltation can give advantage to one floral species over anotlicr, re.sulting in an itnbnlaiico. By umlerstanding the function of a marsh in providing species diversity through its niches and edges, it is IHissiblu to style a regulatory pr(»grum that will be compatible. When alterations ore necessary along the edges of the marsh, it is possible to maintain a gradient that will pre.serve the diversity. By thinking of wetland syst<!ins as a number of marshes connected by streams or other modes of linear movement, man will have his homes and the fo.xes will have their escape routes. By thinking in terms of the wetland’s function of diversity, it is possible to implement a public policy goal which says: We want to prot(?ct wetlands because they provide recreation, education, and general environmental health.* Coastal Wetlands Improving water quality, moderating floocis and stabilizing water supplies, and providing overall environ mental healtli and diversity are important functions of coastal wetlands, too. But because they are at the boundary of our hind and sea resources, coastal wetlands have several umbiue characteristics and ways in which they serve tin* public interest. A. Coastal wetlands provide varied habitats for wildlife. Coastal wetlands are those partially or completely submerged areas of vegetation which occur along the coastline, particularly along the wide continental shelf of the Atlantic anti Gulf coasts. They may lie. along the margins of bays, estuaries, or lag'oons, those confined coastal water bodies with varying degri>es of connection to the sea. 'I’hey can be freshwater marshes along estuaries where river; mix with the sea, or they can be salt water marshtfs or tidal flats fed by incoming ocean tides. (See Table 2 for a listing of coastal wetland typn.s.) Like inhmd wetlands, these coastal wetlandts may be constantly submerged or mtiy be alternately dry or wet, depending o.n the seiisontil (low of rivers or the flurluations in iide:i. 43 I t-fr r Tln'se wet stni, they ni During spi i adjacent con in other set dominant IV • shellfish, as gradual, va estuaries, bt interference alter the nati The striped I marshes for areas for rea Cliannelizi groundwater and creeks ii decrease the or bay. Of ci after use by sea, the ava remains suf needed to su B. Coasta many varieti' and store the coastal wetia are 20 times times more Though coas of plants ant plants and s< more like a h In part bee as the varii coastal wetia and game fis Mexico for f Many water wetlands. Int decreasing it ability to tr; highly prod( example, the through the I be trapped ai water or ever coastal w'ctlm C. Coastal Like inland i retain signific can also absoi inland areas 1 ran deprive a against hurrtc D. Because coastlines, co; disturbances, dredging and input, coastal increase or d< highly su.scepi 44 1atK»nship3 a speciej. has it i*ats. how. a/id when; htr it is active by day or ir and nesting; and v> on. that sp(H;icj» avoid dir«K;t ie resources in the same le. Niches may overlap us species complement g in constant,direct complex in term*: of this other systems. One a number of edges or different vegetation. At ly occurs. Along their be surrounded by tr<*es tes there may be sedge lily, there is a change to Kach of these areas i and animals. Generally l>y creating conditions inimals. We can crow’d a minks and foxes do not excess nutrients and one floral species over L*. of a marsh in providing ches and edges, it is program that will be e necessary along the to maintain a gradient ly thinking of wetland onnectod by streams or nan will have his homes f routes. By thinking in diversity, it is jKissihle which says; We want to r provide recreation, ital health.* derating floods and dding overall envinm* nportant functions of i.se they are at the rces, coastal wetlands 5 and ways in which varied habitats for partially or completely i^hich occur along the ide continental shelf <if ey may lie along the goons, those confined egri*es of connection to arshes along estuaries they can be salt water ning f»cean tides. (See md type.i.) Like inland i may be constantly y or wet, depetuli'ig on uct uations in lideti. "i I - ,1 > f- h < f t- .’a TUojm* wethimis are not only wlges bid ween the land and !U'a. they are also rnlges between fresh and sail water. During spring floods from the rivers and streams, an mljacent coastal wetland may be predominantly fresh, but in other seasons tidal flow may make its waters pre dominantly saline. Since the life cycles of many shellfish, as well ns sport and food fish, depend upon this gradual, variable mixing of fresh and sail waters in estuaries, buys, lagoons, and their associated weMam.s, interference with freshwater flow into them can seriously alter the natural balance and damage our fishing industry. The striped bass, for example, requires freshwater coastal marshes for breeding, and the Gulf shrimp requires such areas for reaching maturity. Channelizing coastal wetlands can alter the fresh groundwater flow into them, and interception of streams and creeks in dams or alteration of waicrcourses can also decrease the amount of fresh water available in an estuary or bay. Of course, if river water is purified and returned after use by a city or industry to continue its path to the sea, the availability of fresh water in coastal wetlands remains sufficient to provide the variety of habitats needed to sustain many coastal animals and plants. B. Coastal wetlands are highly productive areas. Thu many varieties of plants in coastal wetlands trap nutrients and store them in their leaves and vegetative debris. These coastal wetland plants and the animals which feed on them are 20 times more productive than the deep sea and 10 times more productive than nearshore water areas. Though coastal marshes seem to have an overabundanett of plants and animals, much of the energy stored in the plants and soil is accumulated and released slowly and i.s. more like a bank than an overstocked larder. In part because of this high rate of productivity, as welt as the variety of freshwater and saltw'atcr habitats, coastal wetlands are used by over two-thirds of the sport and game fish found in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico for feeding, breeding, maturing, and wintering. Many waterfowl arc similarly dependent on coastal W'etlands. Interfering with nutrient availability, either by decrea.sing it or increasing it. and overtaxing the wetland’s ability to trap and store nutrients can damage these highly productive areas. In southwest Florida, for example, the Fahka Union Canal flushes water so rapidly through the bay’s mangrove swamp that nutrients cannot be trapped and stored. Dumping of wastes and polluted water or even siltution can likewise destroy the health of coastal wetlands. C. Coastal wetl.tnds are barriers to storms and floods. Like inland wetlands, coastal marshes can absorb and retain significant amounts of flood water from rivers. They can also absorb storm water from the sea, ns well as buffer inland areas from storm erosion. Thus their destruction can deprive a coastal community of a valuable safeguard against hurricanes and winter storms. D. Because of their location along densely populated coastlines, coastal wetlands are csptH:inlly vulnerable to disturbances. In addition to the common dangers of dredging and filling and too much siltation or nutrient input, coastal wetlands can be haimed by cith(?r an increase or decrease in fre.shwater flow. They are also highly .susceptible to thermal pollution from power i)lant 44 discharge, and many bri*edir.g fish and their young can be destroyed by water intake for power plants or water treatment plants. Since many coastal wetlands are partially c«mfined in bays, estuaries, or lagoons, flushing their waters out to sea is a slow proce.ss. Thu.s, once they are polluted from wa.ste discharge, dumping, siltation. or agricidiiiral runoff, they remain polluted and damaged for many years.'* EVALUATION OF LOCAL WETLAND REGULATION To understand the evolution of police-power regulation over wetlands it is necessary to look at previous conservatiim attempts, which were concerned mainly with acquisition. Liniilaliims of Acquisition Programs In l‘JGl Congress passed the Open Space Land Act. This act provided matching funds from the federal government for open-space acquisition. A number of local communities look advantage of the federal assistance to make purchases of important wetlands areas. From l‘J61 t(j 196d the city of Madison, Wisconsin, authori/cd ex|H;ndilures of $1,600,000 frtr ac()uisition of conservation and park lands. Part of the funds was used to ac(juire 1,000 acres of the 4,000-acre Cherokee Marsh. Federal funds supplemented this money with S209.000. Similar acejuisition programs also occurred on l,ong Island. Uedicalion of 10,500 acres of wetlands in 1965 by the Town of Hempstead and 5,000 acres by Oyster Bay in 1967 now accounts for 15,500 acres in Nassau County under prol<r(ive local-slate management via the Long Island Welland Act. Acqui.silion programs, however, have severe limita tions. 'I'he first of these is cost. Wetlands do not briiig high prices themselves, but when purchasing wetlands, local communities find thcmselve.s paying fo.' the development value of the land. In 1968, the appraised values «)f Long Island wetlands ranged from S3.500 per acre in the Hamptons to as high as $20,000 per acre in Nassau County. At that time the purchase price for all the remaining Iklal marshes alone was calculated to be a minimum of $91,000,000. Thus, it is clear that acquisition is feasible only for a very small percentage of the nation’s wetlands. 'I’he .second limitation of acquisition is that it is too slow. Ac<iuisition programs are generally scheduled over several budgetary periods. With each passing period, the value of the land increases and the cost of the acqni.sition increases, l-’iirthcr. as the tune frame is extended, wetland re.sources grt lo.st to continuing development. In this situation, local communities often stop the acqui.sition program rather than spend more dollars for less wetland. 'I’he third limitation of acquisition concerns the scale of purchase. In almost all ca.ses, accjiiisiiion is limited to the sp<*cific site of the resource. Unfortunritely, the pre.servatH>n of the wetland ac(|uisition can be incanlngU .ss if not accompanied by protection of the whf)le water-Thed. A gof»d example of the failure of acquisition is with th.o previou.'.ly menlinneil Cljerokee Marsh in .Madison, \\ iscon-^iii. .Since the start of the acquisition program, the marsh it.self ha^; dwindled from 4,0(Kt acres to 2,000 acres. 'I’he marsh sil.s in the path of siihuihun tiev.-Iojenenl. With I :ifhji«.ssing L -«otning les -.e .oils dang< due to pol development. eventually ini iiiat.->h. 'Hie failure welland.s rc] re/;iilations ai and they car watershed. Wetland Cons 'I'he most sti welland.s has c-onsorvancy di in zoning ord districts or t encompa.ss nv 'i’hey all follov many of the | previous secti typified by th New York, Wi “Hapid popi and other coi natural resou despoiling, pol wetlands, watt resources and j “The presen iMidies. and wa condition com .social, acsthci necessary t<i j welfare of prest downstream dr “it is the i purpose . . . 1 tion, proper m water bodies, minimizing ct runoff, maint- preserving an retention cap« usefulness, an Imdies, water e the terrain, appropriating 1 These stater Orono. Minnes less focus on sti intents that str reducing future waters, or obvu assuring adequi Castle ordinanc the major conce them as an eco water, maintui species diversity r their young can be r plants or water >itul wetlands are r lagoons, Hushing s. Thus, once they npirig. siltation. or d and damaged for ID REGULATION e-|iowor regulation look at previous :erned mainly with Space I.and Act. from the federal A number of local ieral assistance to areas. From l‘J61 unsin. authori/.cd on of conservation s used to ac(]uire e Marsh. Federal S209.000. Similar on Ix>ng Island, s in 1965 by the liy Oyster Hay in n Nassau (.'ounty ent via the Ixmg ve severe liniita* inds do not bring chasing wetlands, paying for the 68, the appraised 1 from $3.G(X) per !0,000 jK-r acre in sc price for all the ilculati‘d to be a ir that acquisition ge of the nation's is that it is too ly scheduled over i.ssinjc period, the of the acquisition xtendod. wetland lopnient. In this ) the acquisition for less wetb.’ul. corns the scale i»f 11s limit«-d to the fortunately, the «n be meaningless whole w:Uersbe«l. sition is with tb.e in Mocii.un. lion pnqn^arn. the es to 2.0(H) acres. •veiop.'tunL. With im;; -... f: ■ ■ - j II •' w»- *\I'hjittssiiig budgeiiiry |N»riod. the om e heulthy marsh i.s toniing les.s and less ecolugirully stable. There is the «:ti' I .coiiunK -------- ------ ... ;..iis dangei lh.it the city will lose it.s entire investment due to pollution and siltation from surrounding lU.ulopment. Conseciuently. the acquisition program event iKilly may lead to public ownership of a small, dead The failure of acquisition suggests a jiositive role for cvel lands regulation. In contrast to acquisition, regulations are relatively inexpensive, they are timely and they cun account for the influence of the lareer watershed. *’ Wetland Consen*ancy Districts I he mo.sl strikmg development in the local rc>gu]ation of wetlands has been the wetland ordinances or wetland conservancy districts. WhUe not all of these acts are found 111 /.oiling ordinances, they function either as special districts or overlay districts that arc designed to encompass most, if not all, of a community ’s wetlands. I hey all follow a basic pattern and attempt to implement many of the public policy considerations outlined in the previous section. Iheir comprehensiveness of concern is t.ypifiwl by the statement of purpo.se of the New Castle. New York, Wetland Ordinance: "Hapid population growth attended by housing, roads, and other construction and increasing demands upon natural resources is found to be encroaching upon, despoiling, polluting, or eliminating many of the Town's wetlands, water bodies, water course.s, and other natural resources and processes associated therewith. Phe preservation and maintenance of wetlands, w'ater. —VI vi viiniius* waier iHidies, and water courses in any undisturbetl and natural condition constitutes important physical. c^cL'g-ral. social, aesthetic, recreational, and economic assets necessary to promote the health, safety, and general welfare of present and future residents of the Town and of downstream drainage areas. It is the intent of this Law to promote the public purpose ... by providing for the protection, preser\a- tion. proper maintenance, and use of the Town’s wetlands water bodies, and water courses by preventing o^ minimi/.ing erosion due to flooding and storm water runoff, maintaining the natural groundwater supplies preserving and protecting the purity, utility, water retention capability, ecological functions, recreational usefulness, and natural beauty of all wetlands, water iwdies, water courses, and other related natural features of the terrain, and by providing, protecting, and appropriating for natural wildlife.” These statements vary somewhat in their focus. The Orono. Minnesota, Wetland Ordinance, for example, has less focus on strict preservation, but adds a list of sp^ifir intents that stress the importance of wetlantls in terms of reducing future costs caused by the pollution of adjacent waters, or obviating the need for flood-control devices, or assuring adequate supplies of groundwater. Like the New Castle ordinance, however, all of them are responding to the major concerns about wetlands: they seek to maintain them as an ecological system which functions to purify water, maintain groundwater stability, and provide specie.s diversity. lo numuain these functions, the regulations generally follow the prescription of: (1) use lists, limited to noninlensive uses so as to minimize the inq,act of devclopnjent on the wetland; and (2) restrictions on dredging and filling. Dredge and fill restrictions vary in their intensity. In some casts, the activity is entirely prohibited. For example, tlie Oruno, Minne.sota, ordinance, says “No ilhng grading dreilging. excavation, or construction shall he allowed within the Flood Main and Wetlands Con.^rvatioii Area: nor on lands abutting, adjoining, or affecting said area if such activity upon tho.se adjacent areas is incompatible with the policies expressed in this ordinance and the preservation of those wetlands in their natural .state.’ Gencrully. however, the wetlands ordinances use a per- general excavation ordinances. In Little Silver New Jersey, for instance, it Is uidawful to dredge or fill “without obtaining a written permit.” 'I he permit procedures require detailed information on the purpose of the removal or disposition operations, the exact nature of f he activity, how it will he done. TI.en. through a proce.ss of hearings and reviews by the Borough Council. hi« Borough engineer, the Manning Board, and the Con- .servatiun ( oniinission, a decision is made. The wi t lands ordinances are less specific about other con.struction activity. In contrast to the Orono statement, few make reference to activitie.s on adjoining lands that may seriously damage the regulated area. Mo.st include acTivities only within the wetland itself. I his IS one of the chief weaknesses of most wetlands ordinance. By I heir nature, they are .strictly focused on the wetl.ind themselves. ’J'he bound.iry definition in the Coon Hapids Conservancy Distiict illustrates this point: District boundaries in a \vctland area are intended to .^re^Tr' * « swamp. „,arsh. or othi r wetland area. I he ed-jc .sludi he defineil as the inaik delineating the highest water level which has him maintained for « sufhcient junod «f time to leave evidence upon the landscape. Ihe edge is commonly that point when- the natural vegetation changes from iindnminantlv aquatic to inedonnnantlv lerre.strial.’’ Other onlinames. such as that rttoinmendiil m the Virginia Wetland Act. identify the areas by spei ,l,c plant types to avoid the confusion of what IS priHlonnnantly aquatic and what is not. but in Mich cases the regulated area only includes the wetlands Iheinselve.- without any buffer protection. Mapping Wetland Districts -ST Ts.;-:: .seasonal rainlall or natural or manmade disturbances The Ubt.S IS doing research on large scale and .satellite r oreT r h'* ?’"'*** wetland.s). hutI it.serit the best inelhod.s are still low-altitude aerial photogiaiihy and field research. 'Ihis method, howev.v can involve considerable exix-nse. Dane ^^lsconMn. and .New Orleans. I.oui,iana. have go;:e to Muh expen.se and have gained consider.ihle inf..r;n.ation irom thr Mirv4*>.s. - - •*. % . ^1 In Iteii of Ihis proce , Iwolaiiic.s. They hav outside the usual zon or they have set up mechanisms for udjui model ordinance take community relies on ll lo astablish what is cc ordinance develops bo definition of marshes' definitive plant specie on more.vague definiti New York: “Wetlandi with shallow and sor waters (commonly rcl bogs).’’ There may b with these more genei Because of the diffic of wetlands, most cc procedures instead. 1 has been placed in th district. Until they hi extensive field inventc USGS maps. The map on a case-by-case basis by a landowner. Parn procedure using the 1 “To prove himself e: applicant must preseri that the land in quests soil type clas.slfied b Survey as poorly drain floodplain.” This maj by the Connecticut In Defining Use Lists foi Besides the proble associated problems wetlands ordinances unresolved. The most acts which allow a Ian investment. The mode Open Space Institute 1. Conservation ol shellfish, and wildlife. 2. Outdoor rccreati areas, field trials, natu swimming, skin divin trapping, hunting, otherwise legally perm 3. Operation of dart includii.g temporary al or circulation for cmerf purposes. 4. Grazing, farmii harvesting of crops. 5. Boat anchorage o 6. Uses accessory ( primary use.s of adjoin are consistent with the Other ordinances inc Massachusetts. Wella Ifregulatifins gt nerally jse lists, limited to niizt* the ini[>act of i |2| restrictions on in their intensity. In ely prohibited. For )rdinance. says “No ion, or construction Main and Wetlands utling, adjoining, or upon those adjacent ies c.\prcssed in this osc wetlands in their ordinances use a per* 'at ion ordinances. In ce, it is unlawful to written permit.*’ The information on the >l>erations, the exact me. Tlien, through a ie Itorough Council, loard, and the Con- iKidc. specific about other lie Oronu statement, tijoining lands that area. Mo.st include •If. s of most wetlands rictly focu.sed on the finilion in the Coon rates this point: ea are intended to », or other wetland laik delineating the maintained for a •videnre up<»n the it point where the linaiitly aquatic to me»;s, such as that Act, identify the 1 the confusion of bat is not, but in ndes the wetl.nnds an. districts prt*scnt a nces. As noted in e.s of wefland.s are e depeiuling on disturb.mces. The ale and satellite al wet lands), but JW-altitucle aeri.il rjetht>d, ho'A'eve.', Dane County, *1, have* to \i\Av infonnotion .1 \ * f , I: In lh*u of this promhire, ronmiunit ies have taken one of , Iwt* lactic.s. 'I’hey haveeilher placetl the wetland ordinance outside the usual zoning ordinance and left it unmapped, or they have set up tentative mapping procedures with mechanisms for adjustment. The Open Space institute’s model ordinance takes the first method. In this case, the community relies on the definition section of the ordinance to establish what is controlled and what is not. 'Fhe model ordinance develops both a scientific de.scription and a legal definition of marshes based on watertabic or flooding and definitive plant species. However, most coininunitics rely on more.vague definitions, such as this from North Castle, New York: “Wetlands: Thoje geographical areas covered with shallow and sometimes tcmporaiy or intermittent waters (commonly referred to as marshes, swamps, and bogs). ’ There may be serious administrative problems with these more general definitions. Because of the difficulty and ambiguity in the definition of wetlands, most communities have adopted mapping procedures instead. In this case, the wetland ordinance has been placed in their zoning ordinances as a mapped district. Until they have the time and money for a more extensive field inventory, Orono, Minne.sota, has used the uses maps. The maps are reviewed by field investigation on a ca.se-by-case basis when the boundaries are questiomil by a landowner. Farmington, Connecticut, has a similar procedure using the National Cooperative Soils Survey; “'fo prove himself exempt from these regulations the applicant must present documentation by a soil scientist that the land in question, or a portion of it, does not have a soil type classified by the National Cooperative Soils Survey as poorly drained, very poorly drained, alluvial, nr floodplain.” This mapping procedure was recommended by the Connecticut Inland Wetlands Project. Defining Use Lists for Wetlands Besides the problem of defining wetlands and the associated problems of the scale of regulation, the wetlands ordinances have other proldems as yet unresolved. The most serious is designing the permitted acts which allow a landholder to obtain just return of his investment. The model wetlands ordinance design for the Open Space Institute lists the typical permitted acts: 1. Conservation of soil, vegetation, water, fish, shellfish, and wildlife. 2. Outdoor recreation, including play and sporting areas, field trials, nature study, hiking, horseback riding, swimming, skin diving, camping, boating, waterskiing, trapping, hunting, fishing, and shellfishing whetre otherwise legally permitted. 3. Operation of dams and other water-control duvice.s, including temporary alteration or diversitm of water levels or circulation for emergency, maintenance, or aqnaniliure purposes. 4. Grazing, farming, nurseries, gardening, and harvesting of crops. 5. Boat anchorage or mooring. 6. Uses accessory to residential or other permitted primary use.s of adjoining lands or waters provided they are consistent with the intent and objtx'tives of this law. Other ordinances include additional uses. The Lincoln, Massachusetts, Wetland District jdso permits “dams, 4ti excavations. changes in water courses to creute ponds for swimming, fishing, or other recreational or other agricultural use, scenic feature.s. or for d.^^ainage improvements. ” Presumably this would allow for nioro c(»mmercinl recreational development in the district, thus yielding a greati r return on the land. 'riiediffieiilty with u.se lists is that those uses whit .h are designed for allowing return on the land, such a farming or uiiificial iinpoundmonl of waters, may cause severe damage to wetland functions. It is easy to imagine that a house resting on stilts above the wetland edge will have less effect tin the wetlands than a herd of cows or a sod farm. Because peat oxidizes at a slow rate, any ngricultural production will have to reply on the heavy use of fertilizers, and grazing animals will trample and destroy the vegetation during periods of low water. Consequently, the.se traditional light uses may be more damaging than some higher-intensity land uses. Such conflicts are hard to restore. With the present methods of land-use regulation it is impossible to allow residential or other developments as permitted uses in the.se area.s berau.se traditional construction techniques make them incompatible. On the other hand, it is uncieiir if the courts will permit the .severe restrictions that must be iinpo.sed. As the authors of The Tahinfi Issue note, the legal iMisition of the regulation for the proti-ction of wetlands and estuarine areas in ch.anging." In 1%3, the New Jersey Supreme Court rejected an ordinance which created a Meadows Development Zone.*’ 'I’lie ngulalion allowed a variety of ugricullurul uses, limited recreation uses, public utility transmission lines, and sewage and water facilities. It also allowed olliCT uses Ihro'jgh a special permit .sy.stem. 'I’he Massachu.setts 5 upreme Judici.’il (’oiui reached a similar conclusiuii in MccGiibon a. Hviml of Appeals of Duxbury: “The preservation of privately owned land in its natural, unspoiled state for the enjoyment and benefit of the. public by preventing the owner from using it for any practical purpose is not withiii the scope j.iul limits of any power or authority delegated to nmnicifialities under the Zoning Enabling Act.’’** The Massachusetts court, however, liminished tliis decision a year later in Golden v. Hoard of Selectmen of Falrnnuth when it found that “protecting the town ’s natural resourees along its coa.stui arear.” through a permit system was ;i legitimate exercise of local zoning powers. Only when permit denial was “based on a leg.'illy untenable ground, or (wasj unreasonable, whimsical, capricious, or arbitrary,” would there be grounds for court iiitervent ion. 'I'he change in the Courts' handling of these wetland cases had continued with an appell iie court of California sustaining an order of the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development ('onimission prohibiting filling of the Bay; nml the Wisconsin .Supreme Court decision in Just v. Marinette County*^ gave apjiroval to shoreline regulation, including wetlands protection which was lieyniul the “single objettive ” regulations of flood ha/anis. In liis article on open-sji.ice zoiiiug, ,Ion Kusler points out. however, that the eoiirls lradilior.;inv hive given great weight to regulation.- de.signei! to prousrt public s;ifety or prevent nuisances, while iiesth-.-tic, wildlife, iiiul recreation Viilues li:ive bet:n g:\e:i less 4 . m i 'tS «vi)*.hl .