Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAbout11-08-2021 Council PacketAgenda Council Meeting Monday, November 8, 2021 6:00 P.M. Orono Council Chambers, 2780 Kelley Parkway, Orono, MN 55356 952-249-4600 / www.ci.orono.mn.us Sign up for email notifications at www.ci.orono.mn.us The public is invited to address the council regarding any item on the regular agenda. If your topic is not on the agenda, you may speak during the Public Comments section. Roll Call Pledge of Allegiance Approval of Agenda Consent Agenda 1. City Council Meeting Minutes of October 25, 2021 2. Council Work Session Minutes of October 25, 2021 3. Claims/Bills 4. LA21-000067 – City of Orono Text Amendment – Solar Energy Systems – Ordinance 262, Third Series 5. LA21-000068 – City of Orono, 365 Old Crystal Bay Road North – Side Yard Setback and Building height Variance – Resolution No. 7232 Public Comments – (Limit 5 Minutes per Person) This is an opportunity for the public to address matters not on the agenda. The council will not engage in discussion or take action on items presented at this time. However, the council may refer issues to staff for follow up or consideration at a future meeting. Speakers should state their name and home address at the podium before speaking. Finance Director Report Community Development Report 6. LA21-000065 – City of Orono Text Amendment – Animal Units, Honeybees – Ordinance 263, Third Series 7. Navarre Parking Lot – Authorization for Planning Public Works Department Report 8. Public Works CIP Discussion A. Streets B. Water C. Sewer D. Stormwater E. Equipment Public Hearing 7:00 P.M. 9. Public Hearing for 2021 CIP Bonding – Resolution No. 7233 Agenda Council Meeting Monday, November 8, 2021 6:00 P.M. Orono Council Chambers, 2780 Kelley Parkway, Orono, MN 55356 952-249-4600 / www.ci.orono.mn.us Sign up for email notifications at www.ci.orono.mn.us City Attorney Report City Administrator/Engineer Report Mayor/Council Report Closed Meeting: Attorney – Client Privileged Discussion 10. Pursuant to Minnesota Statute Section 13D.05, subdivision 3(b), the Council will close the meeting for a confidential discussion of strategy and settlement negotiation status in the following matter: x Bonnett v. City of Orono Adjournment Upcoming Events 2021 11-11-21 Official Holiday, City Offices Closed 11-15-21 Planning Commission Meeting, Monday, 6:00 p.m. (Victoria Seals) 11-22-21 Council Work Session, Monday, 5:00 p.m. 11-22-21 City Council Meeting, Monday, 6:00 p.m. 11-25-21 Official Holiday, City Offices Closed 11-26-21 Official Holiday, City Offices Closed 12-06-21 Truth in Taxation Public Hearing, Monday, 6:00 p.m. 12-06-21 City Council Meeting, Monday, 6:00 p.m. 12-24-21 Official Holiday, City Offices Closed 12-25-21 Official Holiday, City Offices Closed MINUTES OF THE ORONO CITY COUNCIL MEETING Monday, October 25, 2021 6:00 o’clock p.m. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Page 1 of 4 ROLL CALL The Orono City Council met on the above-mentioned date with the following members present: Mayor Dennis Walsh, City Council Members Matt Johnson, Richard Crosby III, and Victoria Seals. Council Member Aaron Printup was absent. Representing Staff were City Attorney Soren Mattick, City Administrator/Engineer Adam Edwards, Finance Director Ron Olson, and Community Development Director Jeremy Barnhart. APPROVAL OF AGENDA CONSENT AGENDA Crosby asked to add items 11 and 12 to the Consent Agenda. 1. CITY COUNCIL MEETING MINUTES OF OCTOBER 11, 2021 2. COUNCIL WORK SESSION MINUTES OF OCTOBER 11, 2021 3. APPROVAL TO AMEND CITY COUNCIL MINUTES OF SEPTEMBER 27, 2021 4. CLAIMS/BILLS 5. CARMAN BAY LAKE IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT LEVY – RESOLUTION NO. 7230 6. TONKAWA PHASE II FORCEMAIN REPLACEMENT – CLOSE OUT 7. APPROVAL OF LIGHTING FOR CASCO PARK ICE RINK 11. APPROVAL TO SOLICIT FOR PARKS FULL-TIME MAINTENANCE WORKER 12. APPROVE PUBLIC EMPLOYEES INSURANCE PLAN (PEIP) Johnson noted the Carman Bay Lake Improvement District (LID) is a great example of taking care of the weeds and working with the Lake Minnetonka Association (LMA). They also received a $5,000 grant from the DNR to treat the bay and it is way better than it has ever been. Johnson said as a realtor it is positively impacting the home values on Carman Bay. Crosby moved, Johnson seconded, to approve the Consent Agenda as submitted. VOTE: Ayes 4, Nays 0. Mayor Walsh read a City statement regarding the lawsuit over youth activities in Bederwood Park: The City Council believes strongly that our City Parks should be available for our entire community but especially children for enjoyment, exercise, and a variety of recreational facilities. In June 2021 the City Council adopted Resolution #7195 which allowed the Orono Mountain Bike Team, a youth club, to use a section of Bederwood Park for skills training. The City authorized the Team to make minor improvements to the area to facilitate mountain bike training subject to approval of the Orono Parks Superintendent. Minor improvements included removal of debris and clearing of dirt tracks to supplement the pre-existing dirt tracks running through that portion of the park. Shortly thereafter Barbara Schmidt filed a lawsuit naming as Defendants the City of Orono, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the MINUTES OF THE ORONO CITY COUNCIL MEETING Monday, October 25, 2021 6:00 o’clock p.m. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Page 2 of 4 CONSENT AGENDA – Continued Minnehaha Creek Watershed District, and the Orono Public School District. This lawsuit solely concerns the bike trail approval for Bederwood Park and alleges that allowing the mountain bike team to utilize the park is a violation of the Minnesota Environmental Rights Act. In motion papers before the court, the DNR confirmed that no DNR permit is required for the proposed bike trail, that the DNR has no responsibility for environmental review of the bike trail, and that there are no public waters within Bederwood Park. Mrs. Schmidt subsequently dismissed the DNR from the lawsuit. The Bederwood Park woods do not contain wetlands that would trigger permitting actions. The Minnehaha Creek Watershed District has confirmed this fact with City Staff on multiple occasions. It is no surprise that Mrs. Schmidt dismissed the Watershed District. Mrs. Schmidt has never actually served the school district with the lawsuit therefore the only entity remaining in the lawsuit is the City of Orono. In a recent order, the judge denied a temporary injunction sought against the City. The court found the Plaintiff has not shown irreparable harm will occur without the temporary injunction. More importantly, the court concluded at this stage it is unlikely that the Plaintiff will succeed on the merits. Finally the court acknowledged public policy favors that all residents enjoy a public park for recreational purposes including hiking and biking, and a number of them should not be enjoined from doing so because of a neighbor’s complaint. Orono has the authority to maintain its public parks and pass ordinances requiring citizen’s use of the parks. PUBLIC COMMENTS Barbara Schmidt, 50 Landmark Drive, would like to thank Adam Edwards, the City of Orono Administrator, and the City Council for correcting the spelling of her name from Schwartz to Schmidt on the official September 27, 2021 Council Minutes and the Consent Agenda dated October 11, 2021. Secondly, she would like to point out that