♦" 'I'lu* f4»iirts also lcH*k unfavorably on zoning ivj-ulalions which css«'nlmUy pwvulc only uses of public benefit amf do not give the options of mtnotnic gains from private use. There is m* doubt that the wetlands ordinaucus are highly restrictive and may bo challenged on that ground. The «>no private economic use- - farming and grazing - may n<it Im* enough to satisfy a court that then* has not been a taking without just compensation. At present, however, it |iM)ks as though communities need additional support for their actions. They cannot rely simply on aesthetics: they must base their regulation on those functional qualities of niarshes which relate to public safety and the prevention of nuisance-like uses of land. Most of the communities with wetlands ordinances have not run into legal difnculty, in part because they ore building in as much flexibility as possible. Also, because many wetlands tend to be small areas strung out along stream courses or ;facial moraim the- restrictions have not prevented landowners from using their uplands. DEVELOPING AND STRENGTHENING LOCAL WETLAND PROGRAMS W'hile wetlands regulations surmount many of the difficulties associated with the sole reliance upon acquisition, there have been serious internal problems. The most important of these are: (1) the restrictive use li.st, (2) controlling development in areas adjacent to wetlands, and (3| controlling key natural processes in the attendant watershed. The resolution of the.se issues would go a long way to maintaining the quality of wetlands. Maintaining Use-List Flexibility Since a highly restrictive use list strikes at the legal force of the regulation, it is impoit'ant to instill some flexibility. Furthe»*. since some of the traditional “light" uses arc clearly detrimental to the wetland resource, flexibility is also advisable on environmental grounds. The key property of a more flexible use list would be Its emphasis on the performance of the use vis-a-vis the wetland resource. So long as the development proponent "»n show that the use will be compatible with the functions of the wetland, the use would be permitted. An example of this performance-oriented approach is taken from the Coon Rapids, Minnesota, Wetlands Conservancy Di.strict. In this district, a special-use category allows for development when it is “compatible and harmonious with the natural amenities of the Conservancy District”: "Special Uses. If through good rite and engineering designs a development can be created which is compatible and harmonious with the natural amenities of the Conservancy District area and with surrounding land uses, then a request for a Special-Use Permit for such development may be submitted. Such requests shall he accompanied by an overall plan of the entire site showing roads, parking areas, lot lines, easements, the location of tree cover, including the designation of individual trees of 15 inches in diameter or more, the location of other natural and biological features such as wetlands and areas of valu able wildlife habitat, the location of propo.scd structures, existing contours and proposed grading, drainage, utililie.s, a< •! landscaping in such details as the City Planner and (*ily Engineer shall require hefu.*-e it may be reviewinl by ilu- Planning Commission. 'I ho approval of such request by the City Council shall require a finding that; (U The development will not chtrimenially affect or destroy natural features such as ponds, streams, wetlands, and fore.st«! areas, hut will preserve and incorporate .such features into the tlevelopnjcnt’s site design. (2) 'I'he location of natural features and the site's topography have been considered in the designing and siting of all physical improvement. (3) Adequate assurances have been received so that the clearing of the site of top soil, trees, and other natural features before the commencement of building operations will occur. Only those areas approved for the placement of physical imjirovuments may l)e cleared. (4) 'I’he development will not substantially reduce the natural retention storage capacity of any v/atercourse, thereby increasing the magnitude and volume of flwid at other locations. (5) 'I he soil and subsoil conditions are suitable for excavation and site preparation and the drainage is designed to prevent erosion and environmentally deleterious surface ru.noff. (61 The development will he free from offensive noise, vibration, smoke, dust, and other particulate matter, odorous matter, fumes, water pollution, and other objoctionahle influenco.s. (71 Th«‘ petitioner will be .substantially damaged by being rc(|uin'd to place the intended development outside the (conservancy) District." This .special-use statement reeognizc.s that there may be developments which fit with the natural environment and should not he e.xcluded. It cinphasi/es the reasonableness of the C4»mniunity to consider alternatives to the use categoriers they have specified and .sets mil some general guidelines for accepting or rej«*cting the prfiposal. This clearly provides the landowner a potential use of his land Den.sily transfers are another technique for providing flexibility in luml-u.se restrictions. They allow landowners to shift their development rights from one part of their land to another. Density transfers ore similar to development rights transfersc.xcept that they are not sold on an ojien inurket.. Tlwy Wfirk by a formula which relates developabh- land to wetlands. The Orono ordinance allows the <leveh)p«M to count an <*qn.*d portion of the wetlands as he has develi»pable land: When lav.d to he developed is connected to a public sanitary .sewer line and includes land within the Flood IMain and Wetland Conservation Area, the own«m or developer thereof will be credited with an amount of this land within the Mood Plain and Wetlands Conservation Area equal to hut not exci*eding the amount of his adjacent land which otherwise t|ualifies for develoj»ment under these ordinances for pu.'^iosos of complying with the land-use density, open-space, builcling-unit-to-Iaml area ratios, or other similar requirements (*f the larul development and zoninj' ordinances of the Village except for reijuirements for n-creational us"s." Palatine, Illinois, also uses this tcchniijuc* in its floodjiliiin ordinaiiee, b.'ised on a {^liding-scato foi'iuula; the 47 griMflT the perc the less the pen calculate deiisi remainder of ti provision which than r-ve acres t' to develop a unil integrated land this excerpt froi 'Density Trat the floor area or (hereinafter refer with the followir (D Density tr land less than fiv two or more tra< such tracts consi for density trans (2) A plat application foi certification by State of Illinois which covers ti locat ion of the f map at a contou (3) The max transferred sha following table: Percentage of 'I* in Floodp Ixiss than 25% 25% to 50% 50% to 75% 75% or more (4) 'I'he Presif such other rei restrictions upor the interests of comfort, and wel Similar techn wetlands to coui requirements in developments. The courts ha> which continue t< developed use. T and still conlinu assume that a lai have attempted developing specii difficult to do th against the unif provisions in mai land will decline ri'sfrict ive rc^^ula purchaser will he * pe-rinil or throt rv(|uirv b**f<»rf tl may be ission. 'I he approval of I shall rt-quiro a finding detrimentally affect or » us ihukIs, slrfurns. hut will preserve and the development’s site featurt^s and the site's ^d in the designing and >t. I)ei‘ii received so that the trees, and other natural rat of building operations »vcd for the placement of leared. substantially reduce the ity of any watercourse, e and volume of flcKjJ at ditions are suitable for n and the drainage is and environmontallv r«!C from offensive noise, Llier particulate matter, r pollution, and other bstantially damaged by ded development outside gni/es that there may be natural environment and isi/es the reasonableness alternutivcs to the use- id sets out some g<*nerul ting the proposal. This potential u.se of his land tiH:hnique for providing . They allow landowners 5 from one part of their insfers are similar to pt that they are not sold ’ a formula which relates ; Oro.Mo ordinance allows urtion of the wethmds as s connected to a public 1 land within the Flood n Area, the owner or with an amount cf this Wetlands Conservation iig the amount of his ialifies for develojiment L-s of complying with the jildmg-uniL-to-land-area iremenfs (*f the land es of the Villaije cM-ept ll.se.s.” this technique in its liding-bcalc formula: li e 47 » t .■iff 4 ■; '.!■ •> ■*• ■el'.'/■f gre.tftT the percentage of total pro|H»rty in the floodplain, the less the |H*ri'eiitage of that area which can In* used to calculate density and floor ait‘a transferable to the remainder of the tract. Palatine has also includetl a provision which allows contiguous landowners with less than rive acres to assemble property with adjacent owners to deveh*p a unified plan. They hope this will lend to more integrated land planning in these areas, as indicated by this excerpt from the ordinance: “Density Transfer The Flood-Plain Areas in calculating the floor area or lot-size density for an entire tract of land I hereinafter referred to as 'density transfer'! in accordance with the following conditions and restrictions: 111 Density Iransfers shall not be permitted for tracts of land less than five (5) acres in size; provided that owners of two or more tracts of contiguous land may agree to have such tracts considered as a single unit in order to qualify for density transfers hereunder. (2) A plat of survey shall be submitted with each application for density transfer, together with a tcrlification by a registered professional engineer in the State of Illinois, certifying as to that portion of floodplain which covers the subject tract or tracts of land. IVecise location of the floodplain shall shown on a topographic map at a contour inverval of not greater than two (2) feet. 131 1 he maximum allowable density which may be transferred shall be computed in accordance with the following talile: Portion of Tract in Flood- Percentage of Total Tract plain Which May Be Usetl in I* loodplain in Calculating Density for the Entire Tract lx!ss than 25% 25% to 50% 50% U>75% 75% or more 100% 75% 50% 25% (4) 1 he f resident and Board of Trustees may prescribe such other rea.sonable limitations, conditions, and restrictions upon transfer of density in each case os are in the interests of preserving the public safety, health, comfort, and welfare. Similar ti>chniques are cmploycti by allowing the wetlands to count as yard requirements or open-space requirements in cither residential zones or planned unit developments. The courts have frowned on highly restrictive districts which continue to tax and assess the land on the basis of developed use. The communities cannot restrict all uses and .still continue to levy taxes or assessments which assume that a land will developed. Most communities have attempted to adjust for this consideration by developing special tax ami assessment policies. It is difficult to do this with the property tax since it goes against the uniformity requirements of constitutional provisions in many states. Presumably the value of the land will decline because of the local government's restrictive rcj^ulation. The uncertainty of whether a piircha.sei will bo able to use the land through a special-use p<>rmil or through variance procetlures or zoning changes should dei>rvss the value <»f the land. I,o/pcally. this will lower the properly tax assesstnenl against the land, hut unfurt'iiiat<-ly these assessments reflect market yalne, and the market does not follow local zoning considerations. One way of giving special tax consideration to these lands, however, is through .some process of ea.'^trnents or dedication.s which do not necessarily require public access. If the landowner provides the community with a permanent scenic or conservation easement to run with the land, t hen the valuation of the land can he adjusted for the purposes of real estate taxation. In addition, the land- owner can use the value of the easement for an income ta.x deduction as a contribution or gift. Some communities have put such provisions into their wetlands ordinances. '1 hi.s has the advantage of publicizing this possibility to landowners and also places responsibility on the community for accepting any of these casements and adjusting property taxation accordingly. A nraore general technique for providing a landowner financial con.sideralion for his land is to remove his obligations of special assessments to defray the cost of municipal improvement projects such as .sanitaiy sewers, water nuiin.s, and storm sewers. These asse.ssments represtml a much smaller amount of revenue than the property lax, but the technique does provide a break Uir the landowner. Since the special assessments are not a tax, the community has considerable discretion in adminisierir.g them. The only requirement is that they cannot charge more than the special benefits derived, but tan defer or adjust to them. Coiise(|uently, most communities do n»)t count the area within a wetland protM ti(.n district when calculating tho.se assessments. 1 here is .some advantage in deferring assessment, rather than granting a zero assessment for these areas, since it would tieflatc the value of the land for development, ’i his would operate as a check on a landowner taking advantage of a special a.sscs.sment break and then tryine, to develop the land lali-r when the value has increased. Another check on this alnise i- *o rcciuire an ea.sc-ment in the same manner as that for preq., .-ly lax devaluation. If the easement route is taken, then the.<e conditions are included in the wetlumis ordinance. Buffers to Control l.'eveinpment Activity Adjacent to the Wetlandji District Obviously, it niukc«s little cnvironim-ntal sense to place; .strict controls over the wetlands and ignore activities occurring at the hnundarie.s of the wetland district. Hence the buffer concept is a useful device who.se essenti.d purpo.se IS to maintain compatible develofiment adjacent to tho wellands district. Areas adjoining wotiands districts tcfui to exhibit continued sensitivity. Sensitive .soils, watercourses, steep s opc areas, and 4echarge areas are often near wetlaitd areas. Further, rven if the adjacent land is not sensitive in I'self. the pro.cimity to the cvetland calls for special otJci'Hon, which the buffer zone* cBn provide. A wetland buffer zone can follow two basic ap proaches. First, the Iniffcr can he a fixetl area from the houndaries of the wetland district. This n.ighl rang- from aO fisft to 200 feet depending on the-importance of the 1 / r .-t I . 1-y M !{ h wet Lout area, iixed area, r sensitive lam .New York rec-oinnu-tuled I.OtKIfoot hi im|M>rvious su Shoreline Ma running 200 fr line to all wei fixed area, the mental contro uses. Key amo the by-produc runoff, erosion exjrcised thn through exten! erosion and rui stringent regu mercial and in would also be IM.ssibility of commercial pre be to limit com: significant liqu The floating the same purpi more stringen by-products of the local comm coupled with th preser. eofrelui the buffer could type, sIo|ie, dr Imundary woul< adjacent sensiti ment within thi: show the relatif sensitive land a and account for The principal simply the aval tho.se -t^reas will the fixed buffer with extensive buffer would n objective of the I u.so.s while placir the.se uses. The basic wetlands c mental consequvi Controlling the z The final diffic districts is simpk reflection of the watershtnl will < wetland. So, the closely tied to the In the waters directly related to procc.sses of runo: f the land Lo/pcally. sessrnent tj^ainsi the snjentv reficct market follow local zoning •nsideralion to these »cess of easements or require public access, community with a einent to run with the m he adjusted for the I addition, the land- eiit for an income ta,\ provisions into their the advantage of mers and also places ccepting any of these xation accordingly. )viding a landowner 1 is to remove his a defray the cost of I as sanitar>' sewers. These assessments >f revenue than the provide a break for iessments are not a rable discretion in •ement is that they >enefits derived, but !onsc(juently, most I within a wetland [jo.se a.'-sessnients. K assessment, rather these areas, since it r development. This er taking advantage in tryin;; to develop fjsed. Anotht?r check in the same manner r the easement route e included in the ity Adjacent to the E*ntal sense to place d ignore activities ind district. Hence, 'e whose c.^sential tlopment adjacent i tciiii to exhibit vatercourses. steep dlen near wetland 1 is not sensitive in calls for special rovide. w two basic ap- i.xed area from the might range from iinporta ’ice of the mm’ n. i al I) t • s t\elhiiu1 ami. Sinond, the buffer might take a minimum lixet! area, coupled with the flexibility to incorporate sen.sitive land an>as Iwyond the fixed area. The Ceniial .\ew York Regional Planning Commission has mxminu-mlod that the wetlands regulation include a |,(MH) foot buffer with a limitation of five per cent im|M*rvious surface within this area. In Washington, the Shoreline Management Act establishcti a buffer zone running 200 feet in all directions from the mean high water line u) all wetlands above a minimum size. Within this fixwl area, the objective is to establish stringent environ- mental controls over a larger list of |iermitted or special uses. Key among the controls would be protection against the by-products of increased use, such as liquid wastes, runoff, erosion, and sedimentation. The control could be exercised through limitations on impervious surface, through extensive performance requirements for control of erosion and runoff, or in the case of liquid w'astc, through strin^nt reflation of private sewer systems. If com mercial and industrial uses were allowed in this zone, it would also be necessary to give careful attention to the |M>ssibility of waste disposal resulting from internal commercial processes. In most cases, the objective should l>e to limit commercial and industrial uses to those with no significant liquid waste products. The floating buffer would be directed toward essentially the same purposes. The use list might be expanded, but more stringent controls would be placed on the by-products of the various uses. With the floating buffer, the local community might establish a minimum buffer, coupled with the potential to expand, depending upon the prese...^e of related sensitive land areas. The dimensions of the buffer could easily be taken from maps indicating soil type, slojie, drainage patterns, and so on. The buffer boundary would vary with the presence or absence of adjacent sensitive land areas. For any specific dcvclo|>- ment within this area, the proponent would be required to show the relation between the proposed use and related sensitive land areas. In this way, the buffer could float and account for the sensitivity of land. The principal disadvantage of the floating buffer is simply the availability of the requisite information. In tho.se .''reas with a paucity of environmental information, the fixed buffer would be more attractive. In those areas with extensive topographical information, the floating buffer would make more sense. In both cases, the objective of the buffer is to allow for an expanded range of usc.s while placing .strict controls over the by-products of these u.scs. The use of the buffer zone complements the basic wetlands control by minimizing negative develop mental consequences in lands adjoining the wetland area. Controlling the Attendant Watershed The final difficulty with the sole reliance u|)on wetlands districts is simply that the wetland is, in large measure, a reflection of the larger watershed. What happens in tJi*? watershed will eventually have conse(|uences for the wetland. So, the effectiveness of wetlands regulations is closely tied to the control of development in the watershed. In the watershed, two key natural processess are directly related to the health of the well. nd. These are the processes of runoff and erosion. Under natural watershed condition.s. the wetland is generally able to control and maintain its important functions. However, as the watershed becomes progre.ssively more developed, the capacity of the wetland to deal with erosion and runoff is overwhelmed. To maintain the wetland, the p.o»cesM,s of runoff and ero.sion must be controlled throughout the watershed. With no c^mlrol, pre.sence or ahsence of wetland districts would make little-difference. This control is a preconditi»»n to wetland regulation. A more.* complete discussion of the necessity for and the methods of control over the.se natural processes is contained in ChaptcT M of this rc|>ort. The design of wc^lland rc-gulations should ewcur only in the conte.xt of these largc-r control.s. If tb»-se watershed controls e.xist, then the wetland distr:ct receives critical environmental support. If not. the long-term effectiveness of wetlands regulation would be in scriou.s (|uestion. Wetland regulation surmounts many of the difficulties assocuitc*d with .sole reliance ujjon acquisition. The regula tions cover broader areas, may be quickly designed and implemented, unci allow for widcT public participation. However, to preserve the ini|)ortant functions of the wetland they should be complementc-d by the use of buffer zones for adjacent ari*as and by controls over runoff and erosion in the watershed. In facing the probleiu of re.strifted use lists, wetland and buffer zone regulations should allow for special u.ses. The basic principle in the evaluation of tht; spcxrial uses would simply be that the* uses would be compatible with the maintenance of the important fcinctions of the wetland. Local contmunities might also consider the use of density transfers or perhaps transferable* development rights to preserve tl.cjse functions, while allowing for additional uses in less sensitive areas. In aceountiiig for the* nc*gH(ive influence of development 4it the wetland site, in adjacent land areas, and throughout the attendant watershc*d, local communitie.s should move* closcsr to the real goal of wetland regulation. The goal is to preserve the important functions of the wetland, such as inoderatiTig waU*r flow, filtering water for adjacent lakes and rivers, and providing sjjecics diversity for an arc*a. In this more inclusive regulatory framework the goal is more likely to be acbievcul. DATA NEKDS AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE Since wetlands types range from wet prairie to deep cattail marsh and are characterized by different vegetation and water levc'ls, identification of wetland areas is somewhat difficult. The cyclical and fluctuating nature of wetland water IcrvcI.s adds another element of confusion to mapping them. If you ncsid basic iuformatrun on where your community s wetlands are locutc'd or whether or not any exist in your hrea, the States Geological Survey has topographic quadrangle maps that indicate the locations of wetlands. The? maps are available for almost all areas of the country in a degrc'e .scale?, and for some areas at the more detailc ’d 7' / degree scale, at many public and unr.orsity libraries and selected bookstores and from the USCiS Distribution Hraiiches in Arlington, Virgini.-i. and Denver. (Alaska maps available from the USGS brarch in Fairbanks.) An index map for each state indicates which topographic map covens your area. 4'J ■L Tv Er . * s.-Jij *• wetlaiu! area. S<>c‘ond Jixcal aiva, ccniplt'd sensitive land an*as I .\ew York Region rtrommeiided that t l.tMKt-fool buffer wit impervious surface wi Shoreline Managemci running 200 feet in all c line to all wetlands a fixixl area, the objectic mental controls over c usc?s. Key among the c the by-products of inc runoff, erosion, and sc exercised through Hr through extensive pcrfi erosion and runoff, or i stringent regulation o mercial and industrial would also be necessai |)ossibility of waste commercial processes. 1 Ije to limit commercial « significant Iic]uid waste The floating buffer w the same purposes. Th( more stringent conti by-products of the varic the local community m coupled with the potent presence of related sensi the buffer could easily h type, sIo|je, drainage | boundary would vary ■ adjacent sensitive land meiit within this area, tl show the relation betwe sensitive land areas. In and account for the sem 1'he principal disadv. simply the availability tho.se -vreas with a pauc the fixed buffer would b with extensive topograj buffer would make me objective of the buffer is u.scs while placing .strict these uses. The use of t basic wetlands control b mental consequences in li Controlling the Atten< The final difficulty \ districts is simply that reflection of the larger watershed will eventi wetland. So, the effcci closely tied to therontn In the watershed, directly related to the b processes of runoff and able* to contP.i and Ilowevor. a*; the nore dc*vf*lo[ td. the rrosion at:d runoff is ud. the proc(‘«.->es of lied throughout the •nco or a!)st*nre of ferencc. 'i'hi.s control »n. lecessity for and the iliir.'il procosaes is ort. The design of y in the cfmtext of shed controls exist, itical environmental ivencss of wetlands >n. y of the difficulties lisition. The regula- lickly designed and ublir participation, t functions of the by the use of buffer ols over runoff and g the probh.in of LT zone regulations sic principle in the simply he that the naintenance of the bocal connuiinities ransfers or perhaps > preserve these onal uses in less ace of development IS, and throughout litio.s should move Lion. The goal is to i wetland, such as for adjacent lakes iity for an area. In rk t he goal is more kSISTANCK et prairie to deep ifferent vegetation wetland areas is ctualing nature of mt of confu.sion to rmnl'on on where or whether or not :>gical Survey has cate the locations almost all areas of for some areas at many public and ores and from the on, Virgini.'i. and s USCiS brarch in e indicates which tvdhiiul area. S«*coiul. the buffer might take a minimum Ji\cd area, coupled with the flexibility to incorporate sen.siiive land areas beyond the fixed area. The Central .New York Kegional Planning Commission has recotnineiuled that the wetlands regulation include a l.(MH) f«H»i buffer with n limitation of five per cent impervious surface within this area. In Wa.shington the Shoreline Mana^ment Act established a buffer zone running 200 feet in all directions from the mean high water line to all wetlands above a minimum size. Within this fixwl area, the objective is to establish stringent environ mental controls over a larger list of i>ermitted or special usc-s. Key among the controls would be protection against the by-products of increased use, such as liquid wastes, runoff, erosion, and sedimentation. The control could be exercised through limitations on impervious surface, through extensive performance requirements for control of erosion and runoff, or in the case of liquid waste, through strin^nt regulation of private sewer systems. If com mercial and industrial uses were allowed in this zone, it would also be necessary to give careful attention to the {lossibility of waste disposal resulting from internal commercial pnicesses. In most cases, the objective should be to limit commercial and industrial uses to those with no significant licjuid waste products. The floating buffer would be directed toward essentially the same purposes. The use list might be expanded, but more stringent controls would be placed on the by-products of the various uses. With the floating buffer, the local community might establish a minimum buffer, coupled with the potential to expand, depending upon the presence of related sensitive land areas. The dimensions of the buffer could easily be taken from maps indicating soil lyiHJ, slope, drainage patterns, and so on. The buffer Imundary would vary with the presence or absence of adjacent sensitive land areas. For any specific dcvclo|)- ment within this area, the proponent would be required to show the relation between the proposed use and related sensitive land areas. In this way, the buffer could float and account for the sensitivity of land. The principal disadvantage of the floating buffer is simply the availability of the requisite information. In tho.se .'-reas with a paucity of environmental information, the fixed buffer would be more attractive. In those areas with extensive topographical information, the floating buffer would make more sense. In both cases, the objective of the buffer is to allow for an expanded range of uses while placing strict controls over the by products of these uses. The use of the buffer zone complements the basic wetlands control by minimizing negative develop mental consequences in lands adjoining the wetland area. Controlling the Attendant Watershed The final difficulty with the sole reliance upon wetlands districts is simply that the wetland is, in large measure, a reflectio.i of the larger watershed. What happens in the watersluKl will eventually have conse({uences for the wetland. So, the effectiveness of wetlands regulations is closely tied to the control of development in the watershed. In the watershed, two key natural processess are directly related to the health of the well. nd. These are the processes of runoff and erosion. Under natural watershed conditions, the wetland is generally able to controi and nutiniain its iin{Kjriant funclinns. However, the watershed becomes progressively more developed, the capacity of the wetland to deal with erosion and runoff is civcrwhelnied. To maintain the wetland, the proces.^es of runoff and erosion must Ire controlled throughout the watershed. With no control. pre.sence or absence of wetl.