the August 9, 2021 meeting Minutes there is an error regarding the address listed for Mr. Erickson’s purchase of the property at 365 Westlake Street. It is listed as 365 Westlake Road. She is asking that it be corrected in all City of Orono documentation. Thirdly, she would like to reiterate that she has officially asked the City of Orono and/or the City of Orono Park Commission to stop the dangerous mountain biking within Bederwood Park three times: on September 7, 2021, September 13, 2021, and October 11, 2021. Up to 40 mountain bikers have taken over Bederwood Park on three more occasions including September 21, 2021, October 5, 2021, and October 14, 2021. Over 60 residents have signed a petition to have this activity stopped and 25 have written the City Council personal letters asking to stop this in Orono Parks. She stated they are asking again tonight that all biking is stopped within Orono Parks and that there is an official notification against such activity posted on both the Lowry Woods Nature Area and Bederwood Park. Finally, they see that the City is seeking $16 million in additional debt, this is more than twice the amount of Orono debt. They are asking for a full delineation of the expenditure and the rationale for acquiring it. They would also like to see all the vendors, subcontractors, lenders, and partners, etcetera, be identified that are and will be participating in this project. PRESENTATION 8. THIRD QUARTER FINANCIAL REPORT Finance Director Olson gave a report, noting it is not adjusted. Revenues are at 70% for the year and compare favorably to previous years. The City has collected 53% of the tax levy which is a bit above the previous year; they will probably be around 100% collection for property taxes which is a unique feature MINUTES OF THE ORONO CITY COUNCIL MEETING Monday, October 25, 2021 6:00 o’clock p.m. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Page 3 of 4 PRESENTATION – Continued of Orono: citizens pay their taxes. He highlighted the Golf Course which is already at 190% of revenue. Building permit revenues are at about 24% of where they were the previous year; this revenue source fluctuates because it is hard to predict building activity. Mr. Olson noted expenditures are at 76%, noting engineering is over budget due to the Big Island survey for dock locations, and another survey of Summit Park. The Golf Course is over budget in expenditures, but Mr. Olson reminded the City Council that their revenues are about $70,000 over expenditure. PUBLIC HEARING 9. LA21-000068 – CITY OF ORONO, 365 OLD CRYSTAL BAY ROAD NORTH – SIDE YARD AND BUILDING HEIGHT VARIANCES Community Development Director Jeremy Barnhart gave a presentation, noting the two variances requested are for sideyard setback and defined height. Staff finds practical difficulty in terms of the slope of the site, the use of the site, and what is neighboring the property (railroad right-of-way and Highway 12 right-of-way). Staff recommends approval. Mayor Walsh opened the public hearing at 7:26 p.m. Mayor Walsh closed the public hearing at 7:26 p.m. Johnson moved, Crosby seconded, to approve LA21-000068, 365 Crystal Bay Road Variances. VOTE: Ayes 4, Nays 0. 10. CERTIFICATION OF DELINQUENT UTILITIES – RESOLUTION NO. 7231 Mr. Olson stated every year at this time unpaid utilities such as water, sewer, water recycling, are certified to the County Assessor for the inclusion on the 2022 property taxes. Letters were sent to all properties and a fairly large number of people have paid. He noted they are doing better than the previous year with $102,771 and 132 properties. Mayor Walsh opened the public hearing at 7:28 p.m. Mayor Walsh closed the public hearing at 7:28 p.m. Seals moved, Johnson seconded, to approve Resolution #7231 Certification of Delinquent Utilities. VOTE: Ayes 4, Nays 0. PARKS AND GOLF COURSE REPORT 11. APPROVAL TO SOLICIT FOR PARKS FULL-TIME MAINTENANCE WORKER This item was added to the Consent Agenda. FINANCE DIRECTOR REPORT 12. APPROVE PUBLIC EMPLOYEES INSURANCE PLAN (PEIP) This item was added to the Consent Agenda. MINUTES OF THE ORONO CITY COUNCIL MEETING Monday, October 25, 2021 6:00 o’clock p.m. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Page 4 of 4 CITY ATTORNEY REPORT Attorney Mattick had nothing to report. CITY ADMINISTRATOR/ENGINEER REPORT Mr. Edwards had nothing to report. MAYOR/COUNCIL REPORT Crosby noted there has been some upheaval about the parks and usage; as someone who was once very young and utilized parks, he thinks it is a good thing. He is excited that their children have better parks to use, the parks are being improved, and kids get to enjoy them. Seals stopped by the park when the bike club was there, noting they were lovely, courteous, and introduced themselves. She noted Bederwood and Lowry are two different issues so they should not mix them together. Bederwood was a berry farm and the sounds of kids doing any sport at the park is amazing. Seals stated it is great that the park is being used and the more it is used by everyone in all different ways the less likely it is that a future City Council will turn it into a mass development. She welcomes anyone watching to walk with any of the City Council down to Bederwood Park. She literally lives right next to it and she noted the neighborhood is not all mad; neighbors are glad to hear kids down there using it and having a good time. Mayor Walsh echoes all of those comments. He reminded everyone to vote at the polls, and to be safe on Halloween. ADJOURNMENT Crosby moved, Seals seconded, to adjourn the meeting at 6:36 p.m. VOTE: Ayes 4, Nays 0. ATTEST: _____________________________________ _______________________________________ Anna Carlson, City Clerk Dennis Walsh, Mayor Orono City Council Work Session Minutes Monday, October 25, 2021 Council Chambers 5:00 p.m. Page 1 of 2 PRESENT: Mayor Dennis Walsh, Council Members Richard F. Crosby II, and Matt Johnson. Staff members present were City Administrator/Engineer Adam Edwards, Community Development Director Jeremy Barnhart, Finance Director Ron Olson, Parks and Golf Courses Superintendent Josh Lemons, Police Chief Correy Farniok and City Clerk Anna Carlson. 1. CIP Discussions City Administrator Adam Edwards introduced the CIP discussion. He noted that he asked each department to briefly discuss their budget plans for the CIP. A. Police Department Police Chief Correy Farniok discussed the Police department’s plans for capital improvements. He noted the City plans to procure 4 patrol vehicles, patrol rifles 2022. B. Parks Parks and Golf Course Superintendent Josh Lemons began the presentation of the CIP for Parks. Edwards added that Parks Commission has given guidance for some items reflected in the CIP draft. City Council Member Victoria Seals asked what the miscellaneous fund was. Edwards denoted those funds were identified last year and are set aside for the drainage project. Lemons discussed aspirations for improvements to Crystal Bay playground equipment. Lemons also mentioned briefly the plans for Golf Course Drainage and uniform lake access markers to clear ambiguity on lake access points for the public. Edwards also mentioned the Parks Commission has aspirations to do some larger improvements over time, the ones shown tonight are the first phase of those improvements. He proposes that staff and Council discuss the active lake access points in 2022. City Council member Matt Johnson agreed it would be nice to standardize the City’s markers uniformly. Lemons finished the discussion by noting the tee mower will be up for replacement for 2022. C. Information Technology (IT) Edwards presented the Information Technology CIP. He noted in 2022 the city plans to replace two of the switches/routers. They usually last about 5 years for security. Orono City Council Work Session Minutes Monday, October 25, 2021 Council Chambers 5:00 p.m. Page 2 of 2 D. Building Edwards cited the new Public Works Facility is the biggest item on the CIP for 2021- 2022; for the utility extension and construction. Mayor Dennis Walsh stated the City Council will want to be cognitive of what was presented tonight compared to what is displayed on the CIP, so we can make sure we have enough money for those items as we move forward. Adjourned: 5:33 p.m. CITY OF ORONO: ATTEST: ________________________________ Dennis Walsh, Mayor _________________________________ Anna Carlson, City Clerk AGENDA ITEM Prepared By:CK Reviewed By:RJO Approved By: 1.Purpose. The purpose of this action item is to approve payment of claims made on the City for services and/or products provided to the City. 2.Background. The attached claims for payment have been received by the City. Staff has reviewed the claims and is recommending approval of the listing for payment. The claims will be paid by checks 117396 to117535 and ACH transactions 201300128 to 20130137, totaling $486,074.48. 3.Noteworthy Payments. Vendor Amount Description of Payment #117519 Onyx Performance Investment $240.068.00 Reduction in security held by the City, Applicant provided Cash in lieu of L.O.C. #117494 Ancom Technical Center $467.20 New Radio Mics for the Police Department. #117530 THN Enterprises $4,300.00 Payment for Big Island Dock Transport. 4.Staff Recommendation. Staff recommends approval of a motion authorizing payment to the claims list as presented. COUNCIL ACTION REQUESTED Motion to approve the claims list as presented. Exhibits A. Check Register Item No.: 3 Date:November 8, 2021 Item Description:Claims/Bills Presenter:Ron Olson Finance Director Agenda Section: Consent Agenda Ci t y o f O r o n o Ch e c k R e g i s t e r - C O U N C I L R E P O R T Pa g e : 1 Ch e c k I s s u e D a t e s : 1 0 / 2 6 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 / 8 / 2 0 2 1 N o v 0 4 , 2 0 2 1 0 2 : 1 3 P M Ch e c k C h e c k I n v o i c e I n v o i c e G L A c c o u n t D e s c r i p t i o n D e p a r t m e n t I n v o i c e Pa y e e I s s u e D a t e N u m b e r N u m b e r Am o u n t CE N T U R Y L I N K 1 0 / 2 7 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 3 9 6 2 4 6 5 5 2 1 2 4 6 1 4 - 4 9 8 4 0 - 3 2 9 I N T E R N E T 0 9 / 0 8 / 2 1 - 1 0 / 0 7 / 2 1 C a b l e F r a n c h i s e 9 2 6 . 2 0 - CE N T U R Y L I N K 1 0 / 2 7 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 3 9 6 W P 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 6 0 1 - 4 9 4 0 0 - 3 2 1 W P P H O N E / I N T E R N E T - 1 0 / 4 - 1 1 / 3 / 2 1 W a t e r 1 2 9 . 9 5 - T o t a l 1 1 7 3 9 6 : 1, 0 5 6 . 1 5 - CE N T U R Y L I N K 1 0 / 2 7 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 7 8 2 4 6 5 5 2 1 2 4 6 1 4 - 4 9 8 4 0 - 3 2 9 I N T E R N E T 0 9 / 0 8 / 2 1 - 1 0 / 0 7 / 2 1 C a b l e F r a n c h i s e 9 2 6 . 2 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 7 8 : 92 6 . 2 0 OF F I C E D E P O T 1 0 / 2 7 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 7 9 2 0 1 2 3 9 7 2 7 0 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 2 2 1 A N T I F A T I G U E M A T C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 4 8 . 9 8 OF F I C E D E P O T 1 0 / 2 7 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 7 9 2 0 4 3 7 5 3 0 3 0 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 0 1 O F F I C E S U P P L I E S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 6 9 . 8 6 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 7 9 : 11 8 . 8 4 TH N E N T E R P R I S E S 1 0 / 2 7 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 0 2 2 7 5 2 2 5 - 4 5 2 0 0 - 5 3 0 R I P R A P C A S C O B E A C H 13 , 5 0 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 8 0 : 13 , 5 0 0 . 0 0 GR A F F U N D E R , P E T E R 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 1 1 0 2 6 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 2 2 2 0 5 E S C R O W R E F U N D - R P S 2 0 - 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 8 1 : 1, 0 0 0 . 0 0 AF F O R D A B L E E G R E S S W I N D O 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 2 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 2 2 2 0 5 R A S 2 1 - 0 0 0 0 9 4 - 4 4 5 0 F O R E S T L A N D I N G 1 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 8 2 : 1, 0 0 0 . 0 0 AL L P O O L S I D E S E R V I C E S I N C 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 3 1 0 2 6 2 0 2 1 - 2 1 0 1 - 2 2 2 0 5 R A S 2 1 - 0 0 0 0 4 9 - 2 0 4 0 S P A T E S A V E 1 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 8 3 : 1, 0 0 0 . 0 0 CU S T O M P O O L S 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 4 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 2 2 2 0 5 R A S 2 0 - 0 0 0 0 9 3 - 1 8 4 0 F O X S T R E E T 1 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 8 4 : 1, 0 0 0 . 0 0 HO M E P R O A M E R I C A 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 5 1 0 2 6 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 2 2 2 0 5 R A S 2 1 - 0 0 0 0 4 4 - 7 4 6 T O N K A W A R D 1 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 8 5 : 1, 0 0 0 . 0 0 MA N S F I E L D O I L C O M P A N Y 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 6 2 2 5 4 6 0 3 2 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 1 2 U N L E A D E D F U E L P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 3 , 5 3 1 . 5 1 MA N S F I E L D O I L C O M P A N Y 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 6 2 2 5 4 6 0 4 9 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 1 2 U N L E A D E D F U E L P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 8 2 4 . 9 9 Ci t y o f O r o n o Ch e c k R e g i s t e r - C O U N C I L R E P O R T Pa g e : 2 Ch e c k I s s u e D a t e s : 1 0 / 2 6 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 / 8 / 2 0 2 1 N o v 0 4 , 2 0 2 1 0 2 : 1 3 P M Ch e c k C h e c k I n v o i c e I n v o i c e G L A c c o u n t D e s c r i p t i o n D e p a r t m e n t I n v o i c e Pa y e e I s s u e D a t e N u m b e r N u m b e r Am o u n t MA N S F I E L D O I L C O M P A N Y 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 6 2 2 5 9 5 8 7 6 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 2 1 2 D I E S E L F U E L G o l f C o u r s e 8 3 6 . 2 3 MA N S F I E L D O I L C O M P A N Y 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 6 2 2 5 9 5 8 7 7 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 1 2 U N L E A D E D F U E L P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 6 1 4 . 2 2 MA N S F I E L D O I L C O M P A N Y 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 6 2 2 6 8 9 9 5 3 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 2 1 2 D I E S E L F U E L G o l f C o u r s e 8 1 3 . 1 6 MA N S F I E L D O I L C O M P A N Y 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 6 2 2 6 8 9 9 5 4 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 1 2 U N L E A D E D F U E L P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 9 4 0 . 