-md districts unukl make little difference. This control is a precoiubtion to wetluiHl regulation. A more complete discussion of the nece.ssity for and the methods of control over the.se natural processes is emuained in Chapter A of this reixrrt. The design of wetland regulations should occur only in the conte.xt of these larger controls. If these watershed controls exist, then the wetland district receive.s critical environmental support. If not, the long-tcr'*i effectiveness of w'ctlands regulation would be in serious (piestion. Wetland regiilatuin surmounts many of the difficulties associated with .sole reliance upon acquisition. The regula tions cover broader areas, may be quickly designed ami impl(‘mentcd, and allow for wider public participation. However, to preserve the inqiortant functions of the wetland th'^y should be conipleinented by the use of buffer zones for adjacent areas and by controls over runoff and erosion in the watershed. In facing the problein of restricted use lists, wetland and buffer zone regulations should allow for special uses. Thu basic principle in the evaluation of the special uses would .simply be that the uses would be compatible with the maintenance of the important functions of the wetland. Local Cfmnnunities might also con.sider the use of density transfers or perhaps transferable development rights to preserve Uicse functions, while alk»wing f(»r additional uses in less sensitive areas. In accounting for tin? negative influence of d(!V’eloj»ment at the wetland site, in adjacent land areas, am* throughout the allendunl wjitershed, local communitio.s should move clos<!r to the real goal of wetland regulation. The goal is to preserve the important functions of the wetland, sueb as moderutitig water flow, filtering water for adjacent lakes and rivcTs, and providing species diver.sity hir an area. In this more inclusive ivgulntory framework the goal is more likely to be achit^ved. DATA NRKDS AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE Since wetlands types range from wet prairie to deep cattail marsh atul are characterized by different vegetation and water levels, identification of wetland areas is somewhat difficult. The cyclical and fluctuating nature of wetland wali*r levels adds another element of confitsion to mapping them. If you need basic information on where your community's wetlands are located or whether or not any exist in your hrea. the State Geological Survey has topographic quadrangle maps that indicate the locations of wetlands. The maps are availatilc for almost all areas of the country in a degree scali;, and for some areas at the more detailed 7'., degree scale, at many public and university libraries and selected bookstores and from the USCiS Distribution Branches in Arlington, Virginia, and Denver. (Ala.ska maps available froin the USGS branch in I'tiirlinnks.) An index map for each state indicates which topograpliic map covers your area. ' "ifc. ? It >• .• t.' r fj* Sinve peat soil alsct helpful in id S(*il types Few I local SCS oflici the State Con- Chapter .q. The next .slei evaluate its reia and animal inv< .sedimentation. You'll need : biologist, or an vegetation and Extension Servii Within the S('l conservationist ( soil scientists, foresters, and ot vution. The stall or local office of have a more spe Since the Cooj: the USD A, some SCS. The CES o and colleges. As almost every cc contacted throuf can draw u|M>n tl for expertise in a would rather 1. Samuel P. the United Stc Waterfowl and Government Pr 2. Peter L. York: Open Spa 3. “Need Lai House and Horn 4. Johnson, 5. The EPA Federal Registei 6. John Cla Considerations / Conservation Fo 7. For figure s eutrophication a traps, see Barb: and James H. 2 IViscon.s/n (Ma< Planning Agencj 8. For an in-< management. s« Study of East J Arboretum, M.S BSSS NllKg::iiaiusum LTiiily able to contPvi and liopai. However. a ‘< the ely more devolofred. the with erosion at:d runoff is wetland, the pr<*ce«.->es of )ti( rolled thr»)Ughout the prcsenre or absence of l<‘difference. This control ulation. the necessity for and the se natural processes is s report. The design of ir only in the crmtext of vatershed controls e.xist, es critical environmental effectiveness of wetlands nest ion. i many of the difficulties 1 acquisition. The repula- be quickly designed and f«‘r public participation, ortant functions of the iuted by the use of buffer controls over runoff and facing the probhin of buffer zone regulations basic principle in the uuld simply be that the the maintenance of the ind. Local connnunities sily transfers or perhaps Ls to preserxe these idditional uses in less nfluence of d<;veIopment d areas, and throughout minunitios slutuld move .'gulatinn. The goal is to of the wetland, .such as ralcr for adjacent lakes iiver.sity for an area. In iiework (hegoal is more ih ASSISTANCE >m wet prairie to deep I by different vegetation of wetland areas is id fluctuating nature of element of confusion to : information on where cat«‘d or whether or not Geological Survey has I indicate the locations e for almost all areas of , and for some areas at e, at many public and rKtkstores and from the rlington, Virginia, and un the USGS branch in h state indicates which , - : • ■... ,;V Sinv«* peat .soil ru'ciirs in wetlands, tbe SCS soil maps are also helpful in identifying the Uvalion of wctland.s through * .soil types Few libraries carry them*, so go dirwtiy to your k*c.d SCS oflici*. If you don’t know where it is, call (be State Cmiservationist (o find out (.see Part 2, Cliapler ’I'he next step is to identify the type of wetland and evaluate its relative .state of health. This requires a plant and animal inventory and an estimate of the degree of sedimentation. ^ou II nc*ed a field ecologist, field liotanist, game biologist, or any naturalist with knowledge of wetland vegetation and wildlife. The SCS and Cooperative Extension Service have people who fit these descriptions. Within the SCS you should go directly to the state conservationist (see Part 2, Chapter 3), who has access to soil scientists, biologists, hydrologists, economists, foresters, and others involved in natural resource conser vation. The state conservationist can refer you to a district or local office of the SCS and from there to people who have a more specific knowledge of the area in question. Since the Cooperative Extension Service is also a part of the USDA. some of their personnel may overlap with the SCS. The CES operates out of the land grant universities and colleges. As part of the CES there is a county agent in almost every county seat in the nation who could be contacted through the regular county offices. The agent can draw upon the resources of the cooperative university for expertise in a vast number of professional field.s. If you would rather find the professionals yourself, the Agriculture Department handbctok number 305. avai!a ’:i!e at libraries .uul through the SCS in Wu.->hington. D.f’.. i • .i directory by slate nd area of expertise of all of the working for the Extension Service. There are a number of private organizations that maintain an intere.st in pre.ser\ing welland.s, some of which have .scientists and profcssimials who could offer a.sssistance in evaluating wetlands and other natural area. The National Wildlife Federation and National Audubon Society have local chapters throughout the country whose members include professional and amateur naturalists with an interest in conservation. They may be willing to volunteer some time to lake a lor»k at your wetland. With regard to wildlife u.se of a wetland, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, formerly the Hurcau of Sport Fisheric.s and Wildlife, and slate and local game biologists can tell you what kinds of waterfowl, game fish, and endangered .species use a given wetland. Call the cU>est regional office of the USFWS and ask for the Associate l)irt>ctor for Federal Assistance, who will refer you to the .state wildlife commission or state game biologist. (See Part 2, Chapter 3.) Ily now you should have .some idea of the environmental value of your wetland, its variety, health, wildlife value, and so on. Finally , you ninxl data on the rclutionshij) of the wetland to both surface and ground waters. How will well pumping affect the wetland'? If it is drained will the re be increased flooding? The USGS and State Geological Survey are e(|uipped to answer these and other questions that pertain to hydrology. NOTES 1. Saimiel P. Shaw and C. Gordon Frediiie, Wetlands of the United States: Their Extent and Their Value to Waterfowl and Other Wildlife (Washington. D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956), pp, 5-9. 2. Peter L. Johmson, Wetlands Preservation (New York: Open Space Institute, 1969), pp. 9-12. 3. “Need Land? Then Take a I.^ok at Marshland,” House and Home, April 1958, pp. 146-52. 4. Johnson, pp, 9-12. 5. The EPA policy on wetlands is outlined in the Federal Register, Wednesday. May 2, 1973, p. 10834. 6. John Clark, Coastal Ecosystems: Ecological Considerations for the Coastal Zone (Washington. D.C.: Conservation Foundation, 1974). 7. For figure sources and a more detailed discussion of eutrophication and wetlands as sediment and nutrient traps, see Harbara Bedford, Elizabeth H. Zimmerman, and James II. Zimmerman. Wetlands of Dane County, Wisconsin (Madison. Wis.: Dane County Regional Planning Agency. 1975), pp. IMO to 11-17. 8. For an in-depth study of wetland hydrology and management, see Harriet A. Irwin, A Natural History Study of East Marsh of the University of. Wisconsin Arboretum, M.S. Thesis (Madison. Wis.: Department of Botany, University of Wi.scousin. 1973). 9. For further reading on the concepts of c-cologicul diversity and succession, see Bedford, pp. 11-18 to H-35; Robert L. Smitli, Ecology and Field Eiology (.New York: Harper and Row. 1966). Chapter 6; Eugene P. Odum, Fundamentals of Ecology (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.* 1971). p. 148. 10. Many of tlie concepts included here are di.scus.sed in terms of freshwater, inland wetlands. However, much of what has been said is applicable to coastal, saline wetlands. I* or further reading on coastal wetlands specifically, sec Clark, Coastal Ecosystems', John and Mildred leal, ! he Life and Death of a Salt Marsh Atlantic Monthly Press, 1969). 11. Fred Bo.sseIman. David Callie.s, and John Banta. The Taking Issue (Wa.shington. D C.: U.S. (Jovernment Printing Office, 1973). p. 214. 12. 40 N.J. 539. 193 A.2d 232 (1963). 13. 356 Mass. 696, 255 N.E.2d 347 (1961). 14. 265 N.E.2d 573 (Mass. 1970). 15. 56 Wis. 2d 7, 201 N.W.2d 761 (1972). 16. Jon A. Kusler, ”Open Space Zoning: Valid Regulation or Invalid Taking.” Minnesota Law Review Nov. 1972, p. 21. (I mi . ? iiv -- ■ ■ r',.- lllUiMlNiittlli I* i iiiuonslituti onlin:«n«-e .sl pin t ion had STATEME It is in uncoordinat affects mars and waterr developinen damage to inundation conslructioi the permani of water n habitats, a .supplies. T1 and encourt program an locate perm as not to ol natural pub the village, obligation t Minnesota regulations op<m .space guidelines t and the ft preventing resources organizatioi Inadditk of this ordii (1) Rrdui ground wat from incon sanitary dn (2) Rcdui community Creek Watf * frequent flo (3) Perm uses which < danger to li (4) Perm preservatioi are a princi] of water fla spccic.s of w (5) Avok areas to pi f«*ces, motr garbage, an into the m waters. vr 300. available n;,'ton, D.C.. i. a c'tit of the i>t».• * lanizations that Llamis, some of who could offer her natural area, itional Auduljon le country whose lour naturalists lay be willing to ur wetland. I, the U.S. Fish jreau of Sport game biologists game fish, and Coll the clc<^est T the Associate refer you to the biologist. (See c environmental . wildlife value, ulionship of the R. How will well ed will there be late Geological other questions Its of C'cologicul f. IMS to II-35; ogy (.\cw York: igene P. Odum,^ IV.n. Saunders, are di.scussed in iwever, much of coastal, saline lastal wetlands vms: John and Alursh (Boston: td John Banta. S. (iovernrnent 61). 2). Zoning: Valid a Law Rvi-ii»w, mm m -t h m i ip .{ umoii.-JiTuliomil it shall bo construed to have been the |,«j:is|.itne intent ti‘ pass ibis ordinamv without such *iuut»ustituti<m;d |H>rtion. and the lemaindei of this onlin.uu e .shall be deenuHl and held to bo valid ns if such pull ion hail not been included herein. If this ordinance, or an) provision liereof. is h**M to b«* inapplicabl** to any person, group of persons, property, kind of prrjperty. circumstances, or of eircumstanci-s. such holding '.ball not alteet tin* applicability hereof to any other perM»ns. property, or circumstances. FLOODPLAIN AND WETLANDSOUDINANCK OF VILLAGK OFORONO, MINNESOTA STATEMENT OF POLICY It is in the public interest to protect against uncoordinated and unplanned land development which affects marshes, swamps, wetlands, drainage ways, lakes, and watercourses within the village of Orono, which d<‘velopment, if allowed to continue, will result in loss and damage to public and private improvements through inundation by flood waters and subsequent expensive construction of storm sewers and other public projecLs, in the permanent destruction of these natural resources, loss of water retention facilities, open space, and wildlife habitats, and impairment of public and private water supplies. The objectives of this ordinance are to permit and encourage a coordinated land and water management program and the retention of open land uses which will locate permanent structures and artificial obstructions so as not to obstruct the passage of waters nor destroy the natural public water areas, marshes, and wetlands within the village. The village council has in mind Its statutory obligation to adopt a floodplain ordinance pursuant to Minnesota Statutes 1969, Chapter 104, the proposed regulations of the Minnetonka Conservation District, the open space policies of the Metropolitan Council, and its guidelines encouraging protection of marshes, wetlands, and the flcKidplain area, and the public interest in preventing irreparable destruction of valuable natural resources as expressed by numerous persons and organisations. In addition to these general purposes, the specific intent of this ordinance is to: (1) Reduce danger to health by protecting surface and ground water supplies from the impairment which results from incompatible land uses by providing safe and sanitary drainage. (2) Reduce the financial burdens imposi'd both on the community and on communities within the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District and the individuals therein by * frequent floods and overflow of water on lands. (3) Permit and encourage planned development land u.scs which will not impede the flow of flood water or cause danger to life or property. (4) Permit and encourage land uses compatible with the preservation of the natural vegetation and marshes, which are a principal factor in the maintenance of constant rates of water flow through the year and which sustain many species of wildlife and plant growth. (5) Avoid fast runoff of surface waters from developed areas to prevent pollutional materials such as animal f«*ces, motor oils, paper, sand, salt and other debris, garbage, and foreign materials from being carried directly into the nearest natural stream, lake, or other public waters. (0) Encourage a suitable system of ponding areas to permit the temporary withholding of rapid water runoff which presently contributes to downstream flfxiding and general water pollution, giving preference to areas which contribute to groundwater infiltration and recharge, thereby reducing the need for public projects to contain, store, and control such runoff. (7) Provide sufficient land area to carry abnormal flows of storm water in periods of heavy precipitation and to prevent needless expenditures of public funds for storm sew'ers and flood protection devices which proper planning could have avoided. (8) Prevent the development of structures in areas unfit for human usage by reason of danger from fl»joding, unsanitary conditions, or other ha/.ards. (9) Prevent the placement of artificial obstructions wdiich restrict the right of public passage and use of the lx*d, bank, and water of any creeks, marshes, or watercourses within the village. DKFINITION.S For the purpose of this ordinance, the terms defined in this section .shall have the following meanings: obstruction. Any dam, wall, wharf, embankment, levee, dike, pile abutment, projection, excavation, bridge, conduit, pole, culvert, building, wire, fence, fill, or projection into the Floodplain and Wetlands Conservation Area. natural obstruction. Any rock, tree, gravel, or analogous natural mutter thui ts an obstruction and has been located within the floodplain by a nonhuman cause. r artificial obstruction. Any obstniction which is not a natural obstruction. Poodplain. I’be land area adjacent to a watercourse, drainage way, or creek which has been or may be covered by flood waters. DEFINITION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF PRO TECTED AREA The “Floodplain and Wetlands Conservation Aren within the village of Orono, hereinuftcT referred to as the protected area, is defined and established to be the low ureas and floodplain adjoining and including any watercourse or drainage way or body of water subject to lieriodic fl«ioding or overflow; and those areas designated and shown as marsh, wooded marsh, submerged marsh, inundation urea, intermittent lake, or intermittent streams by the United Stales Department of the Interior, 12.S through the tuntlo^ * data. . . . ‘rh«>se of this ordinance remain on file i niini.strnfor for | of (leiining the appli th«* maps, data, an this .survey shall b administrator and s the I'loodplain and change in the Floodf as may from time to be reflected on thosi DEVELOPMENT 1 No filling, gn constniction shall fa Wetlands Conserva adjoining, or affectir adjacent areas is inc in this ordinance and their natural state; n bo used in determin building sites except furth<*r define the S| and Wetlands Cons official maps thereof ordinance are pro] j undertaking improv'e 1 adjacent to the pro‘te 1 the work, obtain a [ ■ Orono. Approval ma, with other permits a] implied from the gr; neces.sity to apply foi In extraordinary ca application therefor, determined to be in t shall be granted which tendency to: 11) Increa.se the hei along the Minnehaha (2) Result in the plj which will re.strict thi manner as to increa: obstructions approv( Watershi^l District in management. (3) Result in incomf detrimental to the prot supplie.s. M) lncrea.se the fii community through ii W’ater onto land arca.s w adjacent to Minnehaha (5) Be not in keeping obj«ftives for the villagi cause tlanger to life or | |b) Be inconsistent w lami u.sfs compatible wi land torn IS, vegetation within ihf village of Or to ar.y kind of propf'rly, such hoMir.;; 'hall nv other persons. SOTA ponding; areas to rapid water runoff ream flrKiding and 'tee to areas which )ii and recharge, rejects to contain. irry abnormal flows rccipitation and to ic funds for storm ich proper planning ;tures in areas unfit ger from fl<joding. Is. ificial obstructions lage and use of the reks, marshes, or he terms defined in leanings; mhankment , levee, xcavation, bridge, ire, fence, fill, or Llands Conservation ravel, or analogous nd has been located cause. m which is not a to a watercourse, or may be covered WENT OF PRO- Conservation Aren” ;r referred to as the .shed to be the low nd including any of water subject to se areas designated submerged marsh, i. or intermittent nent of the I nterior. 125 A -li •-iv. . 1 IV ♦ V 4 t } I r • through the tu-ological Survey on maps mui supjiorting • data*. . . . Those maps are hereby made u part of this ordinance, and two copies thereof shall remain on file in the office of the village ad ministrator for public inspection. For purposes »d<lef ining the application of this map to any s|«cific area the maps, data, and other available source material for this survey shall be on file in the office of the village administrator and shall be proof of the intended limits of the I loodjdain and Wetland.s ConserNation Area. Any change in the I* loodplain and Wetlands Conservation Area as may from time to time be determined to be proper shall be refler ted on those maps. DEVELOPMENT PROHIBITED No filling, grading, dredging, excavation, or constniction shall be allowed within the Floodplain and Wetlands Conservation Area; nor on lands abutting, adjoining, or affecting said area if such activity upon those adjacent areas is incompatible with the policies expressed in this ordinance and the preservation of those wetlands in their natural state; nor shall land within the protected area be used in determining minimum area requirements for building sites except as provided (below). To specifically further define the specific boundaries of the Floodplain and Wetlands Conserx'ation Area as described in the official maps thereof and to insure that the policies in this ordinance are properly implemented, any persons undertaking improvements to or on any land abutting or adjacent to the pro'tected area shall, prior to commencing . the work, obtain a permit therefore from the village of Orono. Approval may be expressly given in conjunction with other permits applied for, but no approval shall be implied from the grant of such permits nor from the necessity to apply for a permit as described herein. In extraordinary cases, variances may be granted upon application therefor, but only when the proposed use is determined to be in the public interest, and no variance shall be granted which the council determines will or has a tendency to: ID Increase the height or duration of flood water in or alonii the Minnehaha Creek. 12) Result in the placement of an artificial obstruction which will restrict the passage of flood water in such a manner as to increase the height of flooding, except obstructions approved by the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District in conjunction with sound floodplain management. (3) Result in incompatible land uses or which would be detrimental lo the protection of surface and ground water supplies. M) lncreu.se the financial burdens imposed on the community through increasing floods and overflow of water onto land areas wit l.in this village or onto land area.s adjacent to Minnehaha Creek. (5) He not in keeping with land-use plans and planning <»l>j«*ctives for the village of Orono or which will increase or causi- danger to life or property. («) He inconsistent with the objectives of encouraging .mil uses cuinpatibie with the pre.ser\’ation of the natural land forms, vegetation, and the marshes and wetlands within the village of Orono. I2(i (71 Include development of land and water a.'«as cs.sential to cuiitinue the temporary withholding of rapid runoft ol surface water which presently contributes to downstream flooding or water pollution or for land arid water areas which provide ground water infiltratif.n ;.hich diminishes the land area necessary to carry incieased flows or storm water following period.s of heavy precipitatio.n. No permit or variance shall he issued unlc.-s the applicant, in support of his application, shall .submit engineering data, surveys, site plans, and other information as the village may require in order to determim- the effects of such development on the affc-cted land and water areas. 'I’he 0|>plicant shall submit four copie-s of the application and the information. One copy shall be .sent by the village to the secretary of the Minnehaha ( reck Watershed District. The district shall recommendations with the village "^11*.'” I uftor receipt of the information, unless additional time is authorized by the village. LAND DEVELOPMENT AND PLATTING No part of any lot within the Floodplain and Wetlands Conservation Area shall be platted for re.^idential oiciip.nncy or for other uses which will increase the danger to heallh, life, (iroperty, or the public welfare. Whenever a portion of the Floodplain and Wetlands Conservation Area IS Iwated within or adjoins a land area that is being subdivided, the suhdivider shall dedicate an adequate easement over the land within the protected area and along each side of such area for the purpo.se of improving or protecting the area for drainage or other purposes cxpre.sscd in this ordinance and other recreational uses. I ublic or private streets, driveways, drainage openings, imd culverts shall not be constructed, unless the de.sign thereof has been approved by the vUlage. and shall be de- signed .so as not to restrict the flow of water. LIMITED CREDIT ALLOWED When land to be developed is connected to a public sanitary sewer line and includes land within the Floodplain and U ellamls Con.servation Area, the owner or developer thereof will be credited with an amount of his land within the I loodplain and Wetlands Conservation Area equal to but not exceeding the amount of his adjacent land which otherwise qualifies for development under those ordinances, for purposes of complying with the land-use density, open .space, building-unit-to-land-arca ratios, or other siii.ilar requirements of the bnd development and zoning ordinances of the village, except for requirements for recreational uses. SPECIAI. ASSESSMENTS The land area in the Floodplain and Wetlands Conservation Area which is not to be developed and which IS dedicatwl as an easement shall not l>e subject to special assessments to defray the cost of other municipal improvement projects, including but not limited to trunk sanitary sewer and water mains and storm sewer improvements. o«.wir nulsanc ^i Any filling, alteration, construction, or artificial •OfV M .^1 ■■-8 t -‘■F1» m ■ i'i>, (Ill* of the I \i... i. .Ic l.uetl to . *.1. a p. imil i, ,. Imvm ..btain.sl i i;i;Mn\ .-\C OF A> It .iM at I ificial <•! th.- \iltag.'. »n ;..l!,.wmg 10 V „ :,i..val within a re (iin.lition and lu-r shall fail to i’( ..-.MiiT .annot be f( have the p«»wer to n (III .-usi of which si ;,vv.-<v»*d against |iri-MTibed by law I municipal improvei Spc ial .\sscssmeni 111 tvrlified tolhoc tnaim.T as the ad v i:i FIXT OF PEF The granting of shall in no way aff the approval requi regulation of any s PKNAI.TIES .Any person v onlinance .shall bt lined in such amo authorized by law d<-emed a separate a ei iminal penalty ill the village or o h\ injunction or c SKPARABILITY Kvery section, tl.'clarod separablt part ; and if any st hel.l invalid, it provision, or part PROHIBITION It shall be unla* In remove, fill, oi roek. sand. grav. limits of the villag l.NTERPUETAT Any itroposeii Inland Wetlands Cttasial Wetland! Inspector under ' by all regulation other applicable pn.posed use is d ■■m r--— n >nd and watt.r ar<;as y withholding of rapid fsently contribuic-N to luliori or for land and ^ater infiltration \.hlch o carry incivat.cd flows f heavy precipitation. i>e issued unless the lication, shall submit ' plans, and other re(|uire in order to pment on the affected int shall submit four ifurmation. One copy the secretary of the ict. The district shall -ions with the village ! information, unless village. ATTING >dplain and Wetlands tied for re.sidential ill increase the danger : welfare. Whenever a ds Conservation Area 1 area that is being cdicate an adequate protected area and >urposc of improv'ing J or other purposes er recreational uses. , drainage openings, d, unless the design age, and shall be de- ^f water. nnected to a public dthin the Floodplain ! owner or developer It of his land within ’ation Area crjual to idjaccnt land which ent under those ; with the land-use land-area ratios, or d development and pt for requirements in and Wetlands ffveloped and which e subject to spc-cial ^ other municipal ot limited to trunk ind storm sewer inn, or artificial ■ - 0> t I ‘r, .•••. .r* f.- i4 I 4 I *s , ,,.Mi..rr.)f the n.Hulpbun and Wetl.m.ls t on.-^erMifon ‘ v' , .h*. laifd tn *«' mn.'^amv. • I.-' a I" ""'* innstnut ami maitUain the obstruction I ,.'|,,vn obtained in the manner provided herein. PIMOVAI. or Ain IFKiAI. OnSTKUCTIONS It .to artificial <*bstruction is found after invcsligntion ..V til.- village, an order shall be issued to the owner. ...I!..wing H) days written notice and hearing thereon, for iii.ival within a rea.sonable time as may he prescribed by ,li.. ,,.ndilion and type of artificial obstruction. If the •V. net shall fail to remove the artificial obstruction or if the ..wiier »-annol be found or determined, the village shall *i;f\e t he power to make or cause such removal to be made, ih. i ost of which shall be borne by the owner or specially against the lands in the same manner as t.r. scribed by law for the levy of special assessments for municipal improvements, notwithstanding fthe stK-tion on Special Assessments hercinl. The special assessment shall i.. certified to the county auditor for collection in the same maimer as the ad valorem real property tax of the village. r.rFix r of permit . The granting of a permit under the provisions herein shall in no way affect the owner’s responsibility to obtain the approval required by any other statute, ordinance, or regulation of any state agency or subdivision thereof. im:nai.ties Any person who violates the provisions of this ..rdinimee shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and may be lined in such amount and be imprisoned for such tune as MiiihorimI by law. Each day ’ a violation exists .shall be d*H ’med a separate and distinct offense. The imposition of ;i criminal penalty shall not constitute a waiver of the right III the village or others to secure removal of obstructions by injunction or other civil legal remedy. SEPARABILITY Every section, provision, or part of this ordinance is declared separable from every' other section, provision, or part: and if any section, pnnision. or part thereof shall he ht Id invalid, it shall not affect any other section, provision, or part. PROHIBITION It shall he unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to remove, fill, or use for fill, dredge, store, or excavate rock, sand, gravel, dirt, or similar material within the limit s of the village of Orono; to fill or reclaim any land by •depositing b i:'..iteri.d or by grad.ng o! (•.