2 4 MA N S F I E L D O I L C O M P A N Y 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 6 2 2 6 8 9 9 7 9 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 2 1 2 D I E S E L F U E L G o l f C o u r s e 1 , 1 7 1 . 2 9 MA N S F I E L D O I L C O M P A N Y 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 6 2 2 6 8 9 9 8 0 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 1 2 U N L E A D E D F U E L P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 3 , 0 2 6 . 8 4 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 8 6 : 11 , 7 5 8 . 4 8 PR E C I S I O N D E C K S 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 7 1 0 2 6 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 1 - 2 2 2 0 5 R A S 2 1 - 0 0 0 0 1 2 - 1 3 7 5 V I N E P L A C E 1 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 8 7 : 1, 0 0 0 . 0 0 ST A R T R I B U N E 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 8 1 9 1 3 6 9 3 C H 1 0 1 - 4 1 3 0 0 - 2 0 8 S U B S C R I P T I O N 1 - Y R C I T Y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n 2 5 2 . 1 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 8 8 : 25 2 . 1 0 ST S S t a f f i n g & T e m p o r a r y S e r v i c e 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 8 9 5 2 0 9 0 2 3 1 0 1 - 4 1 5 0 0 - 1 0 4 T E M P H E L P - P P E 0 8 / 1 5 / 2 1 F i n a n c e D e p a r t m e n t 2 9 0 . 1 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 8 9 : 29 0 . 1 0 RA N D Y S E N V I R O N M E N T A L S E R 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 0 O C T 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 0 0 - 4 0 4 G A R B A G E S E R V I C E - 1 0 / 2 0 2 1 P a r k s 6 4 3 . 7 4 RA N D Y S E N V I R O N M E N T A L S E R 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 0 O C T 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 4 0 4 G A R B A G E S E R V I C E - 1 0 / 2 0 2 1 C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 5 0 1 . 3 6 RA N D Y S E N V I R O N M E N T A L S E R 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 0 O C T 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 4 0 4 G A R B A G E S E R V I C E - 1 0 / 2 0 2 1 G o l f C o u r s e 1 2 4 . 3 4 RA N D Y S E N V I R O N M E N T A L S E R 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 0 O C T 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 4 3 1 0 0 - 4 0 4 G A R B A G E S E R V I C E - 1 0 / 2 0 2 1 B r u s h S i t e 4 2 . 6 4 RA N D Y S E N V I R O N M E N T A L S E R 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 0 O C T 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 4 8 9 G A R B A G E S E R V I C E - 1 0 / 2 0 2 1 C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 1 8 . 7 3 RA N D Y S E N V I R O N M E N T A L S E R 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 0 O C T 2 0 2 1 6 0 3 - 4 9 5 0 0 - 4 4 2 G A R B A G E S E R V I C E - 1 0 / 2 0 2 1 36 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 9 0 : 1, 6 9 0 . 8 1 UN I T E D S T A T E S P O S T A L S E R V I 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 1 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 6 0 1 - 4 9 4 0 0 - 3 2 2 1 0 / 2 1 U T I L I T Y B I L L S W a t e r 3 2 2 . 2 4 UN I T E D S T A T E S P O S T A L S E R V I 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 1 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 6 0 2 - 4 9 4 5 0 - 3 2 2 1 0 / 2 1 U T I L I T Y B I L L S S e w e r 3 2 2 . 2 4 UN I T E D S T A T E S P O S T A L S E R V I 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 1 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 6 5 1 - 4 9 9 1 0 - 3 2 2 1 0 / 2 1 U T I L I T Y B I L L S S t o r m W a t e r 3 2 2 . 2 4 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 9 1 : 96 6 . 7 2 AD V A N C E D I M A G I N G S O L U T I O 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 2 4 5 6 5 3 0 7 3 2 7 1 0 - 4 9 9 7 0 - 4 1 3 L A T E F E E S 7 / 2 0 / 1 9 - 1 0 / 2 0 / 1 9 11 . 5 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 9 2 : 11 . 5 0 Ci t y o f O r o n o Ch e c k R e g i s t e r - C O U N C I L R E P O R T Pa g e : 3 Ch e c k I s s u e D a t e s : 1 0 / 2 6 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 / 8 / 2 0 2 1 N o v 0 4 , 2 0 2 1 0 2 : 1 3 P M Ch e c k C h e c k I n v o i c e I n v o i c e G L A c c o u n t D e s c r i p t i o n D e p a r t m e n t I n v o i c e Pa y e e I s s u e D a t e N u m b e r N u m b e r Am o u n t AI R D A T A U A V I N C 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 3 2 1 9 9 3 6 - 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 4 3 7 T R A I N I N G P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 7 2 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 9 3 : 72 0 . 0 0 AN C O M T E C H N I C A L C E N T E R 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 4 1 0 4 5 2 7 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 4 0 N E W E Q U I P M E N T P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 4 6 7 . 2 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 9 4 : 46 7 . 2 0 AS P E N E Q U I P M E N T 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 5 1 0 2 3 1 8 9 7 7 0 1 - 4 9 8 0 0 - 2 2 2 S N O W P L O W R E P L A C E M E N T - U N I T 4 3 1 6 , 0 5 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 9 5 : 6, 0 5 0 . 0 0 BO L T O N & M E N K I N C . 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 6 0 2 7 8 3 3 4 6 0 2 - 1 6 5 0 0 2 1 - 0 3 9 P W F A C I L I T Y D E S I G N 43 , 7 4 8 . 5 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 9 6 : 43 , 7 4 8 . 5 0 CA M P B E L L , J O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 7 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 9 9 9 - 1 0 0 1 5 U B R E F U N D - 3 9 5 S U S S E X L A N E 75 . 2 4 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 9 7 : 75 . 2 4 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 1 5 0 0 - 4 3 3 R O - M N G F O A M E M B E R S H I P - C A R R I E F i n a n c e D e p a r t m e n t 7 0 . 0 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 1 5 0 0 - 4 3 3 R O - M N G F O A C L A S S - C A R R I E F i n a n c e D e p a r t m e n t 2 0 . 0 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 1 1 1 0 - 4 3 9 A E - R E D R O O S T E R - H U M A N D R E S O U R C E M T G M a y o r & C o u n c i l 9 3 . 4 6 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 2 2 6 D J - I N D U S T R I A L S A F E T Y - S W E A T S H I R T S P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 2 0 0 . 1 7 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 0 0 - 2 2 5 A C - S P E E D W A Y - I C E - B I G I S L A N D P a r k s 1 0 . 1 8 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 1 1 1 0 - 4 3 9 A C - L U N D S & B Y E R L Y - C W C M E A L M a y o r & C o u n c i l 2 3 . 6 1 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 1 1 1 0 - 4 3 9 A C - H E A R T L A N D / L U L U ' S P I Z Z A C C M T G M a y o r & C o u n c i l 6 7 . 6 2 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 1 1 1 0 - 4 3 9 A C - H Y V E E - C W C M E A L M a y o r & C o u n c i l 4 . 9 9 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 1 1 1 0 - 4 3 9 A C - S M A S H B U R G E R - C W C M E A L M a y o r & C o u n c i l 9 1 . 1 8 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 2 2 1 A C - A M A Z O N - S T A F F O F F I C E C H A I R C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 1 0 6 . 4 5 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 4 0 0 - 4 3 7 J B - A M E R I C A N P L A N N I N G A S S O C B u i l d i n g & Z o n i n g 1 0 0 . 