•intir.g lan-. s » as to elevate or alter ilu* existing natural gr;ai.*: or to build, alter, or repair any seawall, rtiain.ing wall, to rip rap or to otlurwis,- change ilie g.-ado or shore of lakeshore property witlmul a conditional use|>ermil i'suet. by the village council, (iranling of sueb permit«• is 'Ubn-.t to olhiM regulations and prohibitioiiN of these ordinance'- and other applicable statutes or ordinances of other govt-rmnental Imdu-s. PERMIT . An application lor such permit shall be accompanied by a lirawing made by a registered surveyor or other competent piT.son showing the location of the propn.sfd e.xcavation or storage and shall state the amount of material which is to he removed, excavated, stored, filled, or graded, and such other information as the council may rei|uire from lime to time. Applications shall he filed with the Villagt Administrator ami shall Ik* accompanied by a fee of SIO payable to the village. EXCEPTION The requirements of (this ordinancel are not intenue.. to govern the normal and customary grading in the area of an e.xisling ora new’ly constructed huildiiig, or the grading of the driveway serving such building. Such grading am. earth moving shall he approved by the building inspector at the time of issuance of the building permit, providing that a plan .showing proper drainage and protection of adjoining property has been submitted. Any unusual filling or removal of grading shall be referred by the building inspector to the planning commission and village council for action in accordance with this ordinance. FLOOHPLAIN AREAS AND WE'I’LAND.S Areas within tlie Floodplain and Wetlands Conseri.a* tion Area will not be considered lor subdivision purposes except in accordance with llhe provisions! of this code. Easements as requireil lahove) shall be grunted by the suhdivider. REVIEW 'I’his ordinance shall he reviewed two years from Us efteetivedate liy tlu* council. At that time the council shall review any development plans and studies of the planning commission and laws and ordinances of other governmental bodies which have reference to the fiolkies and subject matter of this ordinance, and the council shall consider whether amendments to the provisions of this ordinance can be made consistent with its purposes. WETLANDS ORDINANCE OF DARTMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION .Any propo.sed u.se to be localwl within the limits of the Inland Wetlands and Watershed Protection District or the ( oasial Wetlands District, ns determined by the Building Inspector under Section 9 of the bylaw, shall be governed by all regulations set forth in this section ns «« other applicable provisions of this bylaw. Where u proposed use is determined to fall within the limits o t c Inland Wetlands and Watershed Protection District or the (’oastal Wetlands District, hut the applicant for the proposed use determines that the location for this pro- jKised use is not wet nor subjc-ct to periodic flooding and should not tlien’fore he included in the definition of the Inland W etlands and Watershed Protection District or the Coastal Wetlands District, may he exempt by tin* Board of Appeals from the provi.sions of this sei'tion. if lie provide.s 127 [f V 4f Fi ■4>> . |i ■‘-i ft i-'l-i sullici«nt e\ u del it mine tba Co the pro\ isji INLAND WE TIO.N f)ISTR rile purpose the .streams s Dart mouth an< and safety of p flooding and cf ground water supply purposi detrimental u.si water courses: town of Darlm the public; to s pattern of the ' flood water stor DEFINITION The 1 niand District is s established by All land.s in being fresh mi .swamps, cranb Inland W’etlani are in<!icated oi All land area distiineeof .*>0 ft in the Inland W' and are indicaC names of the ri\ as follows: S Destruction Hr< PERM n TED Municipal ui e.ssenlial servii .section. Land Protect km Dist permitted in Ih No structure permanent hasi; no other huili flagptile.s. signs shall be erect otherwise crcati Special Permit without a Speck this bylaw becoi paired after a fii natural disaster, dwelling existing may he altered oi these liylaws are Dumping, fill! earth material w Special Permit fi paragraph do«s n in lawn or garden 12k it Ian.,iiriil r r ct.'lining' v.al!. lo raMi' (»r short* of Us*.* permii i'sUft! 15 'Uhjf.t [ these ordirsano*" linanres of other H* accompanied by urxeyor or otitcr n of the projinsed [(• the amount of Hied, stored, filled, a.s the council may f* shall be filed with t accompanied by a are not intended to injt in the area of an g. nr the grailing of Such grading and i> building inspector g permit, provitling i> and pn»tcclion of tied. Any unusual be referred by the amission and village this ordinance. .ANDS iVetlands Conserva* lUbdivision purposes isions) of this code, be granted by the ,\vo years fr<»m its me the council shall dies of the planiiirtg nances of other ence to the i>olicies ind the council shall * provisions of thi h its purposes. .suliii Mtirl e\iil»*tuv f»>r th»* Hoard of .*\ppeals tt» clearly tielitmine that the i.im! in c|uesti<m should not he suhject to the provisiiiiis of this Section. no.N 'VATKIISIIKD PltOTKC- The purpose of this district is: to preserve and protect (he .streams and other water rour.se.s in the town of Dai (mouth and their adjoining lands; to protect the health and safety of persons atul properly again.st the hazards of noodmg and contamination: to pre.serve and maintain the ground water table and water recharge areas for water supply purposes; to protect the community against the detrimental use and development of lands adjoining such water courses; to conserve th»* watershed areas of the town of Dartmouth for the health, .safety, and welfare of the public; to assure the continuation of the natural flow patt<*rn of the water courses providing safe and adequate floodwater storage and runoff capacity. DKFINITION OP DISTRICT The Inland Wethinds and Watershed Protection District is superimposed over any other district e.stuhlishod by this bylaw. AH lands in Dartmouth which ha.e been identified as being fresh marsh, deep marsh, shrub swamp, wooded swamps, cranberry bog. and ponds are included in the Inland \\etlands and Watershed Protection District and are indicated on the Natural Resource Map. All land area along the rivers and brooks for a horizontal distance of ,*>0 feet from the center line thereof are included in the Inland Wetlands and Waterehed Protection District ami are indicated on the Natural Resources Map. The names of the rivers and brooks included in the district are as follows: Shingle 1.stand River. Copicul River, Destruction Hrook. and Paskamansett River. PKRMn Ti:i) II.SK Municipal use, such as waterworks, pumping stations, es.senlial serv’ices, and parks, is permitted under this seciion. Land in the Inland Wetlands and Watershed Protection District may be used for any purpose otherwise permitted in the underlying district except that: No structure intended for human occupancy or use on a |M*rmanenl basis having water and sewerage facilities and no other building, wall, dam or structure (except flagfvilcs. signs and the like) intended for permanent u.se shall be erected, constructed, altered, enlarged or otherwise created or moved tor any purpose unle.ss a Special Permit from the Board is issued. However, without a Special Permit, a structure existing at the time this bylaw becomes effective may be reconstructed or re- pairi*d after a fire, hurricane, flood, or other casualty or natural disaster, and a dwelling or building accessory to a dwelling e.xisting at the time this bylaw becomes effective may he altered or enlarged provided no other provisions of these bylaws are violated. Dumping, filling, e.xcavuting, or transferring of any earth material within the District is prohibited unle.ss ‘a Special Permit from the Hoard is issueil. However, this paragraph do*?s not prohibit ordinary gardening activities in law n or garden areas w hich arc used for such purpo.ses 128 at the time tlii.s bylaw beco.’nes cfiecti\e. •No poiul.N or pools .shall be created or other chan::cs in wall*! four.se.s. for swimming, fi.shini;or other r<‘*:re.s:ior.al ns«*s. agricultural u.scs. scenic features, or drainage improvements or jiny other use.s unless a .Special from tlu* Hoard is issued. Perniil and Procedure Any tiersoids) desiring such a permit shall submit an applicati.m to the Hoard of Appeals which shall tompiv with the conditions ami submittal requirement a.s listed in the following subsections. (.Such conditions .shall include where applieahle. approval l,y the Conservatiorl Commission, the Massachusetts Department of Natural Resources, and the Massachusetts Department of Public \\orks under Chapter 131 of the General Laws. Acts Relating to the Protection of the Inland Wetlands of the Commoinu.alih.) The application procwhire shall be the -same ns for .special permits. Copies of the application for special permit to the Hoard with accompanying plans shall also he sent to the Building Inspector. Hoard of Health, the Conservation Comnii.s.sion, and the Planning Hoard for their recommendations (« the Hoard, as to their approval, disapproval, or appropriate recommendations. Kcqiiircd Submittals Submission of a location plan at a scale of 1*’ = 1,000* showing the lot(s) lines within which the development is proposed, and the tie-in to the nearest road inlersc-clion A site plan at a .scale I" = 40' shall he prejiared l,y a regosteied professional engineer. 'J'he site plan shall be submitleci to the Boar<l and shall .show at least the following: (1) The location boundaries and dimeii.*don of each lot in question. 12) Two fool eontour.sof the existing and proposed land surface. (.1) 'I'he locations of existing and pn,posed structures watercourses, and drainage easements, mean.s of access dramage. and sewage dispo.sal facilities. (4) 'The elevation of the hasetnenl and first floor. (*h) The area and location of h*achiiig fields. Devciupiiieiit Conditions Wetlands and Wnl.rshad l*roUtli„n Districl. the WImvint. conditions shall apply: T' «r anmdiMdual well .supply may be dcweif.ped. thr h.n' -sewerage .system,the following eonditioiis snail apply: of liLu ton minimum depth of eight feca shall be taken; three of which shall be w ithin the area of the proposed structure and three within 25 fcx*t of the* outside walls of the structure, hut not closer than 10 fei t. A report h> a .soil .scientist or qualified enginc-er shall accompany the lest data. (2) The floor level of areas to be occupied hv human bungs as living or work space shall he four feet above the fkmding ' ’ (.'b If the lia.M inem Hour level is below tlie seasonal high ly has rcciiix tt>rlfc; coniiiK tum.s r fore, n tion he Thai l'>(.D. he COIT cause tnict, o plied." Acco six yea inent w overrul. tion con Whil. that at] lure of is suhjc propriat satisfice which t interest. ^ TTr m L ’ Dcfc where out of conijiar compn> 0(1 of ti portion; tortfeas of this could l<( cr the (1 Ihc 1 ptiMic ii ill protc late to c dictate ; nicnt of deriving We invi projuiscd Tortfeas 201 is bylaw betorncs oiJi-iiiw. r pools shall b»r cn atrd or other chan;;«:i in for swlniniin^;, fis}un<;.(»r other r<‘crf»ui''ir.a! ural uses. stemV features, or <^lrMna^'eor any other uses unless a Special l^erjoii il is issued. oeeclurc s) desiring such a permit shall .submit un the Hoitrd of A[)pt'<ils which shall tofnj)lv ions ami .submittal re<|uirement as listed in ubsections. (Such conditions .shall include. »ble. approval by the Consei^ation he Massachu.setls Departmenl of Natural the Massachusetts Department of Public [Chapter 131 of the General Laws, Acts Protection of the Inland Wetland.s of the I.) 'I he application procedure shall be the rial permits. Copies <if the application for 0 the Hoard with accompanying plans .shall the Building In.spector. Board of Health, n Commission, and the Planning Board for dations to the Board, as to their approval, appropriat e rccommendat ions . ittals f a location plan at a scale of 1" - 1.000* Is) lities within which the development is he tie-in to the nearest n>ad intersection, a scale 1 = 40 ’ shall be prepared by a ssional engineer. 'J’he site plan .shall be he Board and shall show at least the i»n boundaries and dimen.sion of each lot ontoursof the existing and proposed land »ns of existing and proposed structures, d drainage easemi nts, means of access, wage disposal facilities, ion of the liasemenf and first floor, nd location of leaching fields. itditions •rnent of land within the Inland Wetlands Protection District, the following ipply: be served by a public water system, or an ipply may be deveittped. »be .served by a public sewerage .system, ^huoMs Siiall apply; 1 of six test borings to n minimum depth be taken; three tif which shall be within po.sed structure and lhrc*e within 25 feet s of the structure, hut not closer than 10 I soil scientist or (jualifiod engineer sh dl St data. vel of area.s to be occupied by human work space shall 1m> four feet above the ter table and not subject to periodic em floor level i.s below the seasonal high r% ) ly based on a contract implied ;.t law t«» rectify the nuspiity resulting when one tortfeasor pay.s more than his >harc of a common liability. The statute of limita- lums relating to implied coniraets is, there fore. applicable to an action for cuiitribii- tion between joint tortfeasors. That statute of limitations tscc. S‘M.. .'^tats.) provides th,-.( an action must be commenced within si.< years after the cause of action has accrued where the • action [is] upon any other con tract, obligation or liability, c.xpress or im plied." Accordingly, an ae-.ion brought within si.x years of the Insnraiiec Conipany ’s pay ment was timely. Tlic trial judge properly overruled defendant's demurrer to the ac tion commenced on .August 25, l%9. While we fitul precedent for holding that an action for contrilnition is in the ii;i- ture of one of coiitraet implied in law aiul is subject to the period «)f limitations ap propriate to that type of action, we are not S4itisficd that such a lengthy |ieriutl within which to bring suit best serves the public interest. y. uakii «£TT£ CO uNTTrite us lilt .\ \V.‘.MTiU *W I9«(l‘>or .Supplementi. page l.k). which suggests in general that actions for contribution based on tort be brought within one year of the accrual of the cause of action I irdcr aflinned. '. •••TiMwTmtiiN .‘•n \Vis.2d 7 Ronald JUST and Kathryn L. Just, his wife, Appollants, V. MARINETTE COUNTY, Respondent. State of Wisconsin, Impleaded Respondent. MARINETTE COUNTY, Respondent, V. Ronald JUST and Kathryn L. Just, his wife, Appellants, State of Wisconsin, Impleaded Respondent. Nos. lUG. 107. •'^u|ireiii<> Caiiiri <tf Wi.srinisin. Ucl. .’tl. 15)72. Defendant correctly points out that, where the right of contribution arises not out of a prior jiidgincnt allocating tin- comparative negligence but stems from a compromi.se settlement, an inordinate peri od «)f time may well cl.'ipsc lielore the pro portional rcspon.sibility of the negligoiit tortfeasors is determined. I’nder the facts of this case, the action for contiibntinn could be comuuiiced almost tiine years aft er tlic date of the accident. The hgislautre may well find that the pulilic interest in avoiding stale claims and m protecting parties from suits brought to«> late to effectively investigate the f.icts may dictate a shorter pcrioil Uir the couumnci'- meut of a coiuribution suit when the uii- ♦Icrlying cause of ;ictioii sounds in tort. We invite the legislature's atleniiou to the proposed ••Uniform I ontribution .Among Tortfeasors Act," 9 L’niforni Laws Annot. 201 H.Vt.ld—AOVi C oi.solidated .ictions wherein laiulowii- ers sought a decl.ir.itory judgment that *>hoielan«l /lining oidm.'uice of coimtv was uneon>titutional and eoniily .sought a tnaii- datory injunction to restrain landowners from placing till ni.'itiTi;il on their jircipcrty without fir>t obt.nmng a conditional use permit as rei|iifn d by onlitiance. 'Hie Cir cuit Conn, .Marinette- County, lames I-^ .Marlmean, |., tntorcel indgmeiils that were in favor of county, and landowners ap- pcalcel, and stale intervened on appeal as ;■ p.irty rc^pon«tent becaiivo of eonstitntional issue. The .'-^npteme Conn, Hallows. C. J.. held that shori-land /oning ordinance of .Marinette County which prevents with ex ception of special pcniiit silnatinl'ls chang ing of n.itnral cliar.icle-r of laiul within feet of a n.ivigable l.ike and .^IK) feet of a navigalde river liecanse of lambs in- terrelalioti to coiitigiions water is not nn- -mm 1 * i ' • t f I\i :r % a' I. Appeal and Error C=>329 ;:01 NORTH WESTERN REPORTER. 2t» SERIESroll •tuutionaS .IS I’Cii c roiifisoalorv or iinUMsoii.iliIo. It u.is tiiulu'i liclil tlial \sl;crctn.il court (lisiitis'.cil tictioii comnu ’iuvti t \ laiulouiHTS, thou^li they sought a licclaia- toty juil^incnt aiul though their n;;hts were ilcclarcil. tliMiiissat wa-. iii conflict with |tii: codiirc which .*sii|imiic Ci.iirt li.ul m.ulc clear shuuhl he followeil, namely, tlut a complaint shotild not he iliMiiissnl when contrary to plaintiffs’ contention, hut r.ithcr inilunient should set forth declar.itorv ad- • ♦ judication. Modified and, as tnoilifinl. affmnoL Hu appeal from jo * ;nu »il mirird on tnidln.us in cotisolidatcd «ii*tiinis iliat '•hnir* lainl zoning" ordinar.ee of eoiint .dnl and tl)al properi\ mMiri % ! . indm.io 'e l»\ plaeiin: id! i?..t!« : ! . i .*11 pfopt-rly wnhoiil lii 'l o'’ • • 5*t; . tional nse permit rMpinril hy ofi!n..inr. state eonid properly intervene as a p.iil)- I espomleiit on issue o! eiiiisiit m loiialily, where stale c<msidered appeal to he a eliai- lenee to nnderlyni^ statutes as well as ils eoinpreliensive program to piuti et na\i^:ahle w aleis tin on^h slmndand re^nlalion. W.S.A. 5‘Wl. 1UJ6, J/I.IJ(O). 2, Zoning 0=^231 Ihirpose of shorelaiul /oiiin;; ordinance of Marinette 1 ‘ounly, which is ilesi^ned l«i ineel slaiulards and erilena for slioieland reenlalion which lc^;islalnic re<|nived to I* pmmnl;;Mctl l«y I >ej»artinent of Natural Kesoiirec<. is to ;»rot<vl na\ i^ahle w.ii« i> ami pnhiic ri|:hts ihercm fitim dc^r.nlahon and detcnoraiion which results from un controlled use and development of si*,ore- lands. W.S.A. 5*W71, ri). 1 11.Jo. 3. Constitutional Law C=^KI l*roieetion of pnhlu iiehis m.iy he ae Coinphshed hy e\eieise of police powii* unless damage to propel t> tiwiur is too ercal and aimmnls to .1 eonhse.ilion. 4. Eminent Domain C=»lSecnrii-.L' or lakini: of a Icncftt :;ot piC'^ei iiy enjoyeil hy |iiihlic tc»r ils n>e ii oht.'iin.d hy e»ivirnnienl through its power of eminent domain. 5. Eminent Domain <^2(l) Distinction hetwaen exercise of police power and condemnation is the matter of ih ^ree of ilama^e t*i property ow ner. 6. Eminent Domain C=>2(l) In the \alid exercise ft( police power reaMHiahly lestriitin^^ i^e of property, dam age '•offered hy owner incidental, hut where n'-trieiion is so ^reat that land owner niieht not to hear such a hiirclcn for piihin* ^^ood, restriction amounts to a con'-trnc(i\c takin;:, even though actual nse nr to* hidden ii'^e has not heer. transferred to eo\ ef.Miller,I -»» as to he a taking in tra diiioiiai -rii^e. 7. Eminent Domain 0=>2(|) W liether a takine has occurred ilepcnds on whether lestration practically nr siih- slanlially reudcis laml useless for all rca- sonahle pnriioses. 8. Eminent Domain C=>2(l) If ikiina^i- is such as to he suffered hv inanv similarlv situated ami :s in nature of a restriction on use to wliicli land rnav he put ami onehi to he home liv irdi\idn,il as a ineinher of society fur eon»i of puidic safety, health or general w el fair, it is a reasonahle c \ereiNi- of police* •. hot if ilainaee is so j^oeat to iiidivid;..J 1* t| lie mieht not to hear it nmlet c«.oo ti^porar) stamlaials, courts ;o e inclnud to lit at it as a lakinn of piopeity or an nnrcasonahic ex ercise 1*1 pclice power. 9. Eminent Domain C=)2(l) Xecfsv||\ lor nioia tai*\ conipens.ttmn for h»ss siifft ixd lo an o*»\n< r hy a police pown^* restriction ,irises when restrictions are pi.iced on property in iii«ler tt> cr« ate a pnhiic I'cnefii rather than lo prevent a imhlic harm. ''la •! ■ A t It*. NavIgnliU€0. Si.tti- itf w I II nil* h.iv .1 ,! lion .iii<l to I ita\ i^.'tltlc u .1 1 1. Zoning 0= must Ijc roast 12. Zoning C= It is not pttlicc powtT piililic rights property to it 13. Hnalth an (. Iianjtinj tlamanv* of natural envir ship IS tiot which IS prol Illation. W..'- 14. Navigable Laws an tioii atul to iloj;r.Mlation incuts. W.S •M.O.s. ; 15. Constitutio) Navigable V .\otivc pii ifspfc: to nav to promote nav and preserve recreation, and this dut\. Ictris ity to local im .^01. .'MU2. M) 971. 59.071(1. I 16. NavigabI Taxation Zoning C frauds i waters c.xisl state, atul a ^'ESTER.N* REPORTER. 2(» SERIESTV or )>n- lui wlu rv uvm‘« <l i V ;i iicolaia- urro u ith |ii«' ia<l tnailc y, thal a srd \vlu*n Imt ratliir al«»rv ail- al tmu ’il. on lai w .»' .ilnl I .♦ ir ..Mil k .• I I* I..IIU r, ‘ a pall)* iitinna1it\ \ Ilf* .1 rh.tl' Li* 11 as ils na\ i;:al'U* r^alalioiL ot ilm.mrc III sliorclanil Viil to !*• Namra! Ic \\ai« i> ^r.id.ipoii troin nn of sliMit- I), in.Jo. lay Im- ai* i*«* |»o\\ir i*r IS too ion. 4. Eminent Domain C=»lSu'nrir.L*^ nr lakn.i: of a Icncfil r.otprcsri tlv cnjoyril l*y piiMic lor ils use i> olitaiuwil l»y vT'^vcrnnicul through its power of onimcnt ilomain.5. Eminent Domain Os»2(l)Oistinotion hrtuiin exercise of police ]u)\vcr anil conileinnalion is the matter of ilrjrree of ilama^:c to property owner. li. Eminent Domain 0»2(l) In the \aini exercise of police power reasoiiaMy le^trii tin^ me of property, dam age suffered !iy owner incidental, hut where restnetion is so v:real that land- owner on^hl not to hear such a hurden for pul.Iie ^ooil. restriction amounts to a consMiiclive takin;:. even though actual use nr liei nMin use has not heen. transferred to eo\ei mil tu so :is j,e a taking in tra ditional 7. Eminent Domain C=>2(l) W hetluM* a taking has occurred depciuls on whether lestrntion praetieally or snh- stantially rendeis land nsciess for all rea- sonahle purposes. H. Eminent Domain 0=32(1) If dainai;e is such as to he suffered hv inanv similarlv situated and ;s in nature of ,1 IIon iisr to wlmli l.ir.d iii.iv he put and onehl to he home hv iudnidiial as a meinher of sneuty for eoi.d of pui»l!c '^afety. health or j.:eneral well an*, if is a reasonahle exerem* of police hut if dainau<* is so ^uc.it to indiv it l;e oneht not to hear it inidei c.,»;o i,;j,orar\ stand.nd.s, eonr!. are incliticd to Heat it as a lakme eo* ]nopcily or an nnrcasonahic ex- ereisc of p«’!iee powi r. 9. Eminent Domain 0=32(1) Xecessii \ lor inon< tar\ compensation for loss suffered to an owinr hy a poliee l»‘»wi^ restriction arises when restrictions arc* placed on property in order to er« ate a pnhlic lieiietii rather than to jircvcnt a pnldic haiin. '.'i ^ * V ^ MIIrI I I I I f ! r ? ■*-u b Ilk Navigahle Waters 0=335• Sl.ito «il \\ isi'i.nsiii iiiuliT iiust iloo- 11 nil' h.«> .t «*nt\ 111 t i.iiluMlv iMwvnl pollu- tmii .111)1 1)1 jircvvm iiirthi'r iMillutum in itsii.iv iK.’iMv »\ .Iters.»Mi- )' •:ii| N .1 T),!I'ul'ltc trust (Miwcrs )ii >i,itc. ,-iti(| sjiccial /riiiiiii; »•iclir.;iiK‘i*s Ixi rv'tru’tivt' coiiscrv-.iiuy piir;i..M-. W.S.A. .vi.li.5'>.V7I. .V/.'/7i(i. 6).Nl.Jh.• I. Zoning 0=>l()li:.\crcisc of police power in /otiiiiK must lie re.'ison.'iMe. 12. Zoning C=9| 10 It is not an iinreasonaMe e.\« roise of police power in zonint' to prevent harm to puMic rights Iw limilinu use of private property to its natural uses. •3. Health and Environment C»25.5 ( hanttinjj of wetlamls an<l swanijrs to tl;un.n:e of j,'oneral pulilic l»y iipsettni)' natural environment ami natural relation ship IS not a reasonalilc use of that land which IS prulecteil from police power reii- tilafioii. .Vl.n. .t0.l2, .<().I9.S .M.O.e 5' W. 59.971. .=^9.971(1. 6), 144.26. 17. Zoning C=3| 10ShoielamI /oiinn; ordinance of .Mari- iielte C ounty which prevents with exception ol special permit snii.itions ehaiij;inn of natural cli.iracter of laiiil wiilnii l,(KHl feel of a iiavi^.ilile lake and .tIH) feel of a iiavi)talilc river l>ec.nise )if laml’s interrela tion |)> contiguous water is iwit unconstitii- lioiial its heinj: confiscatory or nnreason- ahlc. W.S.;\. .tO.H. .k).l2, .tO.IW, .^t).l<>5, 5‘W. 59.d71, .sO'»7|(i, 6). 144.26. 14. Navigable Waters C=>3 I.aws and rcKiilations to prevent pollu tion and to protect waters of state from dojtr.ulation are valid police-power enact ments. \V..^.,\. .Veil. .W.12, 20.19, .10.105, 21-05. .^9.07. .'9.971^59.971(1, 6). 144.26. 15. Constitutional Law 0363(1) Navigable Waters 0=29 .\ctive public trust duty of state in respect to navi-ahlc waters reipiires state to promote navij^ation as well as to protect and preserve those waters for fishinj;, recreation, and scenic heaiity; to further this duty. Ie>rislatnre may delegate author ity to local units of uovernmem. \V.S..\. 20.11. .VU2. .40.19, .VU95, 21.0.^ .so.o;, 50.. 971, .S9.Q7K1, 6), 1-14.26. 16. Neivigabk Waters C=>33 Taxation C=>24 Zoning 0=>| f Lands adj.iccni lo or near navi^^ihlo waters exist m a sjKcial rclationshiji to state, and are subject to special taxation, 18. Zoning C=>IOi, 371 \ sc of special pcrnnis is a means of Control in accomplislimi^; pnrpo'sc of ;i /.ou- nii; ordinance, as distm^^inshed from old concept ot provided for x.itiances, and is of Mime ''iiimficance in consHlerm).^ whether a particular /oniii)^ ordina nce is reasonahle. 19. Eminent Domain C=32(l) While loss of value iv to he considered in (lelermmin): whether a restriction is a constructive takini:, v;dne based on rhan^- uu^ character of land at expense of harm to pnhlic ri)rlils is not an essential factor or conirollm),j. 20. Declaratory Judgment 0=^389 W here Inal court dl^ln!^scd action ci»m- incnced hy laiulouiiers, thoimli ilu*y sonelit .1 declaratory ind^ment that shoreland /on- mu orilmance of coirnly w.is unconstitu tional, and thoni;li rights of landowiuTs were di‘clared in action, di^tinssal was in conflict with procedure which Supreme C onit h«is made cle.ir sbuuld he followed, namely, thal a complaint should not he dis missed when contrary li> plaintiffs* conten tion. hut rather ind^nieiil should set forth di'claralory adjiulication. 21. Constitutional Law 0=45 Practice of a'Sliming constiuitionalitv **f an enacimcnt, uiitil coiilraiy is decided a, 1 7- 59 :• : % I’W’ V ■ • / 4 V by an apiuil.iU' .’..nn, is no lor^cr lu vosarv »*r \\orkal*lo. am!, when a eoimtitutiimal mMio »s pi«->ciUi ‘(l lo a trial court, it is better praetioc for that court tv» rceoj;ni/e its iiuportaticc. have issue thoroujilily l>ricfc<l an*l fully j)resente«l, and to decide issue as any other iiupurtaut issue with due con sideration.22. Conttitulional Law 048(l> A regularly cn;»ctcd statute is pre sumed to lie co!istituti<;ual and party at tacking' statute l••ust meet burden of proof of showintr unconstilulionality beyond a reasonable rhmbt. 'I'hese two cases were ctmsolidated for trial and ar^^ued together on appeal. In case ntinihcr 106. Rona'd just and Kathryn K. just, his wife ( justs), sought a declara tory jmlnment statinj': d) 'I’he shoreland zonitiK ordinance of the respomlent .Marinette Omnty (Marinette) was uncon stitutional. (2| their jiroperty was not "wet lands ” as defined in the ordin.inee. and (.1) the prohibition aytainst the filling of wet lands was uucoustitiitioual. In case number 10/, Marinette county sought a m:tndator\ injunction to restrain the justs from plac ing fill material on their property without first obtaii'.int; a conditional-use permit as required by the ordinance and also a for feiture for thei’’ violation of the ordin.inee in having placed fill on their lands without a permit. 1 he trial court held the ordi- ance was valid, the ju'-ts* propertv w;;s wetlands," the juMs bad violated the ordi nance and tliey were subject to a forfeiture of ."slOO. I rom the jud;;iiients, the jiist> appeal. 11) On this appeal the st.ite of Wiscon sin has iiiterveneil as a party-res|>ondent pursuant to see. Jri.UiOi, .st.,ts.. because of the issue of constitutionality. 'I'lie slate considers the appeal ti> be a i b.illetiite to the UIlderlyi^^r secs. 5'».'>7l aiul 144.J6. .S|.,is.. and a challenj'e to the stale’s coiiiprehcii- sivc program to protect navijrable waters through shoreland renulation. l-.vrard. I'lvrard. |)i;ffy, ilolmaTi. I'aulls %V I'llcrson. Wayne R. I’etcrson. Oreeii Hay, for appell.mts.I.lines I-;, .\lurphy. Corp, Counsel, .Marinette, for .Marimtte County.Roliert W. Warren, .\tly. (»eu., .'steven .M. .'scbiir, .\sst. .