0 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 4 0 0 - 4 3 3 J B - A M E R I C A N P L A N N I N G A S S O C B u i l d i n g & Z o n i n g 9 9 . 0 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 4 0 0 - 2 4 0 J B - V A R I - S T A N D U P D E S K S B u i l d i n g & Z o n i n g 6 3 4 . 4 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 4 0 2 C H I E F / C F - B U F F & G L O P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 1 5 . 0 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 4 3 9 C H I E F / C F - M I L T O N S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 8 7 . 7 5 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 8 C H I E F / C F - B R O W N E L L S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 2 8 6 . 6 6 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 0 1 C H I E F / C F - M N C N T Y A T T R A S S O C - F O R M S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 4 4 . 0 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 1 C H I E F / C F - A M A Z O N - S T A N D I N G D E S K S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 2 1 2 . 9 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 4 3 7 C F - A L L I E D M E D I C A L T R A I N I N G - E M T R E F R E S H P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 2 9 5 . 0 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 4 3 7 C F - B C A - T R A I N I N G C A R L S O N P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 7 5 . 0 0 Ci t y o f O r o n o Ch e c k R e g i s t e r - C O U N C I L R E P O R T Pa g e : 4 Ch e c k I s s u e D a t e s : 1 0 / 2 6 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 / 8 / 2 0 2 1 N o v 0 4 , 2 0 2 1 0 2 : 1 3 P M Ch e c k C h e c k I n v o i c e I n v o i c e G L A c c o u n t D e s c r i p t i o n D e p a r t m e n t I n v o i c e Pa y e e I s s u e D a t e N u m b e r N u m b e r Am o u n t CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 4 3 7 C F - B C A - T R A I N I N G R A Z E P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 7 5 . 0 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 4 3 7 C F - B C A - T R A I N I N G S I L T A L A P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 7 5 . 0 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 2 2 6 B W - C A R H A R T T - W I N T E R C L O T H E S P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 4 2 9 . 9 8 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 7 0 1 - 4 9 8 0 0 - 4 4 1 B W - D M V T R A I L E R # 4 8 2 77 5 . 2 1 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 7 0 1 - 4 9 8 0 0 - 4 4 1 B W - D M V T R A I L E R # 4 8 2 19 . 3 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 6 0 1 - 4 9 4 0 0 - 2 4 0 B W - O L I G H T - F L A S H L I G H T W a t e r 2 2 5 . 7 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 6 0 2 - 4 9 4 5 0 - 2 4 0 B W - O L I G H T - F L A S H L I G H T S e w e r 2 2 5 . 7 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 6 5 1 - 4 9 9 1 0 - 2 4 0 B W - O L I G H T - F L A S H L I G H T S t o r m W a t e r 2 2 5 . 7 0 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 2 4 0 B W - O L I G H T - F L A S H L I G H T P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 2 2 5 . 6 8 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 2 2 6 B W - C A R H A R T T - W I N T E R C L O T H E S P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 3 2 4 . 9 7 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 2 2 6 B W - C A R H A R T T - W I N T E R C L O T H E S P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 1 0 9 . 9 9 - CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 2 2 6 B W - R U N N I N G S - W I N T E R C L O T H E S P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 1 1 9 . 9 9 CA R D M E M B E R S E R V I C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 8 0 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 5 0 - 3 1 9 J L - A Z T E C I R R I G A T I O N P u b l i c W o r k s - S p r i n g P a r k 6 4 6 . 5 5 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 9 8 : 5, 7 9 6 . 1 6 CA R G I L L S A L T 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 4 9 9 2 9 0 6 5 9 3 1 6 7 6 0 1 - 4 9 4 0 0 - 2 1 6 S O F T E N E R S A L T W a t e r 5 , 3 4 0 . 7 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 4 9 9 : 5, 3 4 0 . 7 0 CE N T E R P O I N T E N E R G Y M A I N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 0 0 9 1 2 2 1 - 1 0 2 0 6 0 2 - 4 9 4 5 0 - 3 8 1 1 3 0 2 S H O R E L I N E 0 9 / 2 1 - 1 0 / 2 0 S e w e r 2 1 . 1 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 0 0 : 21 . 1 0 CH U N K S L A K E S H O R E A U T O 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 1 0 0 1 7 7 0 6 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 4 0 2 A U T O M A I N T E N A N C E P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 1 8 . 0 2 CH U N K S L A K E S H O R E A U T O 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 1 0 0 1 7 7 2 4 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 4 0 2 S Q U A D M A I N T E N A N C E P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 4 8 . 3 5 CH U N K S L A K E S H O R E A U T O 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 1 0 0 1 7 7 5 6 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 4 0 2 A U T O M A I N T E N A N C E P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 4 8 . 6 2 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 0 1 : 11 4 . 9 9 CI T Y O F M I N N E T O N K A B E A C H 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 2 0 6 / 3 0 / 2 0 2 1 - 0 6 0 2 - 4 9 4 5 0 - 3 8 7 S E W E R S E R V I C E - 3 R D Q T R 2 0 2 1 S e w e r 1 6 4 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 0 2 : 16 4 . 0 0 CI T Y O F W A Y Z A T A 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 3 O C T 2 0 2 1 W 6 0 1 - 4 9 4 0 0 - 3 8 7 O C T 2 0 2 1 W A T E R W a t e r 2 , 8 1 5 . 4 0 CI T Y O F W A Y Z A T A 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 3 O C T 2 0 2 1 W 6 0 2 - 4 9 4 5 0 - 3 8 7 O C T 2 0 2 1 S E W E R S e w e r 5 , 8 3 1 . 9 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 0 3 : 8, 6 4 7 . 3 0 EC M P U B L I S H E R S I N C 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 4 8 5 9 6 8 5 1 0 1 - 4 2 4 0 0 - 3 4 0 P U B L I C H E A R I N G F O R B O N D S B u i l d i n g & Z o n i n g 4 7 . 6 8 Ci t y o f O r o n o Ch e c k R e g i s t e r - C O U N C I L R E P O R T Pa g e : 5 Ch e c k I s s u e D a t e s : 1 0 / 2 6 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 / 8 / 2 0 2 1 N o v 0 4 , 2 0 2 1 0 2 : 1 3 P M Ch e c k C h e c k I n v o i c e I n v o i c e G L A c c o u n t D e s c r i p t i o n D e p a r t m e n t I n v o i c e Pa y e e I s s u e D a t e N u m b e r N u m b e r Am o u n t T o t a l 1 1 7 5 0 4 : 47 . 6 8 FS S o l u t i o n s 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 5 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 4 8 9 F I N A N C E C H A R G E S C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 5 . 1 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 0 5 : 5. 1 0 GO P H E R A C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 6 0 0 8 4 8 4 / 1 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 0 0 - 4 0 4 I R R I G A T I O N B L O W - O U T P a r k s 1 4 . 