-Xtiy. (leii., .Madison, for impleaded respondent. .McHurney, .Mii'-olf iV Whijijile, Carlyle II. W hipple, .Madison, amici curiae. IIAI.LOW.S, ( hief justice. .Marinette county ’s .Shoreland Xoniiiyj Ordinance .Number was adopted .Sep- leniber P*. ]'Xt7, becanie effective t tctobcr b, I't'*/, .Old follow-> a model ordinance pub lished by the Wisconsin I department of RcM.iiiee hevelopinent in jiily of 1%7. ■See Kiisler, Wa5« r Ijiiality I’totectimi b'o. Inland Lakes in W isconsni : .\ (,’ompre- lutiMve .\pproaeh to Water I’olliitioii. I‘»rd Wis.l .Rev. 6J 6.V 'I he ordinance was di'icm d to meet standards .ind criteria b.: sboiel.nid remilation which the legislature retjniied to In- ptoninl;;ated by the «lepart- ineiit of n.itiir.il re-oiirces nmkr sec. 1-1-1.26, St.Its 'I biM- standards are found m 6 Wis. Adin.i ode. see. \R H5.M.L .'day, 1V71, Rt'Uisirr ,\o. I.S.s, "I lie leuisl.-ition. secs. I .Old 111.26, .'stats., aiitlioi'i/.nit.' the • •idiii.inei w .s en.ieted ;is a part of the W.it. I < jii.ili-y ,\c* ,,f lot,; i,y eh. rd 1, Laws of P'O.s. .'s|n>i i l.mds |<ir the purjiose ol ordlnatlce^ aie di iiiieil III sec. .s'i.o7|( 1 i. s-tats., as lands * w :tlii!( feet ol tile n••llllal llitjl;-water elex.itioii ot iiavi^.ibb bikes, ponds, or 1 low.mis and .vKi fni Irom a n.avij'able river or stream or to the landward sulc of the tiood pi.nil, whichever distanet* is ytieaier. | in- st.ite slinreland piottram is uniqne. .\|| eoinilv ■•hoielaiid /oniiiy^ ordi nances must be iqiproved by the department • if n.itiii.'il i'esotirc*-s prior to their bei'oiiimi^ effective. (, Wi^-.\dni.t ode. sec. .NR ll.\01, .M.iy. I'd, I. Rey;isUr No. b'v.s. If a comity (I'll s not I'lMct a sliorelatid /oiinij' cirdiiiaiicc vvhiili I'iniplies with the ‘tale's standanis, • vr;inl. I>i:flv, llolm.ir*. l au; Iv I. Wav no K. ri lcrMin, (ircoiiMur|»hy, ( urp. Counsel, ffir Marine tto ( onnty.Warrm. Atly. (iiii., Steven \sst. Any. (Ion., Madison, for LS|inndc‘iit. Mii'-olf iV \\ Inpjilo, ('arlylo Madi'^im, annci ennao. ^’S. ( liicf Justice. fiinnlv’s .shiiicI.nHl /.onin^ Vmnlior J\ was adopted Sep- Ik came «‘f leclive ()cloI cr iIIown a model ordinance puli- ho \\ ismnsui i^‘|)artment of evelopnirnf in July of 1%7. W ater t hiality Protection s III Wisconsin: A Conipro- ia»ach to Water Pollniion, PCi) 'I he or<lniance was meet standards an<l crilena r,v: a^ulatitiii wliieh the legislature hi‘ promiil;^Mled hy the «lepart- ir.il re 'Onrees niulcr sec. 144.26, r staiid.irds are foiiiiil in 6 W*is, sec. NR lls.n.t. .May. 1^71, *. IS.*^. I he legislation, secs. I n.Jti. .^! its., anthori/in^' the 4s eiiaeted as a part of the y Act «if P'fi." hy ch. M4, Laws » lor the purpose of ijrdinaiiet s fi -ec. I , vtals., .IS lands flit oi the noiinal hi^h-water n.avie:al»le lakes, ponds, or 4 .km fiat from a navi^ahlc •am or to the lamlward side pl.iin, whiehever distance is e sl.ife *«horeland pio^r.mi is eonnlv • horeland /oniii)..' ordi- he approved hy the flejiartmeiit sotire- s prior to then heeoiniii^ W i^-.Xtlni.i iifle, sec. .NR 115.01, ieni'^Ur No. iSs. If a county *t ;i slairehiiid /onin;^ ordinance les with ilie ‘.tateN standards. . .•-■'••X ‘ > ; V , \ A m f i i f f * % r i » \ Vv k :» "" ... ;.........' ..n ..nliaanoo[2] J Iurc i-.ui lie pnlihc purpose soughtthe ordinance. Its I.asir ** ^ht.inu-.l I,y uavitraMc waters and’lhr’"^';" therein from the dcirr-. l-, t'‘>n which residts fn '* ' atid development of T ""‘*^‘•*’■‘’'•’■’‘1 »se ^•avi,^ahle \ZZ P »•> theK >«e u .Iters Protection Act. sec M i - ‘he fumniiu and «cncral uelfare’d'V, ' ''•hich grants anthoritv for s^Imn-f *»t.' to counties ,h^ c’ ’''"‘ri 'and zon- affirnud.2 'i he M• **"'*’* «■<?-'ht .Marmeltc county shore- '■ '-7-....- nriil to iiroiiHit.. "•“•••x ••hired n> ho in #I *t IS <h». •“"./irs. list,71u,.17 r-,T7|‘'‘ r.«. '•'-‘•“s ••7;;;..... .ms “mdl rrliiin to |„„.,7 , "••K'll.ilions I'lirfosi.s of til., r I *riH> ^on.htions;''‘';;;:.v..m iHilliiiion; ,in„,.,. iMnl.lins «it,.s. pj.,.. ' ••'•ritrol I.UI.I s'liori! nmiind »H.m,t.v » ''•nni.K onhiKUHc ^vs M . , . , "t-'tes the Iinc<in:*nll,.,i iisc of•‘"'J l«>!liition ,.f nivi. 11.^•'^•^ritll•ltc . ountv id •. waters ofhealtli, s.,f,.,v • ,! ^ ‘'ffcct piddic ......... ........... ->■ J,,?, r'.'"™' "" h< MV. .1.4 of the 1**^" defined ...................................... '"•"^hes on the IJ,. . . e ^‘Hiiitv, W-scimsiii *’ ‘‘1 ''larmetfc "•nice provides , ‘o rr/ir'‘he conditional •' d.i.i.-it |i„i|„,j,. , . "I.nll I,.. ii„.„s„r,.,| •, • 'I’ >*'••• rk Hil l,.,if.*' "" hiitli wjitor- ....................................."■ „,Li „I......... '‘"fot.v mill Ke,.e7 uvifar " h.v onlin:n.7 e^L . , ....... ....... I.iiids (rif, rr,..| i,,.- ■ ' »d. ..................... ..'I; r;...... ......... 3 "•Ol fs,.s. •t» ll.iriiKhiiK «.f niiv uii.i »*•' »n:ir.sli li,., ,• '■'■'M* miel, .............- mioiis ••••'"-val or sliiir.. ...o,., '"“'“t •" '•<* «'•. nMion.r*'t.-'r >r:iitsiiiis.siii|, I,,,,...’ 'Ki-tph ,111,1 jMiuiT '‘"•‘"f. liiMorii- wil'llifr j.r.-s. rvis. ' »u»‘l •'I I or 7,1 '‘’“'•"•d »«i- !r!Afs rssfirv nsr.«. I «ois. (N) Sj|;n.s^ Mlhjrrl lit •'se**(iofi •Jo/* * *** ****s4rii |ioi| <,f *• d. |L» rofiitirin,,,,) Usi>s an* 1 * fnilowiii*; .............I r o' 0 ........... ""•»r of I;...so„r,.|. 1,^ " ‘‘••I'nrf. wlii-re rr,|i„r,.,| v- t**'rniif f ‘. ; ■-.t' js?...'-;-: { 4 ly t -r uses ro<|uiriit); a permit umlor see.IS tlio fittini;, ilrama^e or (tro(I);iu); of uet- lamls aooordin»; to the provisions of see. .S of the ordinance. "Wetlands" are defined in sec. 2.29 as "(a)reas where ground water is at or near the surface mneh of the \ear or where any seument of plant cover is deemed an aquatic accordinjr to N. C ^assctt’s "Manual of Aquatic I Mauls." .Sec tion .s.42(2) of the ordinance requires a condilional-usc permit for any fillnq: or Kradint; "Of any area which is williin three hundred feet hori/ontui distance of a navi^rahlu water and which has surface drainage toward the water and on which there is: (a) iMlIinj; of more than five hundred square feet of any wetland which it eoiiti)'iioiis to the water . . . (d) I-'illiiqj or Kfadinjr of more than 2,()ihi •stpiarc feet on slopes of twelve per cent or lcs.s." 76<I Win. - 201 NORTH WESTERN REPORTER. 2d' SERIES In April of 1961, several years jirinr tn the passage of tins onlinancc, the Justs purchased .^6.4 acres of land in the town of I.ako alon^ the south shore of Lake Noijuehay, a navi^ahle lake in Marinette county. This land had a frontage of I,- i66./ feet on the lake aiul was pnreha.sed partially for personal use and partially f«n resale. During the years 1961, lV6r>, and 1%7, the Justs maile five sales of parcels haviuf^ frontage and extending hack fiuni the lake some fitM) feet. leaving" the piopu involved in these suits. 'I lns proj»erty has a froiitaKC of .^66.7 feet and the soiiih une half contains a stand of eed.o*. pine, vari ous hard woods, hirch and red majde. riie north one half, closer to the lake, is fiarren of trees except nnmedialely alon^r tlu- slime. I he sunlh three ftnirths uf this noith inie halt is populated with various plant grasses and vc):elalion inclndini: s(»me plants which X. (\ 1‘assett in his manual of a<|uaiic plants h.is elassiiietl as * ;u|n;iiie.” I here arc also tuin-.i<|iiatic plants whu h Ktow upon the laml. .\h»ne, the shoreline t-l hams, |MfUi*r pkilil.s. ;it|i| pniuls. (•»! lti*l<Math»u of ;iiiv w.atcr roiirsi*. (*h ImIHii;;, draiii;mi* m* dml^iim «»r (here is a licit of trees. The shoreline is from one foot to .^.i feet higher than the lake level and there is a narrow licit of hi^dicr land alonj: the shore known as a “pressure ridj^e” or *‘ice heave,*’ varying; in width from one to three feet. South of this pfiint. the natural level of the land ranues one to two feet above lake level. I he land slopes K^nerally toward the lake hill has a slope less than twelve per cent. Xo water flows onto the land from the lake, hill then* is some snrfaec water which col lects on land and stands in pools. I he hand owin’d h\ the Justs is designated as swamps or marshes on the L'nited States (aeolo^ical .'^iii \ ey .Map an«l is loeateil w ith in l,M*M) fi*ei of the normal hi^h-water elevation of tin* hake, d ims, the property is iiielmied in a eoiiservancy district and, liy see. J.Jn uf ordinance, classified as ‘ wetlands.** ( onse^iUently. m order to place more than .soil sipiare feet of fill on this properly, the Justs were rerpiired to obtain a eonditioii.il nse permit fiuiii the /oiiin^ adininistratm ol the eoinity and jia; a fee ni !jij0 or incur a forfeiture of :fl0 to $^J00 for each <hav of violation. In I ebrnary and .March of 196X. six months alter the ordinance b( came effec tive, KonaM Jiisi, w if lion! securing a eon- dilional-iiNC )ietnnt, iiaoled 1.010 sijnare \ards of sanil o?iii> I Ins property and filled an .Ilea •ipproxnn.itrly JO-feet wide com- nn ncin^’ at the soinhwol corner and e.x- 0 ndini; almost ^^mi leei north to the north west eorner near the '»horeImr, tln n easterly almiK" the shoreline almost to the lot line, lie slaved back fri»m the pn *'s|ire ridj^c about JO irri. .Mine than square feel of iliis lid was upon wetlaials locateci con- lienoiis to the water and which hail surface dt.dii.iee tMw.ard the lake. *l*hc fill within feel of il:e lake also was more than J.0<M| sijuare feet on ,i !l<#pc less th.iii IJ pt 141 III It IS not serioii''ly coiitcnded that :iri iMtlin;; lo I h** {.tfO istuns of Si i linii ,1.0 of lilts I*. 0»l l«<IIMI\;it Ilf fii|i soil f,f |n;|f. O'o I'rniilM iry lin;:s. ti) l*i»*rs\ 1 i{M-ks. Ii(i:itiifiijsi‘sj* %•tr y:m I- ; A !K Jhv Ju>t‘ (III* tiial A *1 in (3-81 public of nat- unt;l rt for ur; to U'C tecnon imlcs'i too K*' The s< presvn i> obti! power hctwci aixl Cl matter owner piiwer propel IS sai( the n ni^lu public to be actua' iransi a »ak .\nt<» Jl \V Kacii N.W t'oim 71. 11 REPORTER. 2d SERIESthere IS ;i holt of trees. The shoreline is from one foot to XJ feet higher than the lake level ami there is a narrow lielt of hi>;her lami ahinj; the shore known as a “pressure ruij'e ” or “ice heave,” varymi; in width from one to three feet. South of this |nnnt, the natural level of the land ranees one to two feet alnive lake level. I he land slopes ^vnerally toward the lake hut has a slope les.s than twelve per cent. Xo water flows onto the land from the lake, luit ihcie is some siirlacc water which col lects on land and stands in pools. rile land owned Iw the Justs is designated as swamps or marshes on the I'niteil States tieolo^ical .'survey Map and is located with in feet of the normal hi);h-water elevation of the hike. 'I'lnis, the property is included in a ^•onservancy district .•mil, hy sec. of the ordinance, classifieil as ■'weilands." t'onse«inentl\. in order to place iiiore th.'in .sin) si|n:ire feet of fill on this properly, the lusts were reipiircd to ohtaiii a eondition,il use permit tioin liic /otiin^ adiinnisliator ol ihe eounty and pa;, a fee of $20 or incur a forfeiture of $I«I to for i-ach dav of violation. In I eluii.iry and March of si.x months alter the ordinanee In came effec tive. Ronald Jiist, witlioni si-cnr’in;^ a eon- ditionat-ii'e pel tint, ha'ilul I.OlO sipiare v.iids ol s.md onto this property and filled in area .i|»pm\itn.itrl\ JU-fect wnlc corn- tin nrni^ at till* 'suiithufsl voriKT ami ex it mliiu; aliiiu'st tVit north to the north- arst itii ncr luai the vhorelmr, then caNtcrIy ilmi: the shoreline almost to the lot line. Ill* st.i\e*I l»ack lr<»tii the j*ri'*'*iire riilj^e ihoiit Ji) fell. Mole ilian sf|n:irc feet »f tins till was upon wetlamis locatctl con* to the w.iliT aiul winch ha«I suriace It.itiiane toward the lake. he fill witliiii ful of tl;e lake also was more than sijiiair |\rt on a slope less than 12 *t‘icMil^ It IS not seiionsly t*f»ntcmlcd tin'll Wfliati.N • i.ltlili;; t,» ||»,. |,MO jsiMlis tti Sri iiiin .1 o Ilf iliiH «ii itiiiaii* I. i*»l of t(i|i voi| ij|- Mo r *r:iiilM*rrV Imi;:w. I Nm ks, lioatla»ii:sf s.** 4 •fr-i .■V m t i ! ri JUST V. MARINETTE COUNTYI'll.* .1". ,S*I N W '.it •••!Wia.isis did iu.t vKihrtc the »tdm.ince and lal court correctly louml ,i violation.rc.il issue is whether the conserv- ilistrict provisions and llic wctlands- restrictions arc unconstitutional he- they amount to a constructive lakiii;i lusts ’ laud without compeusatiou. Idle coimly and the stale of Wiscon- •jiuc the restrictions of the conserv- district suul wetlands provisions con- ; a proper c.xcrcisc of the police r of the slate and do not so severely the use or depreciate the value of the as to constitute a taking without com- itiou. •8] T o slate the issue iii more mean- il terms, it is a couflict hciwceu the c interest in slopping the despoilation latural resources, which our cili/ens recently have taken as incvitahle and granted, and an owner ’s .asserted right •e his properly as he w ishes. The pro- on of public rights may he .accotn- icd hy the exercise of the police power ss the damage to the property owner is great .md amounts to a confiscation, securing or taking of a henefit not «entlv enjoyed hy the public for its use btained by the government through its er of emmenl domain. The distinction veen the exercise of the police power condemnation has been said to be a :tcr of tlcgrec of ilainagc to the propeil> ler. In the valid exercise of tlic police .er rc.ason.ably restricting the use of perty, the ilamag'' suffered by the owner •:iid to be incideii.al. However, where restriction is so great the landowner ;ht not to beat such a burden for tlic llic good, the restriction has been hcbl lie a constructive taking « vcn though the ua! use or forbidden use has nut hceti lusferred to the government so as to be laking in the traditional sense. Stef.m ito lUidv V. .'^tatc Higiiway I'omm. ( \\Ts.2d' l-*« N.WJd .M'»; l’•nhlcl• v. icine County (!'«*«)). Wis-M l.V, bid AV.Jd 40.1: Nick V. State Highway imm. 1-^ \Vis.2d ."^11. Id*> N.W.id HI N.\V.2d ‘'5; State v. Itecker il'CM). Jl.s WTs. hu\. J.ra N.W. 144. Whether a t.ikmg has occurred dc|*cuds upon whether "the rcstnctioii practically or substantially lenders the land useless for all reasonable purposes.” Iluhicr v. Racine Connty. supra. The loss caused the individual must he weighed to determine if it is more than he should hear. As this court staled in .S7c/i/»i. at pp. 1-1 N.\V.3d M9, p ilainaj^c is stich as to he suffered by many siimlarly situated and IS in the nature of a restriction - >» the use to which land may lie put and o rglu to he IioriK ’ liy the nuhviflual as a memher of society for the good of the puhlic safety, he;iltli or general welfare, it is said to he a reasonable exercise of the police power, but if llic damage is so great to the in dividual that he ought not to bear it under contemporary standards, then courts arc inclined to treat it as a 'taking' of the property or an unreasonable exercise of the police power.” |9| .\laiiv years ago. I’rofcssnr I rciind stated in Ins work uii The Police Power, sec. .s|l. at .s4d-.sl7. ”lt may he said that the state takes properly by eminent domain because it is useful to the imblic. ami under the police power because it is harmful l-rom this results the difference lietwci it the pow er of t nmiciit domain .md the pol ce power, lliat ih.- former recog nises a right to eoii.pciisalion. \shile the latter on principle <loc- not.” 1 hits the necessity for nioiictaiy compensation for 1..SS suffered to ail owner by |.olice power lesliictmn aiists when restrictions arc j.laced on piop^ily in order to create a pnl.l,.. benefit rather than to prevent a pnl.lic h.iiin. Rathkopf. T he l.aw of Zon ing and Planning. Vol. 1, eh. f», pp. f*-'- 1 101 T his ease c.mses us to reexamine the concepts of public Imietit in contrast t.. public li.irin .md the scope of an owner ’s right to us«- of liis pioperiy. In the instant c.ise we have a resiiiction on tlie^nse of a citi/eiis’ pr..l'crly. not to scenic a benefit for the public, but to prevent a harm from the change in the natural character of the t: f 1 te :. : “ . .ft-;-. .. > " ’ i .<.' » \\ 9 I ; f * l-viP J> 1 r .1 r :i- ■ ♦ V' •• ^ iH-. -'Vi ''iV I' 11 - /. !^1 ‘ 5T 1 ‘W. I' V , f* »-J • 'V t [J,,:a W'^» » .riA. >/-M>iij—fr-m7liS * 201 NORTH WESTERN REPORTER. 2d SERIESi j|:/nis’ itKipcrtN. Wo M.irt wtth the ;>rcm- 1-0 ih.il l.iki> .iiiil rivor> in their natural -l.ito arc im|U)lliitcd .nul the jiollution which turn exists is nun ma<le. The state of WiH'onsin umler the trust iloctriuo ha- a duty to erailieatc the jirosciit jMilhitiou ai»l to lu ovout further pollution in its nav ittahte waters. This is not, in a lenal sense, a t;ain or a securing of a honefit hy the niaintaiu- intc of the natural sUiliis «/io» of the en vironment. What makes this case ihfieient from most comlemnation or police power zoninjj cases is the interrelationship uf the uetlands, the swamps and the natural en vironment of shorclands to the purity of the water and to such natural resource- as navigation, fishin;r. and scenic heanly. Swamps and wetlands were once coi.sideml wasteland, undesirahle, and not picture-iiuc. I’.ut as the |»cople hccame more .sophisti cated, an appreciation wa- acipiired that swamps and wetlanil- -erve a vital role III nature, are part of the halauce of nature and are essential to the purity of the water in our lakes and sire.ims. .<wanips and wetlamls are a necessary part of the ecoloj;- ic.d eication and now, even to the iiii- initwitcfl, possess llicir own l»raiily in nainu*. [11. 12] Is tlir o\vnri>lup ol a par«*rl of land so alisolnU* that man can *;hai.^:r Us nature to suit any of his purposis' I !u* ^M'lat forests of mir slate were slrij»pcd nn the theory inaiTs ownership was nnlnnilt d. Ihil in forestry, the land at least was used naturally, only the natural frnii i»1 tin* latid (the tree'll were taki n. 'I he ih spiMl ai:e was in the failure l*» !n»»k to ihd Intnre .atal provide tor the refore'^tratioti ol the lainl. An m\ner of laml has no al ^Mlijt* and nnlmnted n^lu to ehaiu:e the essential natural eharaeler iif his land so as to iise It for a purpose tor wlneh it was nnsintr«l in its natural state and wlneh ininits tiu- rights of others. The ixereisc of the p«» liee p«»wrr in zoning must he reas«»n.d»lr and we think it is not an mneason.iMe ev eiefsc of that power l<i piaxenl haiiii to pill lie rn his hy limiting the nse oi pri\.ilt pmpeity to its natural uses. (13) This is not a case where an owner is prevt nted from usinj; his hind for natur al ami indn^eiions uses. 1 he uses consistent with the nature of the laml arc allowed and other iise.s recognized and still others per mitted hy special permit. Ihe shorcland /oiiinu ordinance prevents to some extent the chan>;in|' of the natural character of the land within l.OtJO feet of a navijjalilc lake and Mn) feet of a naviKaUe river he- eause of such land ’s interrelation to the conli^nons water. The clianixinjir of wet lands and swamps t<i the dama;;e iif the >*cneral jnihlie hy np'citing the natural cn- virciiiinenl and the natural relationship is not a reasfituhle nse of that land which is protected fniiii i»olice power rt ^^iilation. l liannc'^ and filling to some e.stciil arc per- mitlefl hecansc the extent i>f such ehatiKcs and fillings doe^' not cause harm. \\c real ize no ciiM* in \\ iM*tinsin lias \el dealt wnth shoielaiul MnrnlalHms and there arc scvcial cases in other stales whieli stem to hold Midi re^nlalnms nneonslilnlional ; hut notiiin^ this eonrl has sai»l or lield in prior eases imlieale that <h-vt roving the t»alural eharaeler of a swamp or a wftland so as to make th.il location avaikiMe f«jr huiiian hahilation is a reasonaUe nse of that land w hen the la w iivv\ although tif a more t*i*onomieal \ahie to tin* owner, causes u harm to the c'tu t'al pnhlie. (14.151 WiM'onsin has lonu' hehl that laws aial r«*;4nl.iiions to prevent pollulioti an«l to proieet the waters of this stale from dee**ulathiii are valid poliee-power enact ments. Slate f \ rel. .Martin v. Juneau iTMl). Wis. ;t)l, .^uo NWV. IS7; Slate e\ I’d. I.al iillelle v. Kenler (1*^0/ ), Wis. Jd .VM. 1 17 N.W..M : Kenter v. hepart- meiit of \aiiiral Rc'^onrees { 4.^ Wis. Jil J7J. .\A\ ..M 'riie active puhhc triiM diiiv of the state of Wisconsin m rc- -peel t<» ii.ivij^.ilile vviilers re«pure- the -t.ile not Hilly lx piomnte ii.ivi^.'itiou hut iil-ii to^.rxlei t ;iuil pn-erve tlm-c \v;iters ixr fi-hiiij;, leere.'iiixii, .iu«l -ceiiu: heiiufy. .Miiemh v. I'ulilie Service ( omm. ( J(.I \Vi-. 4 ’»i, N.W.J.l .M l, .^.=; .\.\V.2d ii^: 4 i • A 1:1; t-y- •ii>. r« m.i' *h ihc u“\ i|Uirin^ iirdiu.u ti‘»rn. mm. r-... ■ 7':-^..v; Wks.J201 NORTH \V£ST£RN R£PORT£R, 2d SERIES .uiu.nal.lc nuisance hy the creation ui ‘Mlors which make occii|iation of plaintiffs’ farm inconvcmeni . . . and impair its value. It cannot he said that defendant has dispossessed.plaintiffs or taken their prou- ertv.” The Justs rely on several ca.ses from oth er jurisdictions which have held zoning rcKiil.itions invulviiif' flood plain districts, flood hasins and wetlands to he so confisca tory as to amoniit to u takmn hecaiisc the owners of the land were prevented from improvinji such property f«»r residential or commercial purposes. While some of these ca.ses may he distiiiKiiishcd on their facts, it is douhtfni whether these difterences j^o to the basic rationale which permeates the decision that an owner has a riK'ht to use his property in any way and for any puri>osc he sees fit. In Dooley v. Town Plan A Zon. Com. of Town of I’airfield (1964). I.*;! (..oiin. 304, 197 A.2d 770, the court held the restriction on land located in a floo.l plain ilistrict prevented its heiiifj u.sed for resi dential or hnsiness purposes and thus the restriction destroyed the economie value to the owner. The court recognized the land was needed for a pnhlic purpose as it was part of the area in which the tulal stream overflowed when ahnormally IiikIi tides e.xisted, hut the property was half a mile from the ocean and therefore could not he used for marina or hoathouse pur poses. In Morris County Land I. c.o. v. Parsippany-Troy Hills Tp. (196.1), 40 N'.J. .’’39, PM A.2d 2.U. a flood hasin znniii); ordi nance was involved which rccpiired the con- troversial land to he retained in its n.ttural st.ite. I he plaintiff owned f>6 acres of a l..>00-acre swamp which was part of a river hasin and acted as a natural detention hasin for flood waters in times of very heavy rainfall. There was an e.xtrancous i.s.sue that the freeziiij; re^nilations were intended as a stop-Kap until such time as the govern ment would hny the property under a flood- control project. However, the court took the view the zoning: had an effect of jire- servinj; the land as .an open space as a water-detention basin and only the Koverti- ment or the piihhc would l»c benefited, to the complete dama};e of the owner. In State v. Johnson (1970), Me., 265 A.2d 711, the Wetlands Act restricted the altera tion and use of certain wetlands without permission, i he act was a conservation measure enacted under the imlice power to protect the ccolo);> of areas liorderinj; the co.istal waters. The plaintiff owned a small tract of a salt-w.iter marsh which was flooded at luTdi tide. Hy filling, the l.uid would op adapted for building ptir- |K)Scs. The court held the re.strictions against filling constituted a deprivation of a reasonable use of the owner's property and. thus, an imrcasonalilc c.xcrcise of the police power. In .MaeCoblKm v. Hoard of Appeals of Diixbury (1970), .^56 .Mass. 6.^3, 2.I.'' N.K.2d .H7, the plaintiff owned seven acres of land which were under water about iwice a month in a shorrlaml area. He was denied a permit to e.xcavatc and fill jiart of his property The purpose of the ordi nance was to preserve from despoilagc nat- ur.il fc.'itures .'iiid icsoiirces such as salt niarslus. wetlands, and ponds. The court took the view the preservation of privately owiieil laiifl in its natural, iinspodid state for the enjoyment ami benefit of the public by preventing the owner from using it for any practical purpose was not within the limit and scope of the police power and the ordinance was not saved by the use of special permits. (18) It seems to us that filling a swamp not olheruisc commercially usable is not in and of itself an e.xisting use, which is prevented, but rather is the preparation for some future use which is not indigenous to a swamp. Too much stress is laid on the right of ail owner to change coinmercially valueless land when that change does dam age to the rights of the public. It is ob served that a use of special permits is a ine.ins of control and accomplishing the purpose iff the /oiling ordinance as dis tinguished from the old concept of pro viding for variances. The special permit techiiii|uc is now common (ir.actice and has met with judicial approval, and we think -•'iiiiajiifiiRN REPORTER. 2d SERIES•>i imnt or the puM:c would l»c heiiefitcd, to Is’ the complete damuce of the owner. Its .jj. In State v. Johnson (1V70), Me.. 265 A.2d p. Wetlands Act restricted the altera- titm and use of certain wetlands without permission. '1‘hc act was a conservation measure enacted under the police power to protect the tcoloo of areas liorderin^ the coastal waters. The plaintiff owned a small tract of a salt-water marsh which was flooded at hi(»h tide. Hy filling, the land woiilil he adapted for building pur- jKJscs. The court held the restrictions against filling constituted a deprivation of a reason,‘dtlc use of the owner's property and. thus, an nnrca'-onable e.xercise of the police power. In .MaeCublrtm v. Hoard of Appeals of Diixliury (ld70). .^56 .Mass. 6.53. 25.S N.K.2d .547, the plaintiff owned seven acres of laiul which were under water alxiut twice a month in a shoreland area. He was denied a permit to excavate atii] fill part of his property. The purpose of the ordi- n.ance was to preserve from ilespoilage nat ural features aii.'l resources such as salt marshes, wetlands, and ponds. The court took the vi« w the preserv.ition of privately owned laiul in its natural, iinsp<iihd state for the etiioynient ami benefit of the public by preventing the owner from using it for any practical purpose was not within the liiiiit and scope of the jiolicc power and the ordinance was not saveil by the use of special permits. (18J It seems to us that filling a swamp not otherwise commercially usable is not in and of itself an existing use, which is prevented, l.iil rather is the preparation for some future use which is not indigenous to .4 swamp. Tim) much stress is laid on the right tif ail r»\vner to change commercially valueless land when that change docs dam age to the rights of the public. It is ob served that a use nf special permits is a means of control ami accomplishing the purpose the /otiing ordinance as ilis- tingiiishcd from the old concept of pro viding for variances. The sjiccial permit icchnifpic is now common practice and has met with judicial approval, and we think It- s, II- ic tn ir >e s. u If IS e I. I e n e e c t 1 i 1 h •;r. ye f 1 I •» -a ................ " •■•"’'““■'“iTIi.ouc I*- ic.i'«>i:.icC.\ recent case su^t.iuimg tbc Nalidily of zoning ordinance ot.ibliMiing a tbu.d pbiin district IS Ininpikc Uc.diy tj.nipany V. Town of Dolbain (June. V*/-b 1.50.5. 2!<» validity of the ordinance was siipporteil by valul considerations of public w cl tare, the conservation of -natural coudmoiis. wild life and open spaces." The ..rdmance pro vided that lands which were siibjcct tn sea^ soiial or periodic flooding could not be used fur residences or other purpose^ in such a manner as to endanger the lu .dt i. >a J > or occupancy thereof and pinliibited tin rrcction of striictines or biiildn.gs which reMuired land to be filled. ‘ analogous to the instant facts ir oi. n::natural couditioii ot tlu .n.i was allowed which would i.iinre ilu pm ,.oscs sought to be preserved .old .ln-ni4 the special-permit teclnmine. paitKiila land within the /on.ng disir.et coiibl be excepted from the restrictions. 1191 The I lists argue their property h.i> been severely dcpree.aied n. value. I'.nt Ihis deprecation of value is m.l ba>.ed o. the use of the land in Us natiii.d -t.ite bn o„ what the land would Ik w-.th .1 n could he filled and used for the loc.itioii of a .Iwclling. While loss of value is to be con sidered in determining whether a restriction is a constructive taking, value "a'*' ‘M’'*” changing the ch.nacter of ihe land at t ie expense of harm to public rights i- not an essential factor or controlling. We arc not uninimltnl of the waiiniig in IVnnsvlvama foal Co. v. Malnm il'*2-M. 260 L'.S. 3'C5. 416. 4.5 S.Ct. l.-S, l6d. t./ l..l.d. V MAIMNV.TTE COUNTY ‘ ^We .tie in 'i.iug. i "t fore.« turn:th.,i a strong publ.e desin to improve the i.viblic condition i>. not enough M vvariaiit a.-hu v.ng the dvs.ie by a shorter ent than tlic e«*nslilnlional w.iy of paying oi n change." I Tilt. *1**-* „r Ilu- imMi.- .............. n..l 1 ,.,,1.1.0 .."l ■ -nK- slvrol,."-' ....lu.;moo |.'0'. ».,.l ".>".' '1 .o...„roo. a. 11,'J „,..o o,oa,..i a,..1 1.. .'1...1, >i'o ..,.a,o ... in,1,"n- -•■•n.lnn", I-. .,„lv ,„o.o,v,s „a„".’ 11.0 .l0'ianl,.KO ,„„i l,a.„. .o-„l',n« ...... .iclivilies of humans. .522: h.||.rl..:it of iIk- f.Kiii- .Hid SaiiilKtio'i 1 *. i. iiini'm. 1201 V\'o ,ln- 'I.'""'-;' Ilu- aoll.ii, o..ii|.ia i,o. .l '■> 'I'o ’ ...„al,. a .l.-ol.„.„..,. ,,,.ly,,onl an;' ” , ,1,0 In-.-..0.0 .l,-,-la.o.\. Uns .1,- ,,,1-al .. ,„ o.,.