5 6 GO P H E R A C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 6 8 3 7 8 / 1 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 2 2 4 H A R D W A R E P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 4 0 . 5 7 GO P H E R A C E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 6 8 4 5 2 / 1 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 2 2 4 H A R D W A R E P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 5 . 9 8 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 0 6 : 61 . 1 1 IC M A R E T I R E M E N T T R U S T 4 5 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 7 1 1 0 4 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 2 1 7 0 5 4 5 7 - 1 1 / 4 / 2 0 2 1 1, 8 6 6 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 0 7 : 1, 8 6 6 . 0 0 KE N N E T H B E C K 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 8 2 0 2 1 - 0 8 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 6 U N I F O R M S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 1 1 0 . 5 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 0 8 : 11 0 . 5 0 KR I E N K E , C A R R I E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 9 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 1 0 1 - 4 1 5 0 0 - 3 3 1 M I L E A G E - B A N K D E P O S I T S 1 0 / 6 - 1 0 / 2 9 2 8 F i n a n c e D e p a r t m e n t 2 8 . 0 0 KR I E N K E , C A R R I E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 0 9 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 1 0 1 - 4 1 5 0 0 - 4 3 7 M I L E A G E - G F O A T R A I N I N G F i n a n c e D e p a r t m e n t 6 7 . 2 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 0 9 : 95 . 2 0 LU N D , R O B E R T 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 0 1 1 0 4 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 - 2 2 2 0 5 2 0 1 7 - 0 0 0 0 8 - 2 7 3 2 C A R O L I N E A V E 2 , 5 0 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 1 0 : 2, 5 0 0 . 0 0 ME N Z E L , G R E T C H E N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 1 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 0 1 9 9 9 - 1 0 0 1 5 U B R E F U N D - 4 2 1 0 F O R E S T L A K E D R 5 . 8 2 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 1 1 : 5. 8 2 ME T R O P O L I T A N C O U N C I L E N V I 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 7 7 7 6 0 2 - 4 9 4 5 0 - 3 8 3 W A S T E W A T E R 1 2 / 2 1 S e w e r 5 8 , 3 7 9 . 1 6 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 1 2 : 58 , 3 7 9 . 1 6 MN N A T I V E L A N D S C A P E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 3 3 1 4 7 1 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 4 0 4 B U C K T H O R N C O N T R O L G O L F C O U R S E G o l f C o u r s e 1 , 4 9 5 . 0 0 MN N A T I V E L A N D S C A P E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 3 3 1 4 7 2 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 0 0 - 4 0 4 S A G A H I L L H E R B I C I D E A P P L I C A T I O N P a r k s 1 , 3 0 0 . 0 0 Ci t y o f O r o n o Ch e c k R e g i s t e r - C O U N C I L R E P O R T Pa g e : 6 Ch e c k I s s u e D a t e s : 1 0 / 2 6 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 / 8 / 2 0 2 1 N o v 0 4 , 2 0 2 1 0 2 : 1 3 P M Ch e c k C h e c k I n v o i c e I n v o i c e G L A c c o u n t D e s c r i p t i o n D e p a r t m e n t I n v o i c e Pa y e e I s s u e D a t e N u m b e r N u m b e r Am o u n t T o t a l 1 1 7 5 1 3 : 2, 7 9 5 . 0 0 MO U N D T R U E V A L U E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 4 1 7 7 8 8 0 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 4 0 M I S C E Q U I P M E N T P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 5 9 . 9 9 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 1 4 : 59 . 9 9 Na v a r r e M i n n o c o 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 5 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 7 0 1 - 4 9 8 0 0 - 2 1 2 N O N O X Y F U E L 24 8 . 9 9 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 1 5 : 24 8 . 9 9 Ne w e g g B u s i n e s s I n c 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 6 1 3 0 3 4 9 9 8 5 6 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 1 A D J U S T A B L E W O R K S T A N D - P D P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 2 0 8 . 0 0 Ne w e g g B u s i n e s s I n c 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 6 1 3 0 3 5 0 0 3 7 5 7 1 0 - 4 9 9 7 0 - 2 2 1 M O N I T O R S T A N D - H E A T H E R , K E L L Y 8 9 . 9 8 Ne w e g g B u s i n e s s I n c 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 6 1 3 0 3 5 0 0 4 4 8 7 1 0 - 4 9 9 7 0 - 2 2 1 S C A N N E R 34 3 . 4 1 Ne w e g g B u s i n e s s I n c 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 6 1 3 0 3 5 0 8 6 3 7 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 2 2 1 A D J U S T A B L E W O R K S T A N D - A N N E C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 1 0 4 . 0 0 Ne w e g g B u s i n e s s I n c 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 6 1 3 0 3 5 0 9 3 0 4 7 1 0 - 4 9 9 7 0 - 2 2 1 L A P T O P B A T T E R Y 33 . 9 9 Ne w e g g B u s i n e s s I n c 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 6 1 3 0 3 5 1 2 7 4 6 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 2 0 1 F L A S H D R I V E C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 1 2 . 2 0 Ne w e g g B u s i n e s s I n c 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 6 1 3 0 3 5 1 3 1 9 9 7 1 0 - 4 9 9 7 0 - 2 2 1 M O N I T O R S - C I T Y H A L L 35 1 . 9 6 Ne w e g g B u s i n e s s I n c 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 6 1 3 0 3 5 1 5 8 4 6 7 1 0 - 4 9 9 7 0 - 2 2 1 W E B C A M - P W 22 . 7 4 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 1 6 : 1, 1 6 6 . 2 8 NO R T H E R N S T A R E X P L O R E R 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 7 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 9 E X P L O R E R P R O G R A M A N N U A L P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 4 9 5 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 1 7 : 49 5 . 0 0 OF F I C E D E P O T 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 8 2 0 5 9 4 2 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 2 2 1 A N T I F A T I G U E M A T C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 7 9 . 9 9 OF F I C E D E P O T 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 8 2 0 5 9 4 2 6 2 0 0 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 2 0 1 B A T T E R I E S C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 1 0 . 9 2 OF F I C E D E P O T 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 8 2 0 6 1 0 9 7 7 7 0 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 0 1 M I S C O F F I C E S U P P L I E S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 7 6 . 5 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 1 8 : 16 7 . 4 1 ON Y X P E R F O R M A N C E I N V E S T 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 1 9 O R C H A R D C 1 0 1 - 2 2 2 0 5 O R C H A R D C R E E K - A U T H R E D U C E S E C 2 4 0 , 0 6 8 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 1 9 : 24 0 , 0 6 8 . 0 0 PA I N T A L O T 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 0 1 4 5 6 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 4 0 8 S T R I P P I N G P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 3 , 7 1 1 . 1 5 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 2 0 : 3, 7 1 1 . 