„l,o. uni. >ln- I""-'';"'"; .U„ol, ,1,,-. o,.,„. "a- n,.,.lo oloa. -Inn^ („ll„„o.l, „.„„ol>. .1.-" '1.0 ........ al'..nl l l„ ,l,-„„sM .1 "lion • ■■n'.a.y I- ll.o |.lan,- tiff-* o„iiloiili"ii. '.nl '■,''■■0. *'.0 in. 'nin, n -1,„„1,1 f..,.l, >1.0 ,l,ol.,ra..,.o a. ,„.l,oa- J,i,a.„i . .................■ r \V,-31 in. 1.*>|. l! l,.-„„.„0 V. .-..o.,. V'"* J.to. 72 N.w.-M 7.5". |„,.„„mo..l,nn"i.,l,. l....|..i.>> o,.l„.« .1,0 ,--no ................... .................. .1.0 ................. S.,-lilok .in->-". •" • NAV.-M -M l. .M6; -The esereive of the power to deelare h,,vs iincoiis.nul.on.d by inf. no. eonrts o.onl.l bo carefully l.in.t. d and avoided if possible. The authorities are f. tic , I .4 k.ii.h* In Inil'i; ........ n .a- .•■ ........ \ i | hi Im* ‘I In I III* li* *'l*l*' f ;* »II ! ^ ‘i ' K *. r-ji r*;:a r . ^ • ir i 4 I «•\V.: scRTii WESTKr.N REPor.TEP.. 2'i sep.ie:-: »vi'furl lliat It apiKMiN cliMrly \o:ul a rraM»nal>U* iliiiil)! llial llu* statulr IS it is cousitlorc^l l‘cltrr piarlicc for the emni to asMinn' the st.it- ule Is constitutional, until the contrary is ilccidcil hy a court of appellate juristlic- tion.” This view has consistently heeit fnlimved. Slate ex ri l. h'icifihaek v. (Ire^orski (1*^501. 272 Wis. 570 at 574. 7(» X.W.Jd ,kSi; \\ hue House Milk Co. V. UeynoUls \2 Wis. 2(1 143, 106 N.W.2d 441; Associated lli»s- pital Service, Inc. v. City of Milwaukee 13 Wis.2d 447, 474. 10'> N.W.2d 271 : City of Milwaukee v. iloffinann (I%5), 2*^ Wis.2d 103. 1«)S. I3S N.\V.2d 22X In f/iv//- orski the district court of Milwaukee held a statute constitutional and wc affirmed the holding: of constitutionality hy the eireiut court when it denied a writ of prohihuion. We pointed out the above lau;:uav:e li. l i.«*t jtwtit) an inference the trial conn eor/.d not pass upon the constitutionality of a stat* ul(‘. In iriiitc House we reverved the eir cuit court’s holding of unconstitutioiialitv and (]uoted the Siehlek Cose without com ment. In .Issoeiitted Hospital the circuit court denied summary jud^rment on the ground the constitutionality (juestion re (juired hearing evidence. We icco>;iii/nl the circuit court’s power to decide the issue and staled we were hesitant “to lay down any rule j;ovcrniiij: the exercise of discie- tion hy trial cou-ts. when confronted with an issue of constitutionality of a siatiitt on demurrer or motion for summary iud|^meiit . . hut slated “it is hetler practice for it to assume th(' statute is constitntiojial un til the appellate court has passed upon it ex cept where unconsiitulionality is ai»paienl he\(»iid a reasonahle douht.” In Hofimunn we affirmed the circuit court which re versed the county court iii holding a city ordinance unconstitutional and pointed out the county court had decided a question of constitutionality when one party was not repr« srntf d hy couiis# 1, the other skIi ha*l stall il It was not n ady for trial, without the henetit of hiiets .ind without writ ten reason for the Inddin)^. Although the practice for •rial courts no. to hold laws iiiK onstitntional has not lir.n uniformlv followed, ne\t rtheless, it is our helief many lawyers have and are hrin^inn to the federal courts eases involving ques tions of coiisiitiitionalily of stati* laws l>c- cause of the limitation placed on state courts in the exercise of the power to de clare a law unconstitutional. 121,22 1 \\‘e think that when a constitu tional issue is now presfiited to the trial courts of this stale, it is the hettcr prac tice for thosr* courts i«i rtcoiini/e its im portance, have the issue thorourrlily brief ed. ami fii!l\ pr*-^fiaid. 'Ihe I'-sue should 1 0 dec: ltd an;. oMicr import,ii't •.'‘Sue with due coiisuhi .ttuiTi. 'ri;c i»r.i‘*t,cf m? as- siimiiir^ CMhstitiition.ilit}, until the cor.trary is d« ciiled hy an ajipi ll.ile i •airl, is no lonj;- er neci ss;irv or workahh*. ()f course, a pnsiimption of coii«-titmion.dity ixist^ un til declared otherwise h\ ;i compcUiU ♦ oiirt, which we think the trial courts of Wiscon sin are, hec.iiise .*i regularly enacn-d statute IS presuimd to he constitutional and the parly attacking the si.iiule iniisl line! the I iirden of piiMif of shm\ni^ nncfaisiiiution- .ilitv hesoml a re.isoii.t!4e doulU. 'I’lic Jiidi:Tiunl in e,i%r nuinher Pih, dis- missini: the |fis|s* action, is rnodifictl to set forth the decl.ir.itory a<ljudication that the shoK kind /«iiiin^^ ordimuice of respond ent Mannein (.’oiintv is constitutional; lli.ll the Justs* property constitutes wet- l.iiids and that p.irticukirly the prohihition 111 the oidiii.iiiie .m.iinsi the filling of wet lands is comtitutional: and the jndjjfnetit, .is so modifietl, IS al firmed. The JtidK- iiient III casr iiiinihrr I07, ticclarniK a for feiture. IS afIIInud. ^43? . r f --"''▼I 1 , ihc olhcr ^i<l» had tMf trial, withmil the ithout k *^***‘K liUK. L‘ f^»r •rial c«iiir!s net ilional has not l#r^-n ‘vt rthi lrss, it is our wi and arr lirin«:inK ;iM*s invulviiiK ques- ty fif slat*' laws l»e- tm iilacftl on stale of tlic iiuwcr to lic it lonal. hat wIuMi a oonstitu- ri'^rntcd to the trial i IS the better i#rac- t<i recoijni/e its im- Me thoronvihly hnef- d. 1 ht* should 'her inijMirt.irt >sut *n.e iira' t.i** as- i\. lUilil tin* eor.trary late iourt, IS no long- kahlr. (If rourse, a itiilionahty « xist ^ un- h\ a eomjicti ni ♦ onrt, lal Cfiurls of Wiscon- ulariy enaeo *1 statute nnviitniional and the tatntc* tnusl nn et the owin^! in;ci/nsliliilum- ai'le ilouht. a^ numher 1<»^», dis- 1*1 ;on, IS modified to or\ adjiuiieation that ordinanee of r»*s})oiul- ity IS consiiiiitional ; iTiy eonstitntes wet- iiiarlv thf i»rohi:iition Tisi the filling of wet- il; and the judgment, a I fumed. The ind>(- 107, tlcclariiiK a for- •■•a’-- y.i m tf F?’ -; .. r*' 'j ■ - ' r\)^ LAKE MINNETONKA CONSERVATION DISTRICT'J^ 402 Kast Lake Street ' W;xy’.o?’-ta, llinnonota 53591 Jarnun.y 25, 1977 TOl LMCD MEMBER MUNICIPALITT CITT COUNCILS, c/o CLERKS Subjeett Riparlan/^OD Riparian Access Review The IMCl) is reviewing non riparian access to Lake Minnetonka in coDjnnction with its study of present and. future boating density* As a result of past coanaunications with the villages, the enclosed materials have been developed: 1. "Suggested General Provision for Municipal Subdivision, to Lake Minnetonka*" with legal opinion dated August y). 2. Subsequent modification of "Suggested General Provision.dated January 22, 1977* 3. Supplemental oourt decisions - Nelson vs. ReLong, Bradshaw vs. Duluth Imperial Mill. 4. Editorial on riparian ric^ts. 3. Legal opinion of July 13, 1974 concerning IMCD authority in re lation to riparian ri^ts. It would greatly assist the subcommittee which is studying this subject, if you would review these materials in relation to your policies and regulations and (l) send us a copy of any current regulations bearing on this matter, and (2) make any reoommendatione you may wish to make to the subcoomittee for use [|prin its consideration. Sincerely T.iWg IICIBTONEA CONSERVATION DISTRICT !as 8. Maple, Jr. Chairman t 4 : V; rj i CHAniK'j O HOWA c LAV I ON L 11 r r.V mi l LI MT p. I r ri.f >o*,c# .1 r .p./r iLT r.up 11^ A. <1/ J. O t tf < I •> I » L JOHN L.^f AV/Z JOHN '1. tJLAN JOM N V Dl C ML DAVID J. KL n ViCDV Mr. Fra Executi 3300 Me Wayzata Dear Mi Sc appropi ripari: actual* of wati than '] citing Of pari page 1* Tf was Hai In thai lamd wl into 1. rights the poi turned on the suit a< Judgmei owner • on the ripari* (2) noi rights T1 Supreme of Wat< The au can in TltrPHONE (l 12) 333 ight bodies srrect >ject. }f 1966, aments•” rst of these } A. 60 (1930). 52 acres of his acreage ts bathing urrounding f land, was ally bordered ated brought he pond, e property he lower court er to many doctrine' and have riparian necticut I Principles 4 (1962). rarian owner \n rights with f ► ’••'ft 1 >-.T •: Ir- !-'V t'-v M ■ i ■3.- -I 4 ..-r' —---------------^I ■ -4-T LAW OFFICES HOWARD. LeFEVERE, LEFLER^ HAMILTON AND PEARSON ’■•r. Fvrijik Mix a .10, 10 72 t.hlri r;i«jlil: is subject l..o a rule of reasojiebleness and that the 'iiumber of such people shar.lng his rights is a factor in determining such reasonableness. In the case of Thompson y. Enz, 140 N.W. 2d 563 (1966), a Michigan lake, known as Gun Lake, was involved. The lake had 2,680 acres of water and only 30 miles of shoreline. The plaintiffs in this case were riparian owners. The defendant was also a riparian owner who owned a very large tract abutting the lake. He wanted to develop his tract into about 150 lots of which only about 16 would be abutting upon the lake. The remaining lots were to acquire access to the lake by a system of canals which they had planned to dredge. The dredging operation would increase the lake frontage^ from 1,415 feet to over 11,000 feet. The plaintiffs brought action to enjoin the dredging on the theory that the ownership of lots abutting upon the canals did not convey riparian rights to use the l€ike or surface waters and that the proposed development would dilute and substantially impair the riparian rights originally invested in the plaintiffs. The court issued a permanent injunction on the grounds that the project would forever change the character of the lake and would impair the relative value of the rights belonging to the other riparian proprietors. It appears from these authorities that the public has an interest in the over use of a public body of water. Consequently, it would seem to be reasonable for the appropriate governmental authority to make regulations which are reasonably designed to prevent the over use of riparian rights to the detriment of other riparian owners We think that this regulation ought to be handled by the individual municipalities abutting upon the lake and that it ought to be done in conjunction with the platting ordinances. (It also could be done in conjunction with the zoning ordinances or any ordinances relating to lake shoreline property.) We are enclosing a suggested provision that could be incorporated into the platting ordinances of the individual communities. Very truly yours. Clayton L. LeFevere CLL:gem Enclosure ..fl '.n ■:n - h.; :• 4-':' ■. ■■■I Sect 8-30 id 1:1 lat in 6), a had 2,680 tiffs in riparian wanted out 16 to acquire lanned to rontage ight action lots use the would nally injunction character ghts as an interest , it %iould athority t t the over owners. y the t it ought It also or any e incorporhtdd es. .suG(')sfv.i’KD pp.ovrsiON for Minma'p/di r.U)M:>T.VJ:SION PF.C.ULAT:i:ONS G'JV'nKNlNG TJIK DI.SPOS tViON OF KiPAKTAN RXOHTS Ui'ON fJUi^.1)i.VXOIOM OF LAND CONTIGUOUS TO LAKE MINNETONKA Land Contiguous to Lake Minnetonka. No tract of land contiguous to or abutting upon the shoreline of Lake Minnetonka shall be sub divided in such a way as to provide easements or access to the lake or riparian rights for the benefit of parcels of land within or outside the subdivision which do not abut upon the lake. Subdivision plats showing unplatted strips of land or private easements conferring access to the lake for the benefit of non-riparian parcels of land shall not be approved. 8-30-72 ..,P;,y, ' . y ‘.;r;';;;r.;\•r'M0'-k.Mm -■':Tj:^-^ -■'■ ■ ■'■'•■ .-■ - •- - ... V,., . fiuoorawD GEinmAii hiovision ro J,^^-('i'Tojfounw.vmo!i nw:!)t.AWO!;s covka -ro J.' 'fN OL'Mri’■ ' 'IJ'V'f )! >:«’)jj‘3 I'ivH Bu.?('.'i V.I3.in,.( Oi' I,'j:j) 00u'j''u;i'0'vj TO Ji’i't'I .(••i‘?A.A'-’'-'C'‘..‘'A ‘oooilon Land CDntiGUOUO lo Lako Kir.na tonka. 1. No tract of land contiguoua to or f X” the shorelina of Lake Minnotonka shall be faub divided in B«oh a va, ae to provide or access to the lake or riparian rights for the benefit of paroele of l“>Vt*U^n°thriSt®wi^out subdivision vhich do not abut upon the lake wun a special use permit. Subdivision plate showing unplatted strips of «%rivkte easements conferring “««« the Idco for the benefit of non-ripari par of land shall have such a permit. 2. Suoh a special use permit "5?^^ of 30 feet of lake *5®., off lake dwelling unit served plus 20 feet &Lt^2 f« additional unit to be served at each aocess# 1-22-77 • 't : i -i 9' % -'I i H t K %> iI.-.A.'.— > rl yf iky -X A- I I-:' [I I-’ la,k [t5> j li I >T’J • ^ v*. / r% * * > :. ! \ \vA‘U'‘S ■ j «; . . v.< ic aii'l ; cliintnnij iT iisk of liai j.l.id c.isc, held liable climbing < minor pla appreciate climbing c and that 1 taining su the risk \ was slight have been Icecfnng tl men chasi K5) court bek because o cular oon< sessor km .are likely they will to risk oi dition. 1 ment on not nccc trespasse nets of («] 1 turithi Rever the verd for Discussion forposbs u«rT 1-22-77 • fOlJ >ut 4 ■X iVJ :i. ^ r- 4 \A I 3^ il ‘t :r •■ijtA ^et>.fLi■- ? ■ ; ’Tftgfcjac-ce •xo }i!juc t Nnirm ^v^•.sTl:nN Hi-L-ouTr.n, ?.5 st-iu»:s • « '.r 1-1 ■i't • r«IC * ‘ ■ i i: • ^r •!•.. I .;!- ■. !•'-• -1 u '"■ t ( ^. f */!!• •f • > IM .. • Jit .... - ^ j \ f. r i! f. j’ ^y* ^y-’ ''i • i»; •> . ‘V n'.'.l ■ I'j.- *<f I 'y '*''^. ;i:t!!t’‘j -C .' I ''I‘^.l• v...i.', \.<^l 10 *'il tiu! k1i**uI V» illl .‘.lit S ^ afiv.tV-at <tio limi'* vs, iiilvd i-S tli« y \v» ic aii'l :‘pt to fall by ibc action/>f boys diinbiiig ibcrcon, involved an um</sonablc lisk of harm to such boys (see ili/Giminc- .ctad case, where a possessor oMand was Jicld liable to a trespassing boy inibred while climbing on lumber so piled)/ that the minor plaintiff did not understand and appreciate the risk of harny incident to climbing on this particular pi/e of lumber; and that the utility to defei^lant of main taining such a condition as /ompared with the risk of harm to tresrfssing children vras slight, for the reason Ahat boys could have been kept off the premises simply by keeping the gate closed ojhy having work men chase them oif its mcmises. fi :•.. .. !’• •••It <:l ‘-'1. f),.\ 'b !. v; tors 't® Rights in shore line of .navigable lake and submerged binds along lake shore may be scpaiated and dissociated from littoral or riparian lands and transferred to and enjoyed by persons having no in terests in original riparian 'estate. 2, Navigable waters C^l(l) Navigability and nonnavigability mark distinction between “public waters” and “private waters”. See Words and Pb rases. Permanent Edition, for nil other definitions of “Private Waters" and “Poblic Watem". [4,5] Z It is not/necessary, as the court below held, that bit child trespassed because of the attractiveness of the parti cular condition. It isfcnough that the pos sessor knows or shoiud know that children . are* likely to trespas/ on his land and that they will be exposoB^ if they do trespass, to risk of harm by maintenance of the con dition. In Restatement, Torts, § 539, com ment on clause («, it is said: **(•) J* ** not necessary *1 * * ***** **** child s trespasses shall ht due to the attractive ness of the condition. It is sufficient • • * that /he possessor knows or should know fiat children are likely to trespass upoiy a part of the land upon which he myntains a condition which is likely to be /angcrous to them because of their chiMim propensities to intermeddle or otherwi^ Therefore, the possessor is subject to/liability to children who after entering rfe land are attracted into danger ous int^eddling by such a condition mainum by him although they were ig norant Af its existence until after they had entcr^the land, if he knows or should know/that the place is one upon which chilmen are likely to trespass and that the conmtion is one with which they are likely loiCicdi^'' 3. Nwvigable waters G=>4, 36(1) The state, in its sovereign capacity as “trustee” for the people, holds all navigable waters and lands thereunder for public use. See Words and Phrases. Pcrmaacat Edition, (or all other definitions of . "Tnistee", 4. Navigable waters C»4, 26 “Public use”, for wrhich state holds alt navigable waters, comprehends not only- navigation thereof by watercraft for com mercial purposes, but also use thereof for ordinary purposes of life, such as boating, fowling, skating, bathing. Uking of water for domestic or agricultural purposes, and. cutting of ice. Sss Words and Pbratsn. Permnnent Edition, (or all other definitioiis of “Public Use". [6] It was error to grant judgment itwithstanding the verdicL Reversed with directions to reinstate the verdict in each case* 5. Navigable waters C»39(2) ^ A riparian owner's rights in navigable waters are qualified, restricted, and sub ordinate to the public's paramount rights. 6. Navigable waters C=36(l, 4), 39(2), 49(1) A riparian owner cannot exercise do minion over or make valid grant of rights- in navigable waters adjacent to riparian lands or in submerged lands under su^ wa ters as against the state. 7. Navigable waters C=M3(2), 46(1) A riparian owner may not only huild. and maintain, for use of himself and oth ers daiming under him, wharves, docks,. pk'. .»( ’ is l *• _ ’ '•.;i'i/ '•.' f '. ' j-'*- l./V t< ij r. i- inch :<) p.ullrul.'ir '-‘j ‘'S ' in akM.in'0 of cvi:i ‘cisc rights. 8. Navigable v/.-ders A riparian/owner to build and maintain and landing ppccs or land to point/of nav waters, tranters on‘ stricted righ^ subord mount right! 9. Navigabisiwaters C* The e«rclse of in navigab* waters thcreur.iar floes not d of any i.-'^ts, but i limits ext .vise of exi? 10. NavIgJbis waters < The fiinrian rig* persons aaiming unc adjacent/waters of subject m regulation use of s^ waters. 11. CeBJlIetlaaal law Thd sttte itself powers [to regulate : may delegate sudi i Iccted iy it to act in ity in performing its ; istltetlaaal law le sute IS to munkip. iastltatlaaal law le state may dc ible waters to a iastltatlaaal law ^ jaalelpal aarMra- The statute, anth to / enact ordinances anfl dodc limits and istmction, and ns^ larves, and boati Iters, lawfully dde; iwcr over such war iws 188S, c 145,1; 5. Navlgabla waters * The regulation [waters involves exerc under which rules m; V. 4 ■-Ti' % r : o -1-^ 9 nil/ 2> tcis” .'• rmanent '.ions of .‘I’otcra", capacity .11 navigalf e cfor pub 'ermenent Itieiia .of Lte holds I IT not on it for thereof as boatii ig of wal imaMBt ilUam al in navit and ^b- riglus. 1*9(2), 46d) lerdseldo- ^nt of righta to ripvian. ler SUM wa- baik» ana oth- s. Aocks» 1< it e BOA cks» • t\, I’l-- *.f • V ihl : : I •/'•■’ ! .y.‘.'.1 I.,”. ^V. 1 i! r. I- iuch :.) i'.ulH'’.'1'*r ' • ui ;\ljsin« c of cr%^iclsc rights. 8, Mavlgj'lile v/.Y^rt A riparian/owner to build and m^ntain and landing pjpccs or land to point/of nav waters, transpers on stricted righ^ subord mount right! . 3. NavtgabUlwatert C The ewreise of in nfylgabtt wateit there«i 'v5rr floes not d of any ri^ts, but i limits exf lise of exi* 10. Navlfabe waters C The tiparian rig persons maiming unc adjacent/waters of subject m regulation use of vkh waters. 11. Cea^ltullesal law state itself powersito regulate : may dAegate such « Iccted iy it to act in ity in wrforming its: It. Ce/ietltotlsaal law sute may 1 funct|ms to municip. II. clastitutisaal law state may di naTtgaole waters to a 14. gaastHatlaaal law laalelpal carpara-. The statute, auth to/enact ordinances aim dodi limils am: rtruction, usd ns .anres, aid bontl Iters, lawfully dde; wer over sudi wst iws 188S,c 145.|: Is. NavIfaMa waters * 1 regulation [waters involves exerc 'under wbidi rules m: I r : :0 t $ nil/ j.i.' tcis” :-l • riiiaticnt tions W'otera". capacity ks 11 navigaUe for pubic ‘crmaDcnt itioas .of :4 m lIc holds II s not ony ft for cof i< thereof f|>r as boatii ig of wa^r irposes, apd. tPcnaeaei kttieas oil -r':V in navigeple and sub* It rigras. !»(*). ) lexerciseido* int of riehta to ripmian ler SUCH wa> CO A only [elf am fbuiki oth* irvcs, doelcs,. NELSON V. DB IX)N0 Minn. 343 lK.W.MSIt *1.1, piers and landing pbecs on and in front prjvcnt'"and Suppress clashing -.f rsr=• ’■* ”3':“ ? ~ri.s:n C'' < *1 « § * . k . %• •* .-**, r * . . . • ■ . , : aI •;; t i •1 V 9 A -..o;-* .. -..I / >.J V -III . :1 ’ i -h-' t ; lid I '.dhig pi •■•■■s vu_ : :id V' r- 'I-' mm . ,„1 t, rii'j --I •;< ■ ’ !-. vi v-t;.-i, -I y.-.c 1- ,1 lo '.ulut of :Mvi;.,abi '.y'of ,|V., ..II w.-l. r , ' _ w ins, liansfcis uiily (iu dificl and ic- ;miJ in.j n:»y.; paiVs. oyUrol aia .liicud lights subuidinalc to stales pa.a- t.ra th.ir p.aiin .ly, rnul adopt po!^ " ''jrcLrdirof 1.0's ...,10 nc-- in navigable waters or submerged lands anchoring in adjacent thereunder docs not deprive riparian owner docking their boats except at of any rights, but merely r^cgulatcs and reasonable fee for Umits exercise of existing rights. facilities, and set aside part ot ( Th. riparian rights of landowntr and bathing ^ *• ' ‘ Jpersons claiming under him in shore and suhds. 8, It, > \ adjacent waters of navigable lake were urporatlent C=JI»(1) Lnhjeet to regulation in .merest of puhhe g„„, mnnieipality of 'use of such waters. power to establish harbor and dock lines, 11. Constitutional law 0=60 regulate The state itself need not exercise its pj^rs, docks,-wharves, and powers to regulate navigable waters, but navigable waters, and fix MV deleeate*^ such powers to agentt se- comprehends authority to adopt r<^ leefed by U to act in representative capac- j^tjons for use of wch waters. Laws 1885, ity in performing its public function*. c. 145, { 21, subd. 26. 12. Constitotlonal law C=63(2) it. Navigable wators €»43(2) The state may delegate governmental ^ landowner, having riparian rignts functions to municipal corporations i„ ,hore and ^ lake had no right to dock his boat on vil li. Constitutiooal law e»C3(2) laee’s land adjacent to such lake as against The state may delegate its powers over adopted by village in ordinance, • navigable waters to a village. though village ’s title to such land was ac- - ud dock limit, «nd *, ^“,ute*i power to »dopt re.- ’wCr'i;''’'Ind’"'Ui^«S »n.bl. regntation. » .e«r. .«h » j;;S.wfnllY delegamlt. viltage aatgX power over such waters in respects stated. ,p manlelpal eerpuratloai C»7I3(I) 1885, c. 145, § 21, subd. 26. ^ municipality, under iu powt . . ___;__mav rMUin i ♦ • * * ’*"• . * ” * . u«. \ it .1 } Minn.) /. ■ > . i ■ '1 ■< ‘.'» I . i. : ’V - Ai* I I « ^ *1 ’ t» I • t ,.' •■'. . .'• f >'' i: /i. il: I i\ U>i‘ ‘ r HUjiil 1 ■ i' ;!»ii < 'I til iiif'S (it IIny tliiie u ^nnl dflcrmini. in -sly corifcrr. cn i‘8 where a pn bt o allowed, o Bj Gcu. Laws IS', slun was iitnenil. mifS denied who: beau dcuiandeil 1 LaK* ISSI (Ex. S IstaiK law (Geir. aiDviided bjr att an wctloD on tli agdnat any defc. nisfed more tliai tenconaent ot tl of tne court on w shown.” Itlsar ant that, as-lt we to Hava bean w. wlthbut notice t abovin by the pi tba fdderal court* aacoiM diamlsaal* ainpk nonsuit or platnulTa act la U' nouKt to a ttir toon nw, wbereb.' rtUhtiL and has bi brInsPS another cause.T A ntr»xit open and rolnnti. plalntM In open c< of action, and on thcrcofc by defend- of actlin was, tor beaopi^ctlcanyol Gen. rt. ISlSt) • ;nltM In 4 been 'terrlto Bisaal atrueflo If thla I qnestloi ot the r order appealed fr We assuAia that •- be appIleV to aetto rather, that Ha pr« In actlonn brputi oals afterthavinic • federal, and *baa by plaintlla: so tb tlon, the case In b within tbeVparaH* precisely a£ M *be beenlnas&ta,tns* MTa have, tva, to » the amendatory ac the leglslstnre ^ sal by a plaptllf tb i I If Wrangle Over Riparian Rigiiis . I A ' I «.'i) li. ’it*:, mmi- l!y ' :t-‘ -I . - ♦ ‘ ’ ‘ I • ■ ' * . * . . ’ ’ r t '|V r :'.i' (Vr ?!;' ^ !* * tfx . : • • I » * .1 * ’ • '*i ! •T • f t » t ♦ •. / ) I ' I / ■" ■;V ■ I • ■ ■■ • , V. v;'m • - ^: • ! ' . " I nu .-!a";’'.1 '*-it ^ ’’ ’; iii r\ccl:ioi .s : :hI tliC city mijit I'O .‘..Ic to i -mc a j or- mil or v..;i\cr lo allow tl.c docks to '•tiospa'-s” and cliaigc a . Tlio smprise c:iu*c when a fee of 52,000 was requested by the councii for a onc ycar permit. Uxcclsior nuihicipal allor- iicy Jim Cialbwol bad sui;nestcd a nom'inal fee, and offered a neme of S25. Later titc council talked about lading 10 per . ten! of lire inconw from tbc docks that exist in Rxcclsior water, a figure estimated to be SI300. . j i The fee has not been settled; the council has asked Cary j l•mncman,whoowns the Biol and Motor Marl with his father,., Ray. to bring back a proposal he can live for details of the income on the 40 some dock slips in Excel sior waters. .. r u -i;^ Tlicre are several interesting angles lo this imbroglio. First of all, llte question of riparian riglits docs riot seem as settled as the council seems to believe it is. A inunicipal at torney n-e consulted did not feel that riparian ri^ts are aut^ matically included with road right-of-way, cnl easement, not purchased property. Grathwd said it was cuMunurily included, .nd Mid te could nlicic irod ri«l>l of-w,y w» used to gam nparian nghU. Ft«uK Mixa diicctor of the LMCD, said from his dealings with lake • ridits. that in a transfer of easements, rather than PfoP«»‘y sale riparian riglils are not given unless they are siwcifically mciiiiuncd In the transfer documents. In other words, unless the county documents specifically say ring roadid, right-of-way and riparian nghts. Excelsior may nof liavc any riparian riglits; ownership of right-of-way may "'’Tta“mn“y K.cr cha.gcd Excelsior B<«l and Motor any f« I'.n .iixnian liflds. Tlic same d.Kks and the same nuiiilicr of slips have existed in that spot since 1946, whereas Excel- , siot'i nand-fall occotred in die Iasi year. TIte Boat and Molm ^ Marl already pays J50 fee for docks each year, and would be «^on« eweted that Ibey had riparian ri^He. .o^'.'lhh „u«c municipal ducks on lltc lake idea .Kcutred wilhin a half boor of telling Ihe budder m prm raued ctatdutniniutnS .m die lakcsiiore llial they . ffr.^d.»»ini«...» lo have any nune dock. nut waul to pul mine boala on an iweierowded bke. nial I f •i : ■!, ’ ; .V.' • i' y . 1 I -I I V'.ll!; i t * I ' ’ . • ’ a - ^ , Li,;! i-.-i'’ ii'i .’l >A) ili il llii.y 1,1 ‘iiKi build ;i lu.'V.' Ifuilduij’, tlial llic fiic l.itic liClv.Tcn (Ik’ (wo Iniildiiii’.s bo vacalod. Tlic proposed building met bulb I.MCD and city setback re quirements, and none of tbc neigbbors objected lo (lie c<»n- slruction. 'fbe planning commissitiii iccommcndcd against the plan, because tbc area Is becoming rcsiflcnlially developed, and the commercial district slionid not lie increased, even thougli the new building icprcsenicd a rcpiaccinciil of an ex isting buisincss facility in the same area, and not an expansion. The council also denied rc/uning. * The council has rqpealcdly told Finncnian that hr is wrong in claiming 200 feel of shoreline, (which would allow him the maximum 200 feet of dock now penniHed by 1.Mril ordinance) on the grounds that the rcskicniial lot should not • be counted, nor s!’,oul-J tlic fire lane casement. However. Ilic LMCD docs not differentiate between lesidcnlial and enin- mcrcial property wlicn crediting shoreline, and there is no legal ruling on the effect of the lire lane. I•innclna^^s altornry has advised him that the fire lane is a permanent easement (like riglil-of-way). il docs not represent purchased pro|icrly and slionld be Included in his shoreline alliilmerit. like le.ssrd land, would be. Furtliermore. Hie dioiclinc/dock •iiiestUin wj^^l he primarily the LMCD’s, not the council t, and mil rltrclive until officials have loki the cimiiicII that the lire lane is unusable because il is Urn narrow, inernown and iin- s graded, tlie council vrill not vacate It. It sliould E*’”*** r.) out here that they did vacate other fiie lanes ami alleys i. year. Tlic Boat and Motor Mart’s dock iK-riiiil this year was made contingent on clearing the fire lane, and imi moving four boats that were being stored on the residential lot. Since Hie Motor Mart could not build a new building, and storage on a residential lot is not allowed, outdoor storage across Hie road has had to be rented. • Parking and ligliting at the Boat and Motor Marl sv.is the city’s next concern. A complaint from Hic (*ity ot tiu’ciiwiMHl said that the parking situation created a hazard, because it re quired drivers lo hack up across the road lo gel out. Hiis ia a problem, and Finneman suggested that the speed liniil in that stretch be reduced, not only for his business but foi Hie fishermen on St. Alban’s Bay. Tlic council has taken action on that. Und has also been leased across l-xcclsior llmilcvard for parking. A complaint that Hie Boat and Motor Mart liglits RigUtN ^ O O ** * \ ^!;j' ♦ • . : V I ^ t t I •< I . :. I 1, ! ; ,. . •I t »,>.’MM'.f* 111 It'iilil a IK V.- l*i)iltlinp„ ;V(* IniiMiiij’.s l>c vacalod, ICD and citv setback re*m ors objected to the c<»n* ccummcndcd against the rcsidcniially dcvciopcdt not ttc increased, even a replacement of an ev* ca, and not an expansion. d Finiieman that lie ia lie, (which would allow ow permitted hy IAU‘1) :sklential lot should not easement. Iltmrver, tlic cn lesidential ami com* iircliiie, and there is no ine. I'hmeman's attorney r a permanent easement sent pnrcliaseil projierty ne allotment, like leased reline/dock nueslion will nneirs, and mil ritretive tire cmiiK*il that the lire row, overgrown and mi ll. It sliouhl lie iMiinted file lanes and alleys this ick permit this year was lane, and on moving fmir resi^nlial lot. Since tire uilding, and sloraf^ on a v stmage across the road and Motor Marl svas lire I lire C'ity ol CoeenwiMid I a ha7^ird, because it re* rrnd to gel out. *l1iis la that llie speed limit in iits business but for lire council has taken action ;roets l•!*cclsior lloidevard Ml and Motor Marl li|dilt I I I. 'i ♦ t 4 1 . - ♦ I 'J . I . . ' I * I I . „v,cling.. tbc city ^ ^ .. j.is vnus •‘./n ihc liual .csnlls „„vcy was not tUc council, let alone , businessman o, a city There is nothing to **'y ‘ wiong. b»t the ic|M!al* d na- council is always ^ ibe llm'l hoiws wiHild. '**®y ‘ I Jj'tblnllcoiisideiaiioii. and they descisje to be I • ‘and the ^ ilic cmincll neerls tlic * „jvc iy|ic *d atniosph o di>uici »•« J. I. „»i icHw •- '«• i ,hc c«.ndl I.* n»ny !«»' brine rcsidcitces. 11*' . business cmiiiiinmiy* y.« • rangP w***- V -'fi-:. ■ r:a. 1 I- /.'■ V K* \ X- > a: i: M :.r>. It I » CI-AIrTCM I. X. kf KVent i> r Is r ^ T <. i * *'L r n /r • , »l r ' -i »| r t « V7., y z a i: a , Dear Mr. As a resi! ing, we Y the LMCD not const Among the the folic 1. Insure tY provided arbitrary 2. netonka J court cas 3. superior 4. navigable public US nication maintain the same but this gation of for their lative au i;- ms W-. >. (I ■ms by lily iia* M oi n ir»- |IM«I iiiiilV. IsilM'SK ;pb»*IC mini IH «*»l •s. US’* I niwHf cins, s*s s ol iI h* iM'ClNtWR ct.A'jToN t. Ltrcvcne t( r i« r < ^tT f, I i. ft f ri LAW ornccs LcFEVERE, LEFLER, HAMILTON AND PEARSON IIOO finOT NATIONAL RANK nUII.OINQ ftiMU'Wi vH iM, mnr!f:-.OiA T rLCl*Hf>NC Hr. • II i i.w » ♦ • * ,1 • \ ' » ‘) ^ J •* • o . 1...i, .. < i: **A '•). I. i.'f-r !; V/,.yzal:a, M.i iiin, ;jq L i Dear Mr, Mixa; A9 a result of questions raised at the last LMCD board meet inq, we have done some additional research on the right of the LMCD to regulate the use of channels so that they are- not constricted or obstructed by docked or moored boats. Among the conclusions we have reached on this subject are the following: 1. The LMCD may limit the rights of riparian owners to insure the free exercise of the public's right to navigation - provided that it exercises its powers in a way that is not arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable. 2. This power exists by virtue of the fact that Lake Min< netonka is a navigable lake. This has been decided in several court cases. 3. The rights of the public in navigable waters are superior to riparian rights. 4. It is the public policy of the state to preserve the navigable waters of the state which are capable of any form of public use and enjoyment. 5. Th^ owner of riparian land has a right to free commu*- nication between his land and the navigable water, to build and maintain a suitable landing place, wharf or pier and to extend the same into the navigable water to the point of navigability, but this right is subordinate and subject to the rights of navi gation of the public and to such needful rules and regulations for their protection as may be prescribed by competent legis lative authority. Mr. F July, •... i fO a .Is :ujl Wg be can bi withoi which chann* trict' other We wo< cific CLLt j H t \ f Vi r\tlt \ *).’•:> * ^ ^ A meet t of are • 8 • are era to gation - not Lake Nln< I several trve the f form of »e conunu- build and :o extend Igability, :s of navi ^lations : legis- '•'L r-Vl'••■x'iA J Vj f; r-..| > ■i \V » « V- . r^' i-*:’ M 4 I" & ( .'d > .. rifiV J »"-:5 •y.' m' LAW orFiecaLcFEVeRE,LEFLER, HAMILTON AND PEARSONHr# Fr«mk Mlxa, Exocutivo Director 15, 1974 V> r ..^ 0 \ . t i ; \ »i i -. . * . > Oi;«; '. *, \ • ; L.' I i * • 1 » : >> »•( * ' '* > / I .( I ' , t .Ij \* • , .............^ ^ <.■> I fKi.-Miu'I. :.'i\y li'.vo 'o •'•.I'i *-!i. :i ^l, iilii '.>1 r.cc«'.‘.'U .1.5} subject to tho pulDllc'.'J paramount .v.bj ’il: to e.'^G tJio ohanjiel. We believe that the une of the channel for ip.ooring and docking can be regulated go as to keep the channel open to public use without violating the rights of riparian owners* Regulations which are reasonably related to protecting the usability of the channel would be permissible even though such regulations res tricted riparian owners along channels to a greater degree than other riparian owners. fVi.’nu' 1 1 , We would therefore suggest that consideration be given to spe cific regulations dealing with the use of channels. Very truly.yours. Clayton a* LeFevere CUi jpf rn^mm V,- ■■■ ft. 1 S' vflbft « • .'.Mun. ■•^V^v. r NOin’iT ^vr.KTKKN RT^ro'n ’ETi, ?d f:];':mE3, •.<• .d jl'.l f. !o do, Ic t’,. r(', .'•nd fat t ^ddr!? ^ ,!'or ;': tj d i’r %;? V/; .'?» 'J*' * ’; v! 2 ^^ i' ^ * ■ *' 1% % » ... - ...--, ^ •‘!t.d*ir;*4 ’;.’-n oii.i'a ♦»> :nu,<,.^,:j;y !cf. t*o;», i.onstfiJ.ct*i:a r-i.d ;••:<; cf r.H ii}-:T5, ■ V v/f;.:-l'.■ ;V, t3 :mi [ulvat« V o-.-ut -l i vc<;, a- 'l ’ o i>,.-i < M y.y ■ T.;; Js, :..v,n.'dr i ial. ‘ . iiavr, ••Xdc .vattTS /••*»<! J r.t«*S c-f '*!«*-. f- •r,id lo >.MtJ.^In MhI t :/.;thlis!i liy Oidi- iv'..vIfjr'd4o waters C-^2 • . ii;uu;c jii !ii:c h !;i't;!tio:iS for the govi:»:t- A ch;\jgc ni.vy he nude for \i c‘ot r.nd [;ooJ order of the vilhigc, snch a ^ facUily furnished as incident of rc^^alat- vilta^c in the exercise of such government- ing use of navigable waters. a| powers is authorized: 21. Municipal corporations e=^7l3(3| (a) To establish and maintain a public A vinage, authorized by statute to erect dock on park property adjacent to a navi- and maintain public boat dock on its park gable lake; ^ property adjacent to navigable lake, had (b) To rcciuire all watercraft usin^g power to charge reasonable annusd fee the waters adjacent to the park to use the for permit to use such dock. Laws 188S^ puUic dock to the exclusion of other shore c. 14Sb I 2U tubd. 21 Itiidf of the park, notwithsUnding tfj . .. fact that the owners of sntk watercmfl U linnlelpil eerpsratiMC ^ufSICII _____ « A A .A • * A. rightt in sock fhora topiiv off of kntMnf kenck if n IIS pnik prop erty adjacent Mvigsllt (c) To cksrfc a fee for a pctadl to dnsivo «aa of kafocra wMmq an^ aat apart for bntfcing n part of anSk waicra to ffw cadMan •• ■I adMT naas of wkkk Ika waaara arc ,!, r.;nd;;'.it. I^ctov/ t ^>1: inti;r. .-..id he np' t’.c ux i:*uiy . -lU* doncr.t aiu tvjdtaco, '.VC luve ct-ty i*' undt ’.rstan*. «c ^ucnily, .we hav«i ■nci t, srjrsAxtsi to tbe entire ac the facts, ^aintiif is the c tel areas, one of % h jven Park ^ « rk. SubdtnskMi located : Sneof fkal I rkMa ki laM m alfktt' 1 r. ■ ^ ,!vrcn »aut. ■Hotovr 1-c ap: Bee-'-.;'' ^- ' C a'uiy inai| plV:It :,1 lUinci-.t aiu cv\'.kncc, \vc t^ave cuiy unJerstant sclucntly, .we 1»»n 9S|to A® entif* •• oHtlie f»5*% MaSntiff ia llw • •-giAilt At f all ptefib: on any . ■. t;y ! r-.i'*'* r .%' • o .■4-Hi5=-“ ■“."3:sra«. -r ..1 tlic to ilic rart of tTic snore i. n« •many rcsjiccts ina<j.’icU ‘ , . f-V •;<-<?, VO ;t ;uvl of ^!S W * >' *® ' }" )ay Ijcloocufie 1j.-vo hr-d •>. .t- owi.. J •>> • ••;* ... V:;'l evi;- !,..vo hrd . , .M.- o;vo.-<l ^V-,.: ' r.t :-o . .o.-i.r-cy >,f . of I by C-IV •■' 'i'.’- . • , ........ ,vf. r,:.'u, o.o ... ..f_v;;,y; \*/ Ow 4 '■ -f * ;,:t v;:'in . to n-o oi!fcr i1»o ' -.nding t i’!^.^;:’ f is !!>o cv; yi ;i > » i '• , , . • v'.\‘:, ’.'j .> ‘ ‘ Kven Park m ^Ic'vini -f >n>. the to shore line of th« latte* Haiatiff c.at.ns Loois l5ay within the area riparian rights in question as appurtcn.int i^tcpthc railroad quitclaimed its right, to his land under ceriam deeds of con- Veyance. _______ y«cord as su^ .'ll ’- v-.r hoj c ’' [■* c,(‘.', :tcc o ;it the *h. vill.TJC, J dollars i*< ill, upon, lion or at Defeml the orifii predse r appear, I fees for < ir the iM z- . _ mMtiM ff#> Kuposct tUlt •nd formerly lictvvccii. ’’iO ^'-'l r- ^7^ 7 i\ ’;y L’.b* ijii < f •.••.■'y. :t*-> t. i h'. viuas of vinl con- use raid enjoy* and jnivilegcs area referred aimed its right. record at sop- anationt madt SiiSBi • «r 9^fi 7 XOKTII IIKI’OIITKT?. 2,1 r-;l T-a-c. n, 1V.V), 5?:0 V'”; ;:r ; •-‘-d- i M » tvo • ;<’s t.s < i. . ■V’j m/ J * • t • • V % .,v>; if p:\\r I *t.l’ l! 'CI * A . •:y 1 * '.>< ♦ • .1 ' > Vr * v: .1 i: I1 .• I, • . . i:r . ^ VC ^.,ny !:.; 1, Or^t .. ■V,M^ r-rrh'r.n;...! • r n.cj by ir.^ 'i:.C ^itlr.Vh! Of V.^r.'i li.XX --d lr..i- eVdinrl^tro ;;^o jur^Mliicd lliC p:irki.s or feir- .l to ,^...1 • yhcin'j of nny boat or -.valcrsraft, excejit interest m •', MiU 4 lion or nny olW bn* ^ rt. zwf^uiford y St ptul & Duloth Defcidnnt a. mayor o( the r. 4J Minn. IM. 42 N.W. S96,44 N.W. the ordinance and olhw r^lation^ tM L.R.A. 722 (on reargument). We - »5iiS:iA3S= ST41S^53S st*'ofirra“y.!e! Tsa sw is .*^0-- ~ doddne Ids teM at die vote [24] I. NavigaMKljr dock SumS fkfadiff failed la akuia Mky mark the ditdi I aen^ la alt >ke dark. Tte ge aad prhratf wa afkatldaf ketch wat rapad ad ao^rtieiga capad^, m mmgm d^hl4t4 fipMB tfUM MM* dltim koMt flS )l ii dMM acia af dtfaate wkkk pia^ iiagyitofarp^^ prthcadt aat aaly navigatiM kywaietefaft UU^t^A at a. rea- Tha aflk«t it gaaarati «p u w t tw Ml. tdddtaa far at kart amltfiaHa t» kfH m .#.a ■*a—^ AaMgaaflU aaamfti •aki la ■aaafcl.^ • torap^ lik»«*N.W.miMl^Mam^^ IM [fitl A ripadaa awaaa^ dgkla a a graaaaatriglMaafdwykMk. Aaa^ad dK MaMb» riRnrioo owntr «mi €Htfai» ripafiM laada aa ia aakAcigrd Akteal eaefcii --------- ---------. m ------------------QR^aripariaa K5y.lrSU.j ^la dm Iwwoidw WMdtmMor** la paidaalar an fftl aMaaam af dtdaia% me Mta Slate a. Kawy*. ____ _ *** ^ ^fSShidf kaa dpadak f%k» Si^# LlAolfliC Mil «/ k'\ . i "W- •7 ''.iiv ’ ! ;l’l t • "■-/. 11- k;'jli i- V. ’ T. rj't'.ill ilU, 3 r.‘v’.A. JiC ,rpi En^any_grr naysfers only ri restricted. ^ and^ 8 moil the lip^an owner r regllatet and Sar Ing I righta. TJ* Dnibdi ImperW 106^ af dK •Jnt rights of t ;Mate's public t .mO 4, I ■hwSs iMdimM .!*n:r.[ihc' • ..tain jtbis f. t.dantj for the virage. nonn^iga* tween Ipuk- stalc. la Ha far Ike] C]sl t I \ i a IM.W. v.i«- . t M MOLioef t.1 Mt»*»«« * tiTaiiwiitf 1% lAi 42 NAV. ant from a anf piatmiii i i«nu» w o--- - ----7m 7 t P A 72"^ supra; cess lo tne relocated harbor and doc inft596^ 44 N.W. tl44 7 I^R;A. s»pra . * . qucsi.on is pii*- . • •'■'* lyy - ^ , , * ,-.T 1 ...............*: • .•:!*,- lit (' :*. .■>' “*’ -I V -.'r . •••ly r'-; “1 •■• - J ^ ill-; lit (■ ^ .-il-iH. A'/. : t , > • * ■ - '• A .(.iV::.: .; a ’-y '>■:«; -.-'i • • ^ - ‘ , i- ..... , . ^ f.-.rrOy .r.vr.r ‘ ^ *> r , - ' v ;tA:: ,1... . V. ft of . -oV;, tiyyMl ! \ ot i —« ‘-S* ' V;"'-il..r. a<» Af 'y-..-M.^AV V. -ato !o i1a- .jut af ■avl^al.il.ly .a a vos.cd. 'Hr i’\<r of V. MIO u.v: ^ -»U w. . .A. ^ , s ^ N W IC'-'S sn'M'a, jlluitiates iTic ijr:utn ..t a'A.iv, «.»cn 1>> .ic^ - • <- - * P avi^ni .atlon of t!ic rules in qucition. 'l lu ’sc '^nhout -----------------^------- tl‘c ilparinn owner iilatltdara! sold nparum . . . . rociged Isndj in the adjoining waterf.' piaintifT ware tSLSh.SSrS^ ».*■«r>». S^Srsrwirr SJ«aMi4 to totne twHto tog «»*. ^ “ !*«•? W«lMMi«tf- for «r cm M tnrns- cajor the «e of to ftgidele the «se • •«< >■**.. - tiM •ute ’s that aracti oo *a cftol 1 .''^yy >1• V-; i• \V' ' ■ '• ’ iw: U:: V?.:i1♦ ,fv .».r• '-■H'aa..'- .-!v V*’ir* ‘‘jrs .M a •' : • H • • #1 •; * • • *v^ - J ••-T* . • - \ • • .. JIf *. • A./ • -J • ' • ; } h :v r^, ] 'A A.V. Ao- :•) C'i;y .^w*.l^ p. S< Mr.intntid tions. ?<?i N.W. 719- why a delr gable watci In the Du1 Dnlttth Im N.W. 1066 W.1H4L7 7^9 i MhOSw J t lie ID *• P WtMM tedcicai- io f »Ui dock fin^ i](iesi*on is ion of n ;:i v .ii'-h ^5^; o. ..t •vvr jiy tViO S' '>>c v:S* t .•.^;cd 1»•> a ■ l)C t.'^^;crt jjyblic x!sc. fhtt of the the public was ill the for tile puk> «M eratcit bcjiHii v. fos. T! •! r?rx!<r > -i:nr {.-' 'n '.‘’’’c pow-r •-> i-r^i.l U: v>'i; f,fi • il-i ^ •.,< •: ) .•-r .<.1 <: (•£_ ^ f • t’-o; .’!«■.! ; v.v'or, .v-/*.’i ■ ■'-■// : v;i*. 'O ,'<.•! . I Vi' ■ / •'‘o : ' o'c ‘ > 11 t;; - '^;i' 1 / •MUC>:•••.!?.' i-r :.!! Jo :S of i r Jo j; > ■.■.’ot r.f pv*.*:»? . i;,;’ •*! :;i 'I ?>:> \ !'<V'. .»' • vVo-.i! ti VC V-' i .* o! r\ ;j, s »’:-s ll -! i:'- ’ ’ <; of ;v.i:; r.i- ^ Vf. :'v V. J'i:c ' 1 Ci>., K'’/ t>'i. r?3 ru;<i i• y.\, ■» » » S, ii'l 517; c V. K'lifo I'.il’S O '-' .uc v. '‘Coife F-l!s ’’ •i.wi ('‘'ip., ‘/Z Oi CoiM., 37 Minn, -m, ?l N.W. 70t, 50 ?Tir,n. 417, 71 N.W. 701, OO Aj.i P.p. 500, Aio.jv. p. 5*90. 'fhe slate nir.y ■’. loipt ’c ijov- >vc juslaiM :*! a v' >*oitc conferring on a unnicntal functions to iiuniicij.al cerpora- boom corpoialion the exclusive rigbt^ as* tions. Schulte V. Fitcli, 162 Minn. 1S4, 202 against the rights of ilparlan owners a*nd N.W. 719. In principle, there is no reason all others who rhlght otherwisV use "a why a delegation of Its powers over navi- navigable slrc.am, to tahe, drive, lloafj Scp^ gable waters could not be made to a village, arate, and deliver all logs and to'charg^tlie In the Duluth Harbor cases, Bradshaw tr. owners thereof toll for such services. We Dultttti Imperial Mill 52 Minn. S9, 53 there pointed out that, absent rcgalatkm, N.W. 1066; Hanford v. St Pstd ft Duhith there would be a clasbinf of interesU with ft. Cb. 43 Minn. 10«. 42 N.W. S9ft 44 N. respect In rifbu of floatafc TTX migbt weft prevent reasonable enjegment ATVriO AntStHcpi 21f. snpra. it was as- such ridhis Igr alL .Wt 1!^ SMMd at a matt^of co^ tbai tnefc • 4lf, 21 )f.W^s--------------- ddcgatioP aI nanmr emild be made bn tfie* the _____« d^-dw tkf nl DnlMlk In confictiw inicresttP Obvions|jr, FamMi V. jeHmen, 62 Wit. Oft 21 N.W.i latnror-tliat 211, it wat beM that the mm mM ddc- fde m n vilate lit pewert in rtgda u watcft bf n aiainie identical in I ndiee newer. nretcHbet irbidi die me nf pobiic b^bwajrt in gen- Mft I 21, Mftdi eral it repdtiaft m vx m, U %J0l IMt 36 Liu. lMi| «p, U frn lmmm, Igr in llw ■neblinF an ibt ditpetien nan dgM ni itgnlai ITPQf in wMch the All W wjiynli what __ ftanlit srhldb^ deal eat of CdimSid pwvanififtba acrIN irhac ibcae anft hi gentraU iMaa dMi ha cai nacaavha gihyddllitindBnft and an ghrt daa an ddhea nf Nd n. Snddb 22 nl aneh evfti iaSftrfwd iJaini ilr nuaraM Iim MgM ’lu; ? v .s, -’c« !:S v.-h ’ 1*.'-vlg-hie V .ilor r-jve public pa ( . t its pioiH i ty- riilous foC-lhc (I !ici cof, the villi ind '.uAintain a | iropcrly; to ret »m anchoring their boaia • charge a ten* pmnded AmhorHy » pM 1 ft? ,r. t i f-t ■ . : f a -.1 & I r*. iS, 'V‘.’:S v;h r . r. .w V , tor•* tv^;;’b1c y A V .«v'0 i>uv'lio * t ils • |:\l:ouS |! [hcicof, the villi iiid ‘.MAintsiirt ® 1 property: to r«< [rom ancliorinf ^ir l»oali mdtgmtr mVI h# r'- -•. A'-.- t*4 ■i'' m m % I ' f :» v= ^ ‘: i f . » * ' * * . » - ^ r.-a ft I " ' ■;■ • ; J •f. ;it' •■■'■ • -• e^e.: A I l-' ftn V ■ • • . . . - i o - A f -1.4 ••’ “ i" ; " ‘ , .V * /i t- *•■'•• • ■ • ' , .• . *. n.5« -A ;1 -'f ' '• •IV :1 I‘»; •'> ■'* '; ‘ , V ,,;,i,. »,> » .4 . iO :n .Oi-oas la .t-. .. ,,, ,,is r.vi lo <•. • - ^ V . . .n-va A v/aUiS or r!o:a:- , ’c V. a V a :oo . U> to'’ !,’.' a c a vo.r>.a.r.b!c fvc for n,ibu.il pVac« .or • -rta...., ; oirk fti.J tlic w.' tcrs i:i ibcr^of. lion, except, of coui sc, • I y, park - Inin a toat lanf!« cannot l>c so ‘‘-fo. - oa'rk ftiui tiic Avr-ters in f. ^nt iucrc«.. tio^ except, of course, * * A 4i ’ tfv to erect ftnd maiidain sliore lands cannot^ * 1^ Minil. doSc on lands adjacent *® \V Ull however, the or-®" . . r.^asonable means t^ 62.196 NAV. Sll. »»««• ..^horin* o« ■»*. V dock on P«k '? lUrl W‘v«, ih. «r- SiSirsC y-- 32£AS^^^SmolScd in the'power tn ?tah^ P”*^^?L!riI!l2tort to nse » »»• I El fil pnl|]^ ONimfd lend i* rXif- t )sr* • F" vrm -O’ , gacu, w — I = \i •♦i __SC !3IrSElp5i “^i^^ 31! •Tcys^r t^hwnniriirtie aMstotn ---- At •to • »I t f.:. ______________________________». Cgllii!**«t» {TShSm li* t »• .•■ efis r«- •.; • tirdy preWM* a MW. IK » t ■'.a ;: A.'r: V. •;•'. i V ' ••’• m , ♦ a ^ w .r-.» .'’b 1. r,-., r>, ;v/ M*' - * 11*. : ■ n .;A. ^ '■ri'ilftl' '!-> i--e. U.r, 11 T “a i.‘.1; j’oe, 11^ I.a, Cd.l, i'i?1uT, Md. 0 Bml:-tt, 119 Md. 1914D. 345; \Va; delphia. 33 P>* a it lies been eithei ■MuucipaMlgr ^ MAP jAn w- O^ji im H.W. 139 1) •I At > - ; . ^ It again** tmnt to vil- i!<n 1 i '. * a. ^ r ;v a U '••a tVc . '- ’•i; '. 1 af !.c ’•> c - • i» latioa i>*c- a:ith<->5 ragi b.cc wlicrc ith iiaviga- iicly o'vned Winnn* v. ISS Minn, ver. l1»« •*- ncliorinC •• inafB. » «M n 4 ■•'la w i ■i- m i . ar. . y •».- i*^.S ;» 1 f ♦ :!:;o Y xoTiTU m:rcr.TKn, !’d r.Kmi'3 :C * ■c -r * I :c. al. a.r.ai :. . ’.o u K r 1 H. < ..:l -.'t !■: *a;v; . :1 of v.' : a ^ ^ S « » ■ • fV ! V. V-a; o a (-.. a, Kv/. >^5. ?0 Mo i’:.n ! ; • - a a, > i; iv:' ’-i : ‘ 'o 'rri i'^^V lo • « • X .£c«i ■• • ■ I > 1 I M ., ' a.i „T. ,. V ar.'S a> .V ■•-, •■ - - Co. j>/ .•-}»V«-vv . - :,Vi...a-v. r<:»0 V. 'tV v.r ! Vr.V. , .s k 'w.s -• • n y.-A ti.'l ;•’ •■••a,*; ..,t ^ , t ^ '■' * ... «... t... 1, c. ♦,'1 Mt'.n. .'V .'••<'.mi»t> i« iif*. G'y ■'* »• ajj-- ,„ ,1„; ,xa«!»t> ot •xvx*- j, tc,-. in.-a.v«; v^o» ,,, m. m n. , voc, 116 La. t43, \ *-ai. c#^f^ v W 215 frcfcrwtiou of waters for I'nopa- Fislu r, 133 Md. Cia* \ in Ta/ ralioii of to the exclusion of the right Btjrkctt, 119 Md. (j^w S7 A. 51 • p'L.. * ^ fishl* Commonwealth v, Weatherhead, 1914D, 345; Wartman y. Ctty Mas*. 175* People v. Silbenvood, llO• t 1|V«- ar5ft£S«i:WW^ mmm BatUfC-M k dwmtft hki. fUtm. S^li 4H IM .1 taM) 1-*«£Ke»l3!> Inkjtntl Clb S. lipariM ft r. HI. |»M tMm ii «MI iniMiMwtil net* we II ii •x ■ ‘■'"1^7*-' ■ 1 ;’.n <1- ■'. I f. G’fv'.ti;! uin , ,Ci>s on 100 lion in a na««'* ‘J- n c« only loaf described •« yearly »»« »®*5 inCdMoniM«l telht ttortfafi ■ A um • r •at •W?l V ■ • * f * , i* . ‘*v* '** r . tlT '.-axU ' * * -■ V .> . , r<i ! 'IV.: I* t Crlit- m<V‘^ lo Whicl. tse tt.e sun 2;25 ’*g^i»ore ‘lbS c«l'*““' mki :1- •»j r.'ti ^v'litl. :. 4 <. f. a.'t. ■’t-SeJ . ci>s on 100 r.crcs . lion in a named were <xdy ^ described •! ftt dr ::x .'.V ,V' -V- ^■, .»* *4^ •*■ V ■ * ' -• f r.„. • ■•' ; «.-<n.\."." , i,‘;tor '>.«I";': ^:fe‘jwss«55 5 •1 «l - 4' •j. 1 \ I I I • 'r • ? * 'SX : "1 'V: * * I h Wr^ ‘ I %1. •VO I-:: tc. «( •« f ? V''' . • »►, . ;’. <■»? ■ • ■ / ■*. •„■ , ■ 5'->-,:'‘"‘ • ’ -’ •• * .* V.; '. • ' ' "'* ‘ ,-. ■,;> " >» .-. ' » - , vv t i ■:i’;’'fj « rly ’1* Jo pe*®***^!,- S&tpjjg • A cont«j;^rp!» ,\lV A ; 4.ilV i-4 ; I .1} , :,i. ! ;r ■ ’‘"’l . ' V 1 * . » , \ .,■"' .=■ C' A •4A V » • .-'i ;.v- ; ; '' 7 •• ;•• '-* W \ « .;;•.. . ; • . .i> ■;. ..-/• ’ A i/ *. V.....................r r*■ • ' • '• , • ; •■.» • > • ' . , . .■■, ■. ■-* '■;' 7V^ ■'• :.■ ■ • ,.• 7' •'. ■•■’■ ■■•'•^-‘1 SS:” Si^K3“ £S*I **!^ ■;# i Viui< Sfej^&Sggj ?PsmS3i « Iter C ttio ;‘.u-V s-.'l •'..'‘I. • •','* ) •. V 1 ■ V.-it ' •. . V, .» • • - vy ..•t .. ilC .. ;v;:,;.. •> rni. ' ' • ;* . V.iii C ^ ,on vliti rtla- j-oua(l upt>W Is 0>nt *'*• or yJi •J' /> ■4 V^»., yg ^igsggB.'s • •• • ' :l - i' : -:on'mvrK‘iTKU2T Fv.r'OUTK-^.Yt'T-63.('tinn. »• ’ - • * ^ T- ♦;■ • ■' •». ’ { •w^ '. (':■.:• ' ''. ■'•■■■■■ ■ ' ■ '•’• ''''• I * ■ ' ' i;•; '1 .' t;. ' !: :7 .. .,, - V j \ .■. •■ -^r -•■.■’■ ■• r -f-r V V M r., t \ •1 *» t. * . i’ i ♦ fii ^ •* • ' I • ■.'* V» Vi‘ i i* •'» •! r-:.”..! f-.{« • ^ , , f *cj - .:rJ Vrr ’ . . * r.\ ‘ »■ .•'* i •• r' ^ ’■• • • • • ‘ «* - ■- , !.-. -I ' ‘--f' iJ I'l- ^; ■ »• ■ ;• . f C V. •'• • ■ \ ‘ '••’ ; ,> o- >.• y t- ^ W ,, . * t ^. • • * . ' 1 * » 4‘ r V - i o • "■ . , 7 , «• -* :.-n Irrtl- I ••■'■•* ■•■• "• r - 'v \ : tV..r';; :■H"^:::.i.T• y ... • ■ .yr,'- J t •’« 1 t (r..»> r:• ' « r. V 1 %y vVt 1,;" . ••‘•H I : Uvua, ’ y ‘-y - y‘ v •■-\r‘rv'.’V‘ : C O!;!! Ir :!C'. J--tl <*f ^ jl*iaUawu.:! . MvkM. <>t i!v. , !:?a\;Vu u7.| a"AV.te by iu lu;:?>. st court. 'TV.urlaii rulorri.n! I voiild bolil i vicli consli uotloii to ha on<l iffioct '*^,‘'*1^'*''^*’' *''**'•**-In 1 tlic*1a\v 4>( iIk* conlract,uUlioii;;li tbcstnto h baa been dtciJod over »•»•* HnA:?. I rourrbad alnce overruled Its former <1mI- i)V thin court that the ilfjbl ol *!l?* I cinik As counsel did wot presn thn point an owner tn Improve, bln wrsoment. It U perbnpnr«srw •rMM«« colnslli^ *5!5L»'S __ __ 2B«^.S5®lfe»s3S-^’" Mjtiaipt. STS^SSi*WAun V. w- - J.Ses. ««pK>»J!»!a**.E£lf!:ag.SS,SmSm B ySW SSft?*g^BSS sasHw?'^SsASS mS lS5inJ"»55»T? I “njjB35&ii u ^y»«w^.«gpa5g;jg 1 SrtiySSB y^S««>«*l . SsSS .■d ■f .t-•' t: b; ’w V .V i I i I 'fl Minn.) and ’; o1 (1b ;“tl? rv.-l, • ..r ^!i i;t, ■ j''? - i t I! .• ., * ■ • , *• *',; b .'-il'--. *. /■■’ ■ '■* i • 1 ' J. ’ kio, ■ . !..JiO KI-* ■ •: t »*•* .• - ft;.;-1 - {I • 1V..*1»i*. * i § * I '.' u.e '-'K -; •■’.f- A;‘ r Ol! ..! * f di-i; ‘ i S’’ ■. »-.>c :i'l 11:* *l«ifi ''tS, wore tht stu»di''lP.!on of tb mKS at any time a Biial dctcrinlMi •xpresate conterr. I WMTO •■fWli. ra.Ln«P ws 'JLiX litre 6d5ih A cjuitiovci.sy over ripr V-1 •■■■ ■'.'•■■'i ;il . :< ’ ;, ,1 k. 4. t - r- I/.; | '• * i '' !i->l *■' Pf! 5K -■; M'-'i ib. --.,; ’^ v!'' *l •:/;!-of-. ..y -.be “i -'V-Vf Sl!'.)i!!y :!...•:;,f!*r !*>• b nu-rni ;il '.I;-: !b>'tl in nxtcl:.ioi w;.tcjs, ruid t mil or viistvcr to allow lli Ice. The sutprise cane wIm Ae coiNidl for • onc>yci Ncy JiM Ctailiwol had au fipMC of S2S. Ulcr ihc fpn M!nn.) VC'-I, • vi ?!| ^ t, ^ »1 ■ !:• r t ;:i» . .;, f ' -*v ■ '‘i *i ?;£■* ***!^« :-.:'4 Vp?. / ^■I||p'» ^ t;''M :;'.r. ■'.1^>-.-. t ;.5 ,-T ..■• vt {■A. .‘.1. iO, § : i ;*;u<;e ’’’C : ;'U- A /■ r-.‘V i?f % i\s] \ * ^COi•l tll‘ tKlri ’*2^ were lilt I I )• t* # I *(■ * i I ’‘‘ ; t • I f iii ■ -1 ‘H % A co!itH ’vci!<y <)VL*r rip:>ir'«» (w.ilcr) ri>',!ifs, uslinlfy a'.sociat** v.l wist. - .:!!!«-■ r. U:fs in tlv; ..■! ! ’V », Mv'.-a !n '•-.r.'h!'..r,. . « . < a • » * . a Pf0il»S^. 7 .••■■,' ‘jV T£71 (SADlrfid * .•t'.iilo, Mic i-oiiin:ll*s o:iso ft)r rfjc f;up.c fc*’ !<; v.vic f?!t* f*x* o i^'.iJ :h;i! ’- '{or .■'{•■!! not lin'o*, M ;'i:« :j-. I •■•> • * s ' r f .I V* • • i.:t! « ... V \ •t . »N t i r I •.: y :*1 .* ■.’• ■ .1.:. » V .1 •:1 :l t : :.*.«• i i, j;i. I • ; » ♦ • •-k.y ii'.■ .ii n>>'< ' ■> ■ ...t ::!:c V' ^ .'y ' • ’ i 5 .n, t) :j * > » V « ' ♦ » ^ ^ ft'. • I ' • • * . ' •; ’- 4 •- • •• » • .■» • . n... ‘ <1 , . i4 • i k 1'V.! i ’ •*»y!i!-or-v ay .l.c "yv -^\y" ->f th.a w.iU \i\ ui- o S’unl’y -.’.l.c-ft' r I'..'.. l‘o»i v.v.s Infriii.r-il {!r-t i’-.c l:;;,.'f(r nu'nnt jl'.al iiic tinnt :nul MoJor Marl ’s tin':'*: .:;c r.v»v.'U.'. atcd in Fxcclsior w; !cis, nnd the city luighl be able to bsiic a per* mil Of waiver lo allow l!»e docks to “trespass.’* and charge a Tlif nitpflsc came wlieii a fee of S2.000 was requested hy llie fof a «Hic*year permit. ExceWot miiiilclpid alto^ ^ ocy JlmCtatliwdI had suspesled • nomifaMl fee, a«d oilem^ ; IteNt «r 12$. Utat the eaunct laiwd ' * cml of ihf hieoim from the docks thsl txlil la EsesWot ^.■fliMtroliiaiitdlahtSl3Q0i i«rsrriri»£s£5»»)Si • * > j I • ■■ K ^ *“ , >% • . Vi # .j i; bi.-^ ■;*•' ;■t :j •• r-v ..♦ , P . ; 1 4. « i 4 ;■ ■ ' i' # * ** t . •t .. •« . •,)1 f 4 . • s • •y-r^rj ■ ! . i v_V 1 • *i t. r t ' i ^ • . '4 • '.».*■I :.;*u i \c \\ •r :f!W:!: . ’I'-*'’• r;1 1 ■M.IV';!: > { y. :.r, 'i.r ’’■■■•wr *'.1 , !ii :!»C f.’, il.cy a :Vcd :!i )t ti:e l‘'1 1 !.:::d r ;il.’bty,vvli'di i!.cy O'• ii, he ri >'OMod comiii or- S.i<t| ll'.'lil I V 0*1 V- I I « |«JI .-»V^ tlllll --------------------------- and lluil the fire hinc_bctween the two buildings be vacated. The proposed bulling met both LKICD and city setback im quiremenls. and none of the neighbors objected to the com struedoTL The planning commission recommended agahm the plan, because the ares Is hecoming rcaidratially devdnpedL and the comroerchd dhtriel rfumld nut he tacreased. etra thou||i the new building rqwesented s lepbi^iaeat aa ea* isting buMnew facility in the same ares, and not an expaadna The councM also dcnM rcauning. I anna SDO^M^dmA nor should^ ftro hmr eaaeroent. Ihrorvcf. theotdinence) oa Ud^doM ant dMKneallote bet aait aext ysoi. c): the Eacdh t rnmmii dtyhneal II Ml Ml la ti. Albaa*b ley* Tbe 4 iV1 a"1 1 K^'as:! 1_________1 1 RiglitsjlP y V c tv*’ IS vvVK’ f?t(* t'X- •si II I s ‘ I 1 I ! ' ? • *: ,5 r I *% ^ • • ' V; !\.' : 1 n • ? '• . ■ • ' I . •.!.; «•■{ i'.V'ii i'lC ’;:st y. ..I, r V' ".'il :.: ’ I'd :l. ;t l!ic !':l I ’•ind )Vii, !)o n 7.vticd coaiiiicf* suld build a new building, two buildingii be vacalcdL MCD and city setback hk bolt objected to the cntt> iccoimncitded afaiiiil <li astfsm hm f.-, ■ V / : . 1 V*- ••w 'r- '•■ :•-'*;• *• ^ ■‘5-.'• *•< 4 • ’i ■‘ZM'rf; T • i- ■^Hpa^ 'i --IS'M: )-.iB AC ?. ■"y*.- :\ \\ m'm V- a*'-.'r:- ••’>•; ’ -r. >’ ■' ..^' - ■,y' . ' V* • • ;• • • ,;c: \.«' ■* /■) ■ '.■<. y .• : .■ .^f . tr '"Tv. 'U 7rA'/ . t/ : <V - V ■y '//■;: . 7^ L-^ *••■A/' .-. .;: •■ • •;•- ■y m ■V ........................................■' •■•. '■ "'a . I*-. : ■ ': '^ :, A- 4* • • i *•• • t ...i'i ^ lu Ca li .- s.. . , n.' y. ■■:' .y"A' • V ':v ■ ■ X ' ■ ;. ';:.0 ■ :■ ‘■■: fii:’ k’fv t.i I.: ve n I •j'.i'a'-i'** f • ;<• cu‘U'.nv ’is <‘‘7.*’’'’ ‘ • fa.ner..;sn ^ -‘.-‘‘r ^ t:*:.! ;oid v.f l.^icst, to d' Si O.aHC j','“ ..,,,,1. ,1 thr yn lMMi'i iiV »•* •’' • Sf^ "■' .> y--\op.siaF i»ii.Y-...mdi u» ii»''‘'"’""'^y.;;,;'. .„hi»Mi«.. m*■• ■■■••' *»•W^-'■ . -• *•......!I« Iii:iiiai»*f was .Mini'»••' ^__^ *ilt»«!iifcm» -Y. •• xA^; V .'. •■ •^• • •* “* ' '4 7 < :I... I Y^I^Y'S*;Vy“:-^ y'•-y' ' a V -.vC '''7-•■'1 *A-.n . Y- r^'’Y Cy ■ '. •-«.■ '•'^ fcv' ’^.• Y-* VC.' • * * ^ ' . ...ecsing. tlx- city "“’X k ’^o c««. l' «««• ■'’"’.rS “. »the fiiwi »c^‘‘*** .L It- Miivey was »•** icMW***** • • xT- ..ihCt rt.l»l»s»«. «"»* Ji'xTJS: ,«MKll *•!••. incctinp. uie y.j ” - . , ,1^. s»am. ' the fiiwi »c^»*** . ^.L iiie sttieey was m* fCMW**« ** Hr to vs fatlwf stihy^i* inihrd Itw any c*vnicll actb*n» __ "■'^*W/ 'vY-.•Y'. - r . -• ■ "'’A^-y . **•■ ■ .4 _ i ^ -VrQ. ' '-V- _ . 4 • k'z- tit. •- Cho it .tifci*Y .y 'i ’ -r’ • • • tw-Ts Y.' r-*». M |<r- s .* SY. > '•■, ■ i> *. . .= 4- • -• -• r. .. *.■'< , m ■ ■' •■ Y'' V - > ’ t- -. ^ ■'' ■'..vy KYV1**.Y™***^ . . • . , ■ 4 . . ,Y'- r' \ ■/ • -isy --• - ' • Dt. k s' %• Y* -. >* *A ,,<;V ;v ,V<4.'AY\*^: s ■y issi I iiibiiil ■/.. ■ -■r*- - i >5^ s 4,» • - 4- -- ‘. r. *1' 4^;- y.;..,.')*«*» .Sc-.,' C«|t ' : y 1.“5 ■- y. .t ' (. cj; y ;Y' X '.. .vys/^:t>^Y ■ ^ X 4 : A'm-i- - >■ ^ V YY y- ■ ‘ l“ V -W-Y.* *: ; f* •c* i ' T -^ . ■ ,';' ic .’■: ■' "-.*r’:V ,.. . i: 4/■ • y.'Y ’- Y., '^- w- ..•YYY-'.t- ■ . ■ 4 . , , , ,■ .'. yc- / c^ ; - ■ F ; "'£2 . • -^'4 , ••<■• CT %> . ■ • = ''*•; ^V Y, - ' v; ■' ■■' -< \ '/■' • ’ •‘‘ y .• jv Y;YY .iYCv.Y ■ . .. ■ ';. ■ '-'.y ■ - •y' , .., t^; A:^pmic'iV-m y -tt4 Y- ■ Y| # •# t < ^ ciAYTott 1. tcrcvcnC ' Hc^nrAT p. ti:rti:>l i r. !?/• WI.7 «:/M y C-s ^ :t. f;, ‘ ‘‘vr .. ^ y ^ V ' ^ ,?- f : a y: f •; • . .- :#- -• .V .. ■ Y kc k >■ ?" %-- - •• V' i ..:. a a ' .4.1 j .‘ Tsi'ce ;i? ■ y /102 )•:. hi V7iAyiiata^ Dear Mr* As s reatE in^a %fS 1 ths LNCD nst sonsi tlM tiM fpili ia inssrs tl pgptridsi ssMtrss] i rt SSI "i. AiOStiM SMdStaiA b«t tills for thsis Istios M , /!•> -. ■-v^nrl . '.• - ■ v‘ .• • • ■ - ’■ ■• :■• •■ ^ ■iskM:.m:f}mmm’ V- ■■ .vrW*'--■/ 1^9 ky: » r.^.\ »,v • "%>.•>./=•-.. •'. - . . ; A '■'t' ■*» V .'■■■ -; - . -/ . • -.'• ' - ■ ■'^1 '■. -■. M fm: •'■ ' \. '*•■, ■> . • , •» * t . -c .. ••' ^^• . • • ■/ •• ■ >, .*■ ^ • V * ■' jh • * i V .nSSf# ,. V • • * :• ^ ’ V; ’ •>♦y-r~ # •# V ''SS ^. V "V- ■» :l»T' - -r.’ ( ■'’ '•• ' ■»•• • t ClAVTOM i. tcrcvCRC >.£. Mr.MpcftT p. Ltrtcn [■• ■■'* jc>v^ r. 'v/ Mil.tom r.' *' ‘>- • ^‘ M *■ :4 Lcrevcnt, Lcrten, H amilton ano ihcavisoii MOO riHSr NATIOMAi SANA aUlLOIN# MINNFTAFOl in, HiNMCSOTA B«40a TS, 107-1 Pir 0. 'A: .:;■;•••■ : . . iiwi. ■ ■ fl TICLCFHONt {> !,■*) ;*?3-0KAJ -li •V JWA ,'.:-‘\ytu-- ,. •» rA,.' UV,;. , •■ *-,* :-v >v'g: ' -.fe: ■ ■ -V A? 'Vi F?:r-i': 'T>1:' col.<>.c ^ 715 • Con::^nrva1:5.Gn ‘i>.lf.;l->:ict ■'V' ■ 'l . •Cl /‘4: • ••?x. mm • • --x-v;. tx'-. ,A02 K. ?*^ake Street: Wayzata, MAiincsota 55391 X7 ■1*‘i7 ■'F' Dear Mr* Mlxat u' doM MM additional rasaa: racmlato tha uoa of ^annali M or obatmetod by dodkad lMt«JV.. ■-', :. Imm tba aoMlaaiana «a bava vaa^ad on this stfbjaat mm iSafi a [ollawiafi -V ;«j A !• tba INCD Mf liadt tba rifbta af riBiriaa awaati ta Inaara tba fraa aKaraiaa of tba DOblia*a rii^t to novifotiao ^ yaaoidai that it aKaroiaaa its fawara in a MQf that ia aot asbitraayt oapriaioaa or aaraaaaaabla* .■■ - ■4 U ;■ ^ - / -F- :V m-a* fbia pt aataoka ia a aat »• • 9. fk* ciflit* *9 th* p«kU« ia aavt«aMa wafeara an ._.—»i^t*.rnm4 r pibl 4. St ia tba pablio polity of tba atato to proaorao tbaata ahioh aro o^iblo of aapioabla oatoro of tba atata lio aoa and aajayant §• fba ooaar of riparian land baa a rifbt to froo^aad and tbi \\ kla laal aa* tka aavitakl* • aaitakl* laadiai piaoa* akaaf ac pia* aai to aataa9 tk* ana iata tka aavioam oatar t* tka polat of aavifakiU^,kat tkia riokt ia aakoadiaat* and aakjaot to tka rlfkta af aaai- oatiaa of tka pakUa aad ta aaak aaadfaX ntaa aai nfoUtiaaa fa* tkaic prataatica aa aap ba pKoaorikaf bp aaapatant 9*fia- , lati^> f \ A ,m ■ ^ * % K.. i::; x-F m 4 ^ ' V‘-{ \m ^y.:0 Mr# Fra: july^ 15 I'n/jn 2 ■?».s ** *'*S ' ;X•■; ■ ■;, Xv, ‘ ^ ■>-,;■ . ■:. »';.T;'i 'A . Vi':.' .* 13" TTvuo, v: to a cIi Is subj We beli can be without wbieb e chennol triotod otbor r oif io r A V • -0::■-• • 1 ■ 0**ll «X-iX> *•■"■• . Uif •s ; >'! [.'■ \r -■ '-^yy. ' ■-'— -’*i* uwArrwM , •.■rcvenc, (.cf'Lcn, hakhuon and PCAi**ot( Mr. rrnnit Mlxa* Bxooutlv* Dlreotot . ^ ; v julx, 15, 1974 X’nrjn 2 dy}^ ■_ ^ d. • •'Ml'"' :f. V* ■ • . ■;-x ■ ' .• •. • • • :yJ.m «V: . -r-/,.! ■f. , , :'y ■ > lo*■ ;r’^ v.-';ioh rioi’kvj cciO.'l ••6i- ’!>>'i•vc-;U‘.<:--v«u^5; 'i’?iU3| v.’O concltido i-hat v>)i5,1.g llio * v;:f:ir of x 5 la.rt land aajr.coiili to a channel raay havQ access to the ch«aniiol, his rl^jht of access Is subject to the public’s paramount right to us6 the channel* We believe that the use of the channel fojc mooring and docklnw can be regulated so as to keep tho channel open to public uso 1“ ‘ - -- - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - -__ _ _ _^ __^___ _ _ _ __ _ _niguletlone whioh ere reeeonably related to proteetlng the neebility of the ohennel weeld be pemiseible even though euoh reguletione ree* trieted riperlen owners eleng ohennele to e greeter degree then other therefore euffset thet eonaideretlen he fi deeilng with the uee of Ohenoolo* rosy truly-yooro eieyton > .7 Noinn wir-sTEKN REronTRTi, ?d n:-mE3./?i,-VC i! j';.’