1 5 Ci t y o f O r o n o Ch e c k R e g i s t e r - C O U N C I L R E P O R T Pa g e : 7 Ch e c k I s s u e D a t e s : 1 0 / 2 6 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 / 8 / 2 0 2 1 N o v 0 4 , 2 0 2 1 0 2 : 1 3 P M Ch e c k C h e c k I n v o i c e I n v o i c e G L A c c o u n t D e s c r i p t i o n D e p a r t m e n t I n v o i c e Pa y e e I s s u e D a t e N u m b e r N u m b e r Am o u n t RD O E Q U I P M E N T 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 1 P 0 1 7 2 8 0 1 7 0 1 - 4 9 8 0 0 - 2 2 1 U N I T # 4 3 0 B A C K H O E R E P A I R T A S K 3 0 1 7 3 6 9 9 . 6 5 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 2 1 : 69 9 . 6 5 Ri v e r s i d e D e s i g n 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 2 2 8 0 2 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 0 0 - 3 5 2 L U R T O N D O G P A R K P A S S E S P a r k s 6 9 4 . 4 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 2 2 : 69 4 . 4 0 RU D D , R I C H A R D 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 3 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 4 3 5 - 4 8 9 7 4 - 5 9 0 2 1 - 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 S T R E E T S D A M A G E P A Y M E N T 1 , 6 0 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 2 3 : 1, 6 0 0 . 0 0 SE L A R O O F I N G A N D R E M O D E L 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 4 1 1 0 4 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 2 2 2 0 5 R P S 2 1 - 0 0 0 0 7 8 - 2 0 5 N O R T H G A T E R D 1 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 2 4 : 1, 0 0 0 . 0 0 Si t e O n e L a n d s c a p e S u p p l y L L C 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 5 1 1 4 2 1 3 4 9 8 - 0 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 0 0 - 2 2 3 B E D E R W O O D I R R I G A T I O N P a r k s 5 . 1 2 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 2 5 : 5. 1 2 SR I X O N S P O R T S U S A I N C 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 6 6 6 3 7 9 1 7 S O 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 0 9 5 G O L F B A L L S G o l f C o u r s e 2 1 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 2 6 : 21 0 . 0 0 ST A S A F E L O C K S M I T H 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 7 0 0 0 1 3 9 6 5 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 5 0 - 3 1 9 R E K E Y I N G S P R I N G P A R K W A T E R P L A N T , L S 6 , B P u b l i c W o r k s - S p r i n g P a r k 3 4 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 2 7 : 34 0 . 0 0 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 1 7 6 7 9 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 6 U N I F O R M S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 1 3 4 . 9 8 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 1 8 0 3 6 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 6 U N I F R O M S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 9 4 . 9 8 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 1 8 3 7 3 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 4 0 M I S C E Q U I P M E N T P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 5 4 . 9 7 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 1 8 5 1 6 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 4 0 E Q U I P M E N T P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 3 0 . 9 9 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 1 8 5 6 3 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 6 N E W H I R E E Q U I P E N T P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 1 5 9 . 9 8 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 1 8 6 0 0 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 6 U N I F O R M E Q U I P M E N T P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 2 3 0 . 9 9 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 1 9 1 2 4 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 6 U N I F O R M S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 2 9 7 . 9 7 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 1 9 2 9 2 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 4 0 M I S C E Q U I P M E N T P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 9 9 . 9 6 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 1 9 8 4 3 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 5 5 0 S Q U A D S E T U P A N D T E A R D O W N P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 3 0 0 . 0 0 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 1 9 8 4 6 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 5 8 0 N E W S Q U A D C A M S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 1 , 5 0 0 . 0 0 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 2 1 1 9 8 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 6 U N F O R M S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 2 3 4 . 9 7 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 2 2 3 6 4 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 6 U N I F O R M S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 2 5 . 0 0 Ci t y o f O r o n o Ch e c k R e g i s t e r - C O U N C I L R E P O R T Pa g e : 8 Ch e c k I s s u e D a t e s : 1 0 / 2 6 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 / 8 / 2 0 2 1 N o v 0 4 , 2 0 2 1 0 2 : 1 3 P M Ch e c k C h e c k I n v o i c e I n v o i c e G L A c c o u n t D e s c r i p t i o n D e p a r t m e n t I n v o i c e Pa y e e I s s u e D a t e N u m b e r N u m b e r Am o u n t ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 2 2 9 0 5 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 4 0 E Q U I P M E N T P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 8 . 9 9 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 1 5 3 0 5 1 2 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 6 U N I F R O M S P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 1 1 7 . 9 9 ST R E I C H E R S P O L I C E E Q U I P 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 8 I 1 5 2 0 4 3 3 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 2 2 1 M I S C E Q U I P M E N T P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 1 3 . 9 8 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 2 8 : 3, 3 0 5 . 7 5 TE R R A N C E & J E N N I F E R C A L L A 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 2 9 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 9 9 9 - 1 0 0 1 5 U B R E F U N D - 3 7 6 0 N O R T H E R N A V E 1 4 . 9 1 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 2 9 : 14 . 9 1 TH N E N T E R P R I S E S 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 0 2 2 8 5 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 0 0 - 4 0 4 B I G I S L A N D D O C K T R A N S P O R T P a r k s 4 , 3 0 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 3 0 : 4, 3 0 0 . 0 0 Ti m e S a v e r O f f S i t e S e c r e t a r i a l I n c 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 1 M 2 6 8 3 4 1 0 1 - 4 1 3 0 0 - 3 1 9 C C M E E T I N G M I N U T E S A d m i n i s t r a t i o n 2 2 3 . 0 0 Ti m e S a v e r O f f S i t e S e c r e t a r i a l I n c 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 1 M 2 6 8 3 4 1 0 1 - 4 2 4 0 0 - 3 1 9 P C M I N U T E S B u i l d i n g & Z o n i n g 1 5 1 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 3 1 : 37 4 . 0 0 TW I N C I T Y S E E D C O M P A N Y 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 2 5 0 9 4 0 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 0 0 - 2 2 3 P A R K S S E E D P a r k s 2 , 6 4 2 . 0 0 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 3 2 : 2, 6 4 2 . 