? '•■> *’'••< ’«: -=‘-l '-r ;'; ’rC 5’’; *ts,''■?.-t'rr*\*/.'s *.o .V. Vi:.:Iy !•:>• .■'‘p t, »r'’<;*•!.•’» v.^c of r il .i'r?:,^ . ..ri'.'l i' oK i ••iCf 'tO'd --ui v'C*;, :.’vl ’ o v.ci «'l^ ' U j;.n»i;tirri;il. ' . v.avl-lUt; :,ut\ fix rr.N-i of * ♦jiilo-fi •■■’■<« !'C Tip H-vr oic -’ c uc* •.^.t;*:ls ;na« N'..\'!(jaMo waters C- 2 ..................O ...................... f' , ^ ai^e; rMi'j to crJ.Mn r*nj f .stahl^sh T^y . ,w ^ - nance j‘ Hre i« j^nla.tions for tlic j;ovi:in- V A cliaigc may be ina«!c for \j c‘of j„cnt niul };ooJ oii!cr of the village, s^ich a 1 factliiy furjiisbcd as mciclcnt of rci^jlat-* yjj|;^orc in itie cxcrcifjc of such jjovcA'mncnt* I !n|f use of naviijable waters* powers is authorized: / 21. Municipal corporattoM <S=*7I9(3| (a) To establish and maintain a public A village, authonzed by statute to erect dock on park property adjacent to a navi- and maintain pttblic boat dock on its park gable lake; prmerty adjacent to navigable lake, had (b) To require all watercraft using * * o __ _________0.0^ ^ prMKriJ rajat:cm to ------------------^ power to i^rge reasonable annual fee tlie waters adjacent to the park to use the m Dcmdt to use such dodL Laws 18U^ public dodc to the exclusion of other dioro e 14^ 121. mm. n ^ a. »•*. |i!kit it itona-.t aw tvi'.ftmto, we have cully uiidcrstaiu sclucntly, .we have asfto the entire of the facts. ^aintiff b Ihc te , areas, one of s b! ren PaA ^ p, rl^ Subdhfiddn ______ __ parl^ nbtwithstandiag feel disl the owners of tudi wnitrcmil hsvc ripsrisn rights in sndi AoroML llesitifsl ssrpira tlsns dndvo «M of htihtfs nfesr iMkinf —^ "• t :,'t • to use ll olT.'.r ibo -.rding the e. e , wateicr!ft such sbrre n permit f •• wk B‘.:r use XiC 'pl\cU :ii itcmcr.t ant ^:vT !i:m>?, we ^av€ cully uiHlcrstam sclucnlly. we t>«n a4^« die cntifC JC oqtKe •Uintifl to dM e arc^ytti « |L •4 i • r all ple^; on any ,f v,!»*irf»*,y t.'rJi- r ; . cvi; -Ct< '■ •./it* >. •• . ■’ •■ • • , J •'- I ,;.:t t'bln to use tUe. oi!.cr ihoje ’.■•.nding toe i walcicrj such 8h< rt a permit ' :,) . t.v'^ r;:. ■;'■ .,., ...................................................................................................,^-V’'"r.."* ' ’ - *• .1 I f .5I- « : ; 4 I ;. , I'-TV . i ' = • ^.;1t V :AT i :i:U/V,L;*lo ’• /<.-i*.>iC i.ccfr^cy o( -.ur ;i .'.•-‘ t-.>t „f iuc ^ ; i5. is ‘’'''i 0V.‘ .'‘T '.'f ii ^‘>*'» ' * t- Ir.d rac^^ts, oiu: o( v/l:!<;,>i is • •» .1*. l-avcn P.irV «V**: flti* r : s l''‘’;\'*' Park, Sul.^livision Xo. 'lime (3). 1 j’.*: lots are located several 1;!i>eks rioni tnc It,ore line ol ihc bke. 1 ’1»!:>1'« riparian riglin in rjurslion at appurtenant to his land under ceitain deeds of con veyance. One Gibson was the original owner of •JSl Hm 4ui peatajMd • **?f!?^*** hr. <.<■ '!''li* '’- .;c^>»t.r,5-a !'• t‘ of 3/3./a1 ’r’l rl i *» . Ci 4 a 3e • . t • I■ .i n >: .t • ^ • t, ; tt - 'r i»tl ' • • • ' • ^ f ”1s- ,.l il .: l onrV^y.4 .:) -o-) ■tic! Wats, Vo .y • . • tV^ ! of . il ".vsiulS of l*»l l«‘ft lo l‘‘-C ♦*..* *5 •ft r 1* ' ,.r { fVr \-]V 'C of Dcepliavcll COSl- vcy. d 10 IV- m by dc‘-d lo tlic use and cnjo>- ment of tbo ilfarian rights and i>iivj!cges on St. T.o'.iis Bay within the area refer* ^ to. lltcr the railroad quitclaimed its right, of way to the village. Enough appears from *®/*®®5** ** *“Jl (tonemea hr llK "*LwJaSi^•« «lMkw ibet, bcca^ • M|f fii* heachTann nf honini It fimriie d •Jftl! i . hjP;i T'’ c rV* . .fh- . ’ '• .1 '-'t f i '.*'■■** * i’ j .•ri '.thci* ; KiM C ’ ■ l-'l''* '. t!i I'.'rt .iir.C ;.!: ybicinj; of 'if lit the dock I villn^c, for dollars per h in, upon, or lion or any o Defendant the ordinaiM precise natw appear. In h feet for dod tothe vOai fht trilafe ft US im hh M I \l ‘^1 HgUOM V. MS IXMtfM pmnit mciilioMa. i« and !* In 1«2 tlie village by condemimtion ^ icV of tx- cocilingj accluiicd for parlt „ ,)y x,,r,;n ,1.0 ,o ,1.c of .1.0 , . V “ ‘ ■. • . 1 • I .1 *■,■• V ! • •■* ' * ' . ' ’ n ‘ <1 < • lit .•.•.<•> t I; i..' ». ... l!. ; -itf 1Vu ! • * " >1 A 'X •'•.<-•.:.:x ,0 o'C . Min - i >-r ‘.J t ' f ■ V :t.i i« I’ ^ 'p ! ‘t Vu ! • \'‘* S , . • ■» fr. 1- .. .* : !S of .11 oAii.;iS of VC.',I nciil' iv. a • : /; ,,f n..:cii.:ivuii con- ■ ,iio '■o^^1lol^. lot,>•.^,o.llot1.ou^c .••...do,,Jo)• "•“’ ! ,nc.,t of ,1.0 .il'an.... .isl.,5 p.-vloBOS Kf ;o«! Z I atcr-.1.o r.^Iroad quhclaimod ... r.gh,. of way to tlic village. I ownor of Enough appears from •’'**||!! L! horo ta- plomomod Vp th. orrf «P Uwis B»y. .on the srgumcM » illjin^B^trn ^iVrwft nf iwiunf •bitformt aociatioa. yitmMf thereto Cited lot ooner^ nndcrteol^ y^^rhWd _ *—«• A* tk* waM te io onettiono It pfOVMM .•itlMaUM ------- •J t (\ $. a lUun. 7 XOTITU WK.STKHN lUU’OHTKn. ?fl {:!• P.IK3 .■r ., .. ., p : . • /, c t. \ • ' *j - f f « * n,i T.- n n, n.v;. I f .’UV ..* I f, .• M. ; V :* ,-i I-I , r . j,-,.,:..r. f-.r ’l.<* : ' i ;-. •>' L'*: .'ll ' I'ltr V'- 1.1 •' 'U *'IV '. ®!* ' ". ifiOi t 1 : ''i''> '.Wu:*! • v '1. M I'V ^ ■''' cVf^nr:Mrc ;;’aO •.i.'‘'iV;:icd il.o i-r,rk?.;;j or of Tiny horit fiv ’.vatcri rft, t.xct^jit at liic f’(»cl: owr.c'l :in(l rna ’nt.v.m <l l>y tl>« vill.'ijc, for which a ^jcinvt coaling two dollars per boat for a season was required, ill, upon, or adjacent to the park in ques- lion or any other lands owned by it. Defendant as mayor of the village caused the ordinance and other regulation*, the l«rcctse nature of which are not made to appear, to be enforced. He collected the fees for dodc permits* which he turned over 10 the villH« treasurer. At hit >nst^^ the village narthal prevented platiitift from docking hie boot ot the vitlage hiM dodc because ^intitf failed to obtam the aeemsafy permit to om the 13S feat of bathing beadi m roped o« •ag boats were otwnd ed from that nr^ It is them acta of dtfondaiii which pla^ tiff daima ooostitnlt an intcrforcuec with hia ripariaa lidktk Tht vilhgo it governed bjr 14Sb which an for as here ma^nal in | 21 * _______“ mmnnmo aal pfWIQCl *C A . *is < ^ ! .a v>c .•! /!y : .M, >Tooentmi and protect the pafo • • • porka • • • _ k___ diacontimii aama). * * if SSiSL A ’ ^ ^ t \ ! • . ‘J u :.-*t * » ' * ‘- - .v; V.,^ ! V-., ; ■■■/ To iCi' d ; .'I d !•*!. v;-.l or i’jTn. n !'."Vi ; ..d. fcii'.il to 1 crijoyu by p , ••ous k iiitcrcsl in the i>* Ijijii;;’! ):p;ui.'U c-tJ'.fc, *■’*_*- Ihoul.haw V. Duluth To.pcvi.d Mill Co., .'2 Miim. S9, 53 N.W. mG; Cilb-rt v. Hl- diidgc, 47 Minn. 710, 49 N.W. 679, 13^ L. R..-\. 411; Miller v. ^^c•.Klcnhnll, 43 Minn. 95, 44 N.W. 1141, 8 L.R.A. 89, 19 Am.St. Rep. 219: Hanford v. St. Paul & Duluth R. Co., 43 Minn. 104, 42 N.W. 596, 44 NAV, 1144, 7 L.R.A. 722 (on rcargumenp. We shall assume also^ without deciding, die question that plaintiff may mainum this action separately against defendant for aett done by him aa mayor of the viHagc. (2-41 I. Navigability and nonnav^- bOity mark the distinction between pi^ He and private waters. The state, in ita aover eign capadty, as tmstco for ^ pie, holds an navigable waters and the tends them for public use. PubUeuseco^ prdicnds not only navigation by watercraft lor oommcrcial purpose^ but ^ nso^ for Iht ordinary pnrposca •( hfo such at boatiim. fowiiiig, Aatimr. hathmfc taking ^oomMic or agnAnral pur- ootck and cutting ioc. Snhbom v. Feo- '^lea Co!ttSinn.43^fftRW.Ml. 51 ^JUL t29, tl Am.St.lle^ 4W; State, » Minn. ISI, S3 N.W. H3t. IS LJLA. 67tk 38 Aln.St.lU^ S41; Docmd v. W Ml Wia. 22S, 193 N.W. 393* 31 AX. %9»i 41 CJ. Navgtt. rS-9] A ripnrian •wncr’t ri|^ f qBaKM rtstrieied, and sahordiMU lo^ puramonnt rights of foe phMte. Asagamst the state, a riparian owner can cKeremo^ gominimi or maho n valid gram of ngiM in watcra adjacent to riparian iMda or in the sohgmrgcd ^I^CKcrcisc of the stalefo pai nSSS% riparian owner not os ‘may build teSJfowTTdit United Statmm ol „ paftienfor or State V. Xorror, 817. MMb UtA.19MC; ! V,i?.A. -Ml, •..•••a :• Mut’i '7. 'M., • ' *. 4 b ../. n . V. 'A ,.t. Ill llh, 8 f . bA. 8C ii4 P.v’.^ Ji.-rysfcrs only ri ics u'H led,. vtud rnoynt rights of.t thcl't.ate’s public i iiplrian owner r rcgdlatcs and lio ingl ligliM. Ifc Dttlbth Impenal N.W. 106^ wPf- nppication of the the Hparian owm on Lite i ' .r- v; •I ■r-V r^'\ >r ■ «l ^-if **.<i* •/ ». i?.A. in, ■ •; ra v ;s n >. /. n 1 V. '" \ h \(, 3 » . ^ A. (laYsfors only ri lc«l,. :-nd 8^ mojiit i ii;l»ts of,t the stale’s public i rip^an owner «■ regulates and liw !ng 11 »ght*» Dntltli Imperial MAT. 106^)caliM«f iK lit IteariaM ofimc m tab i alM «» al*a tSfSm ;..uin 'tins f; T.tlanl the village. Lviga-nonnaviga* pub* B Ut tween statc» for tlid _ nddiclanda srt ^1 f. I»B’*^''*’*‘*’** ’ W ScU47 Hi.*- p^i s to enjoin delcnd-Sri,"iSi:^IM.VN.W. »m C. «in* plei^F. «• f«« *r------i-r- « n\o rN.w^bS 7 ..i,A. c«.., .V • t ii « »*v; 1 I 4 - ' C e J, » • ' i • .; • ' h ■ re • r«: ; ?> ■-j * - ••••"’; .' I* •' t • ■*; '7 • t i'" ■') •X:,v ’ . ••■' ii> tl-C. V i ■ - ■ V, , I , I'--' 1'.-.« » I ‘ ---J ' •; • :’y !■ r.. i ...l J'* 5 of ! u*; I ^ >^*** ■. «. •I .•» :.i-.t :v.; ^-0 ?.V J:^ St t ' * - ^ < f 'r'vi^^ihly a v..^od ’ ' v 'l V * •-7 \’t- 1 'O '3 ' Mij.'ily ht, v/Mch c:r.!nut be i.il.en N w '\r ,i,c'i:r:;./i.'Vi . .en'w .>.= =.'mo ?or a p*«« ««. anr.hi . lion of the rules in qur-tion. '11k :c xvitbout coniiKa^Uoa------------------^-------- .V. *•....:------ ,..r i.tofiid J’.iul £0lJ rinan.ui . ... - ... ..f •■• ■•:'I * ;* ^ ' ‘ . *1 V ’»** i I t ver ••;; > • e ! 't-t’e .iM:;ii. n « •.T, 1 • Mi-vn) ' I • I "M.at of 'n ! « t i * i<v tKo : i i r>*n‘pn ov.nor iliicl t old rjpann:m ^" , • r#- nt - it vt betin "»ttu. XX tiA PcfcBdwt dlM taSSlwM^ ef • dojrSi#Brilbrr creafrr Sms£4 hi limiwfni* open !•"*• dm Im SSSb eSawnt tanSe to leneli Ui»-loeo«, «l conn V Wf* f* .y.yjS |W"W WoheUtotf- tornnpf<go«« « cnnM non.- •« -iK2S!E 2S52!._ «ku«ti tUo IWtMioa ________ _■ ___ „ „ _... wu einnooni oa4 ttt iinMAinM of r%Mlof ifca aiatt to wf ^ ym the ttala. to •■ §• •f the wateta ootr the Mhmr^d ^ or aa far io to Ike »y«e Ifce «*• ol whKh itM *» g" "7; ,, ,---- StSSSr^pS lww.i-2-“rs!*: MvkBlioo ealahMthrd hf the locath» of poi—eul to that ofiW et^ tftt haihor aod dodi Mn^ aad that deleodp» ^ Chkafa^ <k W. * ^ Ml fheo M fie right to U hi ha Mb* jm igy |f.w. 49L W S^lJ.iiywge»««»*«^i «y hi jvMIclion. tfnf» whea tht Mm was relocated heye^ 1^ fteacol fo ■ ■**^ ^ .._fa* —*— iM MMMB to StI •» oO • .tr • ♦ • • > *, a • I 1 i a •* 0 • * j :.. # .'•.w 't k nn. tm:f.-r .■^ » t :* .A * 4 n. • V. V. i > , *. V/. . T'*.. . a O . M- .1 » - .\i.>.ib p. <.in:ac:it;3 f u tior.s. N.W. 719. Tr why a I’elcgri! gable waters ( In the Dulutt Dnluth imper N.W. 1066; 1 R. Co, 43 Mi W. 1144,7 U denhaH.43M jCWThAm 2Ul See 11 dHage Aa a riflf lia ta of a tit WcImM dcfciii- ds to gain a®* and dock lin®. h& qm:st;nn tS pi’.iion '*f f:* ; I v -i' ,» ■ • ; i, \ IT ? . . .:r.i ' V ^i v’ |<;. C ‘:S- uly is i\ r p. riglits ‘'f to the public it was in the tee for the pnh- these watert I of navigatioM* IgahiKly. beyond nussiUe for the !• reclaiai end n. Bnt the 9i- r nril&er creniM nerdbr rcfnlatf t ^ 9MiiHa§ riifhlt. I hi Ifte M e I • * • 1 • • • o• • : • \\ • ft t I Ik . i * '.T!t*n.7 KOKTII WKS'J-KKX «r:rOIlTF.I{, n<I PFRIK;? ii ;.; : V.>v*‘j.;' •’. ?( »!?. Tl>«? *‘rR«’ v':.y 1' jt'i ■■'.■ ■•1 .'‘rj’ !■ ; ■! t j .■'■f ‘ ‘ P. t ■ .•t ■> <■ ‘ M .: • • i . S, rMy Ml i.' ir j .1 V , *r .................. i* i /• !i ;’p •; *;f r o 1 V r r i S', : I*'] '; • r •'1 f 1 i , ♦. 4 A n:• »:* 1 i..'?i *a / / , f %• • • 4 , A %r•. r • 1 •• *’ 'i : . •1 r. ; » » ;■'* C *. > . i!\ 0 J j ;:t ( 1 1 * * • i ■ *. * 1 , -. .1 *;.l !*>> i•' •14 .'S tJ'A!,-V '■*f:.f :v *.l -/ • -- 4 »n vA *• 6 *”'o f <*• r. n ' t lit:V.‘'pife F/i ..*1 ^22 i-cm * 1 ' ••• . Famwi V. Johnson, d2 V/i», f20, 22 N.W. 7SI, il wu held that the slate eonld dele* file tn • eOhfe Hs powers to reghlaie nav^hk waters hf • siatnie identkat in C'-rp., ?v?)iiii, •'})/?, 21 TLW*'. '/vi, l-O /ftiiu. ’tVA, /I /uJ, ..0 Aiit./w.p. x'O, Al.>.'•^ p. TItc :;t,'-.?c 5vKty «^. j^ov- y/c riisl ki;! .•! a • y -iMN: ro.'ifc rr'iig on a fu:K.;k-;is to ccii-r^ra- b >om corporation the ovrltr jvc rj^Tit, as* tio!:s. S< !iultc V. Filch, 1<''2 ‘stiiin. ISt, 202 V;;aiiist the rights of tiparian _ov/nc£S and N.W. 719. In principle, there is no re ason all others who riiigltt olherwIsV «sir~a why a tlelcgalion of its powers over navi- navigable slrc.am, to take, drive,'float, sep^ gable waters could not be made to a village, arate, and deliver all logs and to charge^tfie • In the Duluth Harbor cases, Bradshaw v. owners thereof toll for such services. We’" Duluth Imperial Mill Co., S2 Minn. S9, 53 there pointed out that, absent regulation, N.W. 1066; Hanford v. St Paul & Duluth there would be e clashing of intercsU with R. Co., 43 Mimt 101, 42 N.W. 596, 44 N. respect to rights of floatage and use of W. 1144,7 L.1LA. 722; end Miller r. Men, the waters end a resulting confusion that dcnhalL 43 Minn. 95, 44 N.W. ll4l, 8 L.k. might well prevent reasonable enjoyment r jCWw AfitStRcp. 219, supra, it wee at- sudi rightt hgr elL .W« »md ja sumed It a matter of course that sudk n 419, 21 JI.W.J07)' dckgation of power could be made hf the the just end prop* ^ ^ ^ •tmtm tA A ettw..«hn eilv wf Dnlnth. In cenflictiiv interests? Obviously, the kgit- leturc,--4liet department of fovemment whkh, in the excrcitc of e lew-makiitf and a poliee power, prescribes the rulet by wUdi die nae of public lughwaya in fco- cral it regulated^ • • • and taut aa contndicd by paramount la w—that ia m 146 US. 3W, tt S.Q. IMK M L.Ed. 10ll| aay, in this inttanca. by onr tialt conmi- •ry i, qpritina, hi the rctpccld tudiiw or enahliiig act —tlm dit^ioo nf ^ therein ttalcd. lawfully dckgatod m thi kgitlature in tho pr—tiios i« nrartirahv villiet the tteaeTa power over jmyifail{ li may enysjawiuliig^fegg MMf tS WnlCll tllC COmilMM M X The reguhtiene hi fuettieo a foorfeld atpoci: (1) The requii---- that al hoala dodc only at the viB^ dadj; andmriaf If upon fait of the paA M; (3) tte refo • • # In the* csc^ of tet kfitlmieo diicretioob it may anthoriae tnilablt mcaaa and inttrumcmaUtict tn teenre thia cad to he provided and employed by a private per son or by a eorporati en, it may 9®®* tcribc wbat these means and HiitmminitaB ty be—ns booms, dai use may 1 in fcneral, in what maimer _ tbii be coi TliannNr IfM ffff pOM tte KfeaadMoflbeeeenntcd whh respect in highways. . and to five rise in dathet nf M v. Smith, 27 Mina. 36^ 7 N.W. 7H dhorderty brawliat^ 33 AmJkpk 2M| where we apheU " _______________yceee. The snpprea- nance reviiriaf haShs at nnion 4 Sian af tneh evfls is snflicisnt rtatan for aperata from deti^^ I hoal sip; aad (4) ihs ropiaf laihinf hc^ thereby tecniinf. part .fupid aff ler,tbe..ea^w nm 1 ♦ ♦r :i t ^ /Af •• :<>i 1 " ••m:,!, • i- ' . ‘*- ■' ‘ V .<, 'V‘As kb'- ‘ ■^ .','vo i'C'‘’ic •«t ^'iO’jV ily '• ntkiss f.-r.ibc V. i. of. the villi X • ..y ’ . . n- • vl I ♦ f: r t! ♦ ♦ -i- »• • W '' r ' ' ?. Is, s ^•^• ■ 1 ‘. ^ •. ‘ ■ •. •>V«l 1'^ hcicof, tl>c villi [iiid -.iiaintain a I .roptityi I® Iron* anchoring ts their hoalf • charfe a rear nit providers • beadi part aad dM « at a ftr K.Y m ■r f •:•■•■%.f nr-m ^' «..9lmayl1 c)»~* v;- :l , i- I# ^ -ULILU r £k. 2 tmMm 9»1I ,..tlioriiing »rn »iltag« “T;urri.l»S >n» vim*. »SS^-TTw ..a ;f-r.I .tc tl;c U -.Avy-h cov'UAcu . * «..................l\ .*\ « * -------■-* drive, «oab Itparaia, •** ^lit. ■<. Wi 5:-l“. A' > :s::i I »"' * • • 1: ^ t I 1‘. 1 -\ *• • y # ♦ ^ v.:*t ••1 M' r.I. .;;i: i a \> y ,;. ., :* . -i ' ]:-A y I f • *I* o I* .1 * « • i * - y -.i,; i-: : *t • • « • •s 'i .. > ;.t \. :iU iS ■■■»■ ^l..' I r .h p. lt of Ui‘: I---:* iL'rk A.ia Ike w.tcrs i'l . Auite.iiy "5“ jt™rtr»vigai^dock on park lands acljMim o vralar. .. • rraij^.«».«« •.>k .5 ■- ,,„l5 • -.• IV -.O, ' ■ ' •’ ^ •■ . • . • 0|. ■' • - • '•. ir.r ' • ; . • ’ ’ ■' >5-r • ’ ! ’ ^ ■ ■■"■' • * •• • • , ♦ . ;.,, • , « . * ^ , .. ;i . <• • I * *:• 1' '■■ • C :1-, ^ ^ > l < » ' • v- . •><’ -.t • -'f • .■: , . ' • ■ J . !; t,. o> I,-.5 ;-..-1 ‘ 5 • rol . c . ’ ‘ .PV . i I . i: ‘ ‘I • } r :\ , . _ ,... . . f.itt -..s :o su.-.o -••■ •» .’.,.,1 •‘'y'-*- , ,.: ' V>rC- •.• ;< s lo ’. lo s' ' * • * iMcV-'ii"o*I5s" :i , mI-.h'S Tor - I'a •i i'.* r...ts may with navi^a- s rli a «sc \'ol ‘ ,1,., ,,viv;*tcly owned tion, except, of com sc, ^.1 1 • y. oTiorc lauds cannot be -o 1.^. Koribern Slates Power ‘y®ili< w \v ftll Here, however, the or- SS1^35=-“.'2: 2S?.r?^a2*“'£ a«j-« ".STSsr£sr..'?£.«“^ts ^ fM Adopt rcfdbtioM for ___ rettt tetiaiiv •doa to ttcare la drt right to ____g ^idch the wattrt uti6et ht power to £‘sa5i‘-’S?t3*J5rS SX. ri-«. hodyofivifAk* •__ , • __ c?2sr art oo •••»• *. •f ♦ ■ >.^v 'VYs \ ..' , ,-r v •vr-M r, * ' ^ / * : ; n. . I I 1.-• ’-C •'ll vx . ^ »• , M ■ ; . r : .f • . 11'. , • </: .. * C • 1 * . ;;<> I'l !!.: SV •VSi'-c. ’i •, 11 ’-a ’3; j'o*', I-a. (••l.T, L'l’du r, 13^ ^fd. ?■ Bin belt, 119 Md. 1914 D, 345; \Va delphia, 33 Pa. 2 it hat been eilhei munkipality or ^harft a rcasona' lacafiy fnnmhd JeflM V. of 2M N.W. VO «f.W. OB fptf«a SS.VS dSy (riduig oo p; .-.I. • >» eu 1>‘C- .V'lnnlii c vVicrc y inatis V. S Minn. , the or- loring •• ft. Tilt ■nmki* in prin- V -o-iTti irot ’CrtTKn, :hi * y ** r' 1 li • l, * * : V *'• * ? * ' 1 ! .1 . S : .1 tli*‘ • »: ’-f t'. V ...o V. •■ "'> ,: ■ ' , • • ■ . . . ir.:t •.,/ V • -M ■•':*>;•.: •. ^ - >' ■*■ ■ ••••'■> <•-> * '• ., • • • , ' .‘, . .. •'•,•» v\V ••!/ T i '■•... v: V> »!;c «•' . : • >! *’l *•••’ ‘ .. bf.. ..!• >, -■' - ^ . ,. rx; 1 •. • I .r. ''• '•' .' f ’ * ",K jv'-c'.s ,>'2 .-.-v,,.. .79, ’n:;." US .is A. >os; s,...o V BinkirU, 119 MS. <>09, S/ ‘ • . ’'J''pVjJ ■ L ssM; c,>tninomvcallh v. WeatticrhcaS, 1914D, 345; Wartinan V, City of _ w * U5. people v. Silberwood, UO ■ delpliia, 33 Pa. 202. »a lltv iM » M.W. 1082. 32 L.ICA. «4; U ba. kM. .it»«r .S5um«l «J ““JSL \V.im »id W«« RW«b I nunicipaMy •* ^ 5** MOLpOSJ. Ithaabeenaawmrftaim«tr- dMtft • taatootMe let *«.“*“* ‘T? .a., a uct of naaigable wateia M&r fomWirt - «y*S' S; »"«»« **“*» %SMtotyofScPayiOTb ^lt rfiv 5?!^ «• *«laIfwii»r5!Sr2ir^ iab,. W K» «-■»* r. .!l .?i!l inSbktn (I Loncwtl V.an &w. Wim SoaTtahS ^TLi'ka'rtriS^a lyStToar. b« M cT« SlIX taS^^bkb •k» !■>■**» •* n tnunnnmttl tgtng^^ KifM% I »• TSdSmhKf^J^ •f n „ r,,a^Xi.'srs's; it tiMi al At aft *** an af fbMk aratant it ia f- a , •. '..• rr.tn\ • i* 1!It \ . *.'1 T .V , ' f ' " •• ’• . i .' •-.:8k ?•• “*:‘a .' »' ■ .. •• ill ’ =v-1 . ’ * • '. I ' . , •.<« * i v: ; *. ‘ r.tl V.itl. 5V--• -v .'1 1.. I la %vhkn Vf® ^®«iS’*K\rt*»rc thaa «1»t «»« SStiT tc".\w b« « J v/t*^«•• ’V*. • , i:.w:.U\ .i:-- . ;c,,s on VOO nr , cs • lion in a named c«. uett only to" ^ described »« year*, «n® inf die •• • • • • 'ir^' 11 3 .,-c , ki''T i;v,r01V'‘K»l. vvr.. fv'. . . 1 r V. ’ )\‘;i ^ ■ ■' ■ ,. t . -,- I ..'n' ‘ •. • • '• . . it. • ■■ ■■ ,• ' , - V .*'.. ■ • • ’ \ '■‘"« •• • •(K. .1 .1 '' *. i i * I. • «.1 fjt J ■> ♦ . •UVi ^ •l .it. • •:. M ' . ‘ M V •-• -v' I'Ve • ^ * * . : % . ♦ . • A t I *isrJsp^ •g^ss-iaS f^JSSSS. SSSnSSP'?!^gtfgsbV«3fiaps^lu iw —.4gSngS!^tfafgfa» i«A.t 1«- -*«5&SSgS55 I I i 1 \ I \ \ i \ SmgA^SsirsvsStS I I \ I \ It'.r.n.) y'\' l3l •«. • • r. -t- •■•’ ’ ‘ ‘ '' u r.V -v-u ■*•*'*' •» ^ • ‘M :'riy:'I';.'!??.? £refe-S T«l tjWffniPlIi i #! \ w i V.ijf- ■. M' 0*«- f A con**^!J*o li'* .. .i-.y *•■ ■ i\ * •i \\ . * ^»' J > . - tX •**^ • r> vl ^>- ^*1 v>ue. SoSsoC* "I V iii*^Mm ■i; 6 f>.’- \ , in ... V -l-i ■'•«>*. u ’ • t W-l, ,^y JoJur .^'•Vi’ISJE IM. *ti ,1^ ■m ^ h I • \ •• p*®‘ I -RRC* ^C’St 'Jf If i^ 4 iW«*STOfS ill^tf M« 41 1 4kMfft tM &u^V'SS-^JLt- sau^?!!^s& ^*9 iSTttNVM* H t- .. -■ii'i .'v! . >• ' ■’•• * ^r:»;* t ^ f ^ • • * J • ^ rij.ru’.itii »i;;’>t .•-• ;.uif tJUil .-ii'.'Ct *f t. bns l.cen <ltoid- hy thi* court lha OD OWDCr to llllpjr the subnicrKed i< ‘■Mtatt t» lb* pti vcalc4 propertjr taken away, aeei me, witboat eoa Hallway O*..» wta^COi V. Brarni mtp.9Mi HanfM mi^y f^m tbe early Aww cmwn IM« nilprtvala praptrtt fli^ uniMmu wh «| iMa atota. J mtbat tbarbrt Mawntfffa a^ 0^ . .♦ r-:.- •**s •'■•: .e.-‘ ISK^SS r V tk«n«niOT 7SLS sser. latter «cf ord- the •* ‘='V,; ■.^a ’ • • t i « f •it ‘ .■ .. . c.? ' y ;* •: . :C-1 vix;u veU- is israte or rtlstluci L-ts. so"*« TiJS ter ***•'"iSJia tS fSTSS^Ii®ssfw*aai wlisrssvs.^ il;!.i V ■ t . f •’.•,v :k r. c * .ti in > ' '* "I I “ ^’■.' * *• ', ‘ • ..• St ‘I";; ; . v-'."n ;' ■ •• - , , -Ip!! ’"‘i*' 'jI •■ * “ is*. vi’.A:i rt;;’Jt r'.!. *n:'l to. ;in‘! ’ I '•“■ *I '**’ s u<»- tsml of ('sli\Sil;-l»w>:f ^ H”*'* *»'t Ims »<ccn «ltc*u]ot! over :mu! li thla court that the rlAhl ol the riimrl- 4in owoer to Improve,ftiM flubnicr*^ed loiul In Iruol of IiIh nhum■ trt8r~.jj. .4SK?.?-T:x.wr5.^^ iM. wiMiofit .. ? >'■*’; I • ' ^ il f • ‘ ‘ I t8« «wi tttmmvm-lmm jyjrtwe;. ismSiSS lOrwarstiS .________________ i to tiu? •■• -t v *. V. ?:• if ; -.‘-.I.. «t ii-'l • ' '' I'l*-' ' ■'. oi-Mr:!c;!i-n ..f'! - ►:^""‘-on- Miiuii.... ..1.1 ■ >"= ’■»■ •'’■ v‘-’';i\,.'■".o hiIhcv v/ouM hold i och constiuotion to he Ihe law of t!u* contract.«Uho»it;h tliesttito court had rIiicc overruled Its Rlon. As counsel dl«l not iiress the point on hie argument, It Is perhaps not ■ary to consider It. But w# nuij thX In BO view ol the cose «o«W doctrine Invoked have ony Bert, f»»r the reBs-j« ibotssr^sz’TirsHHSlSISys ilKSrl'W 5^S?H s:ssMss^. “-SSs&JK iZ’J*m£SXTLt^iSmam »tlMr vMa i:‘t. l'...l, . >, § . : i»<;e : iue A '■* I . S5a&. MMt lor tiM plolotNk ps^mooi fiftfsesar £aS Apprtd trooi^jstjdct toart* AtJfM itT^iMiriiiBii ■tTM Otf BoUirtif Co«fo«f.._F5^ ‘ OOSll imSouJ^ss. __ ______jolohwi • Ho oBowBr, dsisodoot« tttoigr J. IioroO CM.UM. J. OoB f> ^llA i ................ . r-;-r. . ,. ..iti i'l ih- tS.ln i2, .vt re iht 8u]»(’; vi.'dun of tli mKS at any time a anal detcrmlnr. express^ conferr. caieB whartnpvt bcio allourcd. o- BbOco. Lawotk: drakd wlwi i CBS.B ac^' A cr’:W<'vci:.y ov'T I! *.l ui-!i . . ill.: *'■ m . * . - 4y ft •V r. i'l. V’- .iiMy l !«:f 1^" p'.i’rnf .it '.t*'-' J!ii' ill nxcclM<»r '.v; !ciS, ruul mit Of waiver lo allow fee. Tlie sut prise can« w' lire counett for a one*y Mcy Jim Cialhwol had ; npwe of S2S. Later ih end of Ihe iiicoine fr ooirv. a npHC cslimatet Ih •B laihih I V“t Minn.) flnl ! . i1 \ ■' I ’■• .,1 '■ *1 !;t, • t ;; . ^ .- •.■.* iM -.1 I- . ». ■■ ••.! 4 • • . • ' f . . i 1 *•t ;'V. V .1. <*. •■). § - *I -y.-' < f , .S- , . :.i: . j'l tIJ- '.iilri '‘-I v.«'rc ihi >iuj>(l;v!K!<»n uf th mKS at any tlmt a anal determine es vrensbr conterr* WMI VVrangIfi Over Riparian Rights A coMlM'voi.'.y ov(*r ripir ’ir'n (v.’iitcr) uMifilly ,.l ui-!i . -tfs In il; ■ ' I «. ’» ' n * • • ’ ••. » » I . . ’ ... ’ ' ’ * . I • r \ i . ■ - , 1 .* ll'.o roinirilV casc (\)r MiC = h lVu\l. vw/o ??io f*x’ .................................. ' If!' l-'i Pr;l n!;!! *' ■{<■' ' 'it I-i .t.*, >1 ♦ I •* . r I t • I » • t h i . 4. I •« ' '<' >•i,'.. »» ■\^xrA * f .• »••! :i ; ; ^ ( I. - . 1 :\ I ^^'“>1 ‘ - i >; * *^ ■ . ..y .m(- /^Tty ” ^>f J5i>: v:;:^ui- V*'.oi!’y '..ii' r I';"- Imi 'i r;;frrn.'«! i’l t t’:o h. i 'Vr nu-'nt tl'.at I’xit :•!:<! I G uilt’s d' ':’ "-. ;c r-wv/Ic in I'xcclsior .v; tcis, :i:id the city mi^ht be ;:blc to i'suc a per* mil or waiver to allow the docks to "ticspass;* and charge a . \ f . *V ! ‘ ■:’t ’ ' t V *.f/ a ‘’o I • : t Hit surprise canic wlicn a fee of $2,000 was requested by Hie council for • one-year permll. Excelsior municipal aUo^ ney Jim Cialhwol had suggc^led a nominal fee, and offered a ;sr/iSJr s.'xist^s.tTCs ««ier, ■ flfkiie eallmaied to he SI m O'_____________ATto ««dl 1« 0-, ,I .■I propoHlhe s“s2L!?t! where tondH^H^wy ^Stist fsss ’isstiss ...i.. the emrnty ipecHI^ ?ssra crsrtsa.'s-ssss If't its v.'.iii' r-.o. iii :’iC r.’:h sliCy c-.I ;*, 1 I’ c !• ! ' !.i::d thi ?r }•tl.:^ ^t ! li!.v.b'clt I'.cy ov .i, ',;c j. ''. iiod cccmiior* dal fioju rvsidustiol .so tliat tlicy could build a new buiblinp, ___and Ihal the flic lane he tween the two huildin{(S he vacated. The proposed bulirfing met both LMCD and city setback re* quirementi, and none of the tielghbore objected to the con* strucifon. The planning commission reomimendcd apinal the plan, because the area b becoming rcsidmtially rieveliipedt and the commercial dbtricl slumld mil be increased. c«m thou|b Ibe new building represented a fepbce menl of an et- bting buisinest facility In the same area, and not an expansinii. The council also dented rcxunins> * The council hM iqpcatcdly Irdd Flnacm i Ihni he te wrong In ^ming 200 ibet of shmc linc. (which taordd aWwnr him the mminNiin 200 fbet of dock miw permiiled hy IJjjOtl ordinance) on the gsuunda thcl ihe frshmtel Im shnrdd yl be counted, nor should the Ore faiiw easemenl. Ilwwipset, Ihc LMCD does nm dOTbitulhiie between irsidenitel and wem inercial property when credilinit dnnclinc, and Om te on tcinl ruMngon the effect of the Ore lane. Hlnarmanli aHomry nikt iliM ijT'wy K M An. w. **!*•**•* _ IL liJS^ mded. Ote eounen win - C) ••• •**■* •***y ^ eacaie nihet Ore ^ ygai, — - ‘ “ ** * ^ pay ing Inr the then Ihcff isanied ihM twice. *s Me hmnedMMy ovcfCfowded teke. That liMlwdlobciefHedL ryi .;-WmA ■ • t -' li ■ i, x-ii- » “ rTi-V • ‘ » I * 4- Rifliits i'.o Too is v.vio t?u* l*x* • :i| H .•!^ s ••• f\ * r. • . . h!. ■t» !If , y f . I !. i { iv-- ■* * <.' *' .1 '.'.1 {■ ■- !• t ’ ov .1, ’.SO ii •>. iic<I co;n»iior« :ould build a new building, i two buildiiigk be vacalcdL LMCD and city setback bboft objected to Ibe cnii> n recommended afsaintl Ike ing icahlrntMlIy devdiipedL Ik mmr pewnlUcd l^r c * K im i n ■-u W*-.i J# t fC lheCltr«Mi ‘.V, f «< V ^'K ‘ ' 'i •< • *: * V , . •• -f , .c*- “ •• .<r. . ■ -N.f j i ^ • • • ^ • • •/ i ^jr V i? ) t. » - •« • • ;/ 8 r- ■t\ i Aj ' »•,,.d • ■••*' •■' m. :■ ■ -‘i- •; i- ; ^ a m>= ; .W^-} ’’4* «. I n ‘’;d t - . .J u:A\k b-* 'v;.s .. rCK-.liui’. <•" •' I '• I l„. U ll ‘In- l-i .t '• to tiu* council t<*i it' "‘***"*" ".'**Viimni'bcd t*» '•*=’* *’ . .ncctinp. tbo ci.y ;;; vo,..u f IWs vu-.m ' ..//‘tltc final fCMills wcic »kl ^ ^ ,r.|m HMtl by to w» faibct sliinispnt, j rm ;my cmiiicil netbm. Ite council, kl *»« h«h«so»-..« » clW Tlicie h iH»tW*»f^ *^.iwavt wimifu irpeatcd »» emMa k tlww* BSiMulMoKuy."*'!;^ itaie of Ik* *!»*««•••••*• "***^ cLcft ihed at nnkraMky> »t>* SSSS* a**iNi *• ’’•*!!!?* *"i-n!!iir^" ***** —""*if **** **^ ,'5 t dw*i»e ------ . ... , udn|iN.kr lmiml» tkecoiMClIi r % i. ! mmM. '- iS M F.^«- 1 i- ^ V. ! ctAYTOfi i. L&reveiic i HChvr fir p, t;:rtrf« [ • w’H r. M / • \f. • V *y ■;• ■- • '* ■ 41^^ 1 I '.Jt', ir j.c r.n'cf.; ;i- /102 H, r V7ayisata, Dear Mr« As a res ing* we the LUCK not ooni tl the fol] f. •' 1. insure 1 provided arbitral F . ■ 2. netobke oeort oi 4. nsvifnbl publie s nidstien lintsia the s«M hot this gatioo 0 for thei latiwe a li 19* mi nr I IT I ^ * ■ f V- ^. f ■,'1 CiAVTON i. tftfCVePlC HCMnrf4T r». itrLftw J€\* s I’rl r. ^ / ‘ M VI>?| ■ . * t ■ ^ ■ ’' / ■H‘ ; L ■ .'V:-> .K ♦*::? . y ' ■ • ’3^; . !^‘ * / • . * . 1 = . :4 t ■'I./ 1 ■'. i ‘Y11L Deaif Mif* Mlxat * - ' » * * 1 ‘ ■ 4'i' :■::. t’.'. r jlr ') f!‘..*J > 1?' C\ ■’./. i"'.'' fj I )■'•,• •'. '102 K, Lake oLccfjl: V7ayzafca^ M.lnncyoka 5530.1 As • result of questions raised at the last LMCD board sMOt* inq« we have done sosie additional research on the right of the LNCD to reflate the use of channels so that they are not oonetrioteo or obstructed by docked or woored boats* Aisong the eonclueions we have reached cn this subject are the following t 1* The ZiNCD SMy lisdt the righto of riparian owners to insure the free exercise of the publie*s rignt *to navigation - provided that it exeroises its powers in a way that is not arbitrary# oaprieious or unreasonable* 2* This power exists by virtue of t netonka is a navigable lake* This has ' oourt cases. fact that Lake Nin- deeided in several 2* The rights of the publio in navigable waters are superior to riparian rights. 4* It is the public policy of the state to preserve the navigable waters of the state wni public use and enjoyment. oh are oap^lo of any form of S* The owner of riparian land has a right to free nidation between his land and the navigable water# to build and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ , wharf the sasM into the navigable water to the point of navigability# but this right is subordinate and subject to the rights of navi gation of the publio and to such needful rules and regulations for their protection as nay be prescribed by competent legis lative authority# ^•1 u a f \: i.o a ch Is .aubj We bell can be . without which a channel trieted other r We wool cifio r CLLtjf m -if: u. >'. P-'- <■-' ■• • ■ ■ mn to ^tlM jjjg^||gj|^|yj|| tcreve Mr* Prank Mlxa# B> july^ 15, 1974 V'-inn 2 FI * t • ..->0 ^ '•» V ■> ,. 4*' * .uv; ■■ •: . . ,v:-.';;'-vt .\- 7 \ /■.■TU -•'. '“I ^ i v/: \ T'lUO, V.’il COilClUilo {,o a ch^nriel ;Uiy ] is subject to the We believe that tl can be regulated i without violating which are reasonal Channel would be ] trioted riparian < ether riparian ow Me would therefort eifie regulations I:. > ■ ’icjjT n5f' •■»S*\ !«. CUl)^ >c--:. . V . ir^ > • ♦ F:3 ^ -r a ' 4 » f M I Clayton n* Lefevore‘eweve < I . * • *. V. • * • . . t . Jo M ,N ^5