0 0 UL I N E 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 3 1 3 9 7 6 1 5 7 5 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 0 0 - 2 2 1 B I G I S L A N D S U P P L I E S P a r k s 2 5 2 . 3 6 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 3 3 : 25 2 . 3 6 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 3 0 8 7 2 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 2 2 3 L A U N D R Y S E R V I C E G o l f C o u r s e 3 5 . 4 7 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 3 4 9 6 6 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 2 2 3 M A T S - P W C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 1 9 . 5 0 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 3 4 9 6 6 7 0 1 - 4 9 8 0 0 - 2 2 1 S H O P T O W E L S - P W 5. 7 0 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 3 4 9 6 6 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 2 2 6 U N I F O R M S - P W P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 1 1 0 . 3 2 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 3 4 9 9 9 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 2 2 3 L A U N D R Y S E R V I C E G o l f C o u r s e 4 7 . 8 0 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 3 7 7 5 2 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 2 2 3 L A U N D R Y S E R V I C E G o l f C o u r s e 4 7 . 3 8 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 4 0 5 1 6 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 2 2 3 L A U N D R Y S E R V I C E G o l f C o u r s e 4 7 . 3 8 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 4 1 9 0 2 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 2 2 3 L A U N D R Y S E R V I C E G o l f C o u r s e 3 9 . 3 0 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 2 9 0 5 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 2 2 3 M A T S - P W C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 1 9 . 7 0 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 2 9 0 5 7 0 1 - 4 9 8 0 0 - 2 2 1 S H O P T O W E L S - P W 5. 7 0 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 2 9 0 5 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 2 2 6 U N I F O R M S - P W P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 9 0 . 8 9 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 2 9 3 5 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 2 2 3 L A U N D R Y S E R V I C E G o l f C o u r s e 4 3 . 1 5 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 4 2 6 6 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 2 2 3 M A T S - C H & C C C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 5 8 . 0 0 Ci t y o f O r o n o Ch e c k R e g i s t e r - C O U N C I L R E P O R T Pa g e : 9 Ch e c k I s s u e D a t e s : 1 0 / 2 6 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 / 8 / 2 0 2 1 N o v 0 4 , 2 0 2 1 0 2 : 1 3 P M Ch e c k C h e c k I n v o i c e I n v o i c e G L A c c o u n t D e s c r i p t i o n D e p a r t m e n t I n v o i c e Pa y e e I s s u e D a t e N u m b e r N u m b e r Am o u n t UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 4 2 6 7 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 2 2 3 M A T S - P W C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 1 9 . 5 0 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 4 2 6 7 7 0 1 - 4 9 8 0 0 - 2 2 1 S H O P T O W E L S - P W 5. 7 0 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 4 2 6 7 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 2 2 6 U N I F O R M S - P W P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 9 0 . 8 9 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 4 2 9 9 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 2 2 3 L A U N D R Y S E R V I C E G o l f C o u r s e 4 7 . 3 8 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 5 6 5 9 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 2 2 3 M A T S - P W C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 1 9 . 5 0 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 5 6 5 9 7 0 1 - 4 9 8 0 0 - 2 2 1 S H O P T O W E L S - P W 5. 7 0 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 5 6 5 9 1 0 1 - 4 3 0 0 0 - 2 2 6 U N I F O R M S - P W P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t 9 0 . 8 9 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 5 6 8 9 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 2 2 3 L A U N D R Y S E R V I C E G o l f C o u r s e 3 9 . 3 0 UN I F I R S T C O R P O R A T I O N 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 4 0 9 0 0 6 5 7 0 5 8 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 2 2 3 L A U N D R Y S E R V I C E G o l f C o u r s e 4 7 . 3 8 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 3 4 : 93 6 . 5 3 US B a n k E q u i p m e n t F i n a n c e 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 1 1 7 5 3 5 4 5 6 5 4 8 4 5 2 7 1 0 - 4 9 9 7 0 - 4 1 3 C O P I E R S 65 6 . 4 4 T o t a l 1 1 7 5 3 5 : 65 6 . 4 4 MN D E P T O F R E V E N U E - W I R E 1 0 / 2 7 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 2 1 - 0 6 1 0 1 - 4 5 2 1 0 - 4 8 9 S A L E S T A X L A T E F E E 6 / 2 1 G o l f C o u r s e 7 3 2 . 0 0 T o t a l 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 8 : 73 2 . 0 0 OP T U M 1 0 / 2 9 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 9 4 1 4 5 4 9 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 3 1 9 H S A M A I N T E N A N C E F E E 3 R D Q T R 2 0 2 1 C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 2 3 8 . 5 0 T o t a l 2 0 1 3 0 1 3 1 : 23 8 . 5 0 Ci t y o f O r o n o U t i l i t i e s 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 C H 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 3 8 2 O C T 2 0 2 1 U B C H & P D C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 7 7 9 . 1 2 Ci t y o f O r o n o U t i l i t i e s 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 C H 1 0 1 - 4 2 1 1 0 - 3 8 2 O C T 2 0 2 1 U B C H & P D P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t 7 7 9 . 1 2 Ci t y o f O r o n o U t i l i t i e s 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 P O 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 3 8 2 O C T 2 0 2 1 U B - P O C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 8 5 . 1 2 Ci t y o f O r o n o U t i l i t i e s 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 P W 1 0 1 - 4 1 9 0 0 - 3 8 2 O C T 2 0 2 1 U B - P W C e n t r a l S e r v i c e s 3 2 1 . 6 3 Ci t y o f O r o n o U t i l i t i e s 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 2 1 - 1 0 W T 6 0 1 - 4 9 4 0 0 - 3 8 2 O C T 2 0 2 1 U B - W T P W a t e r 1 4 5 . 5 4 T o t a l 2 0 1 3 0 1 3 2 : 2, 1 1 0 . 5 3 MN S T A T E R E T I R E M E N T - H C S P - 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 1 1 0 4 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 2 1 7 1 8 P E H S C P - 1 1 / 0 4 / 2 0 2 1 2, 5 3 8 . 9 1 T o t a l 2 0 1 3 0 1 3 3 : 2, 5 3 8 . 9 1 NA T I O N W I D E R E T I R E M E N T 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 1 1 0 4 2 0 2 1 O B 1 0 1 - 2 1 7 0 5 O B R A - 1 1 / 0 4 / 2 0 2 1 19 4 . 8 1 NA T I O N W I D E R E T I R E M E N T 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 1 1 0 4 2 0 2 1 R O 1 0 1 - 2 1 7 0 5 4 5 7 - 1 1 / 0 4 / 2 0 2 1 17 5 . 0 0 NA T I O N W I D E R E T I R E M E N T 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 1 1 0 4 2 0 2 1 U S 1 0 1 - 2 1 7 0 5 4 5 7 - 1 1 / 0 4 / 2 0 2 1 93 0 . 0 0 Ci t y o f O r o n o Ch e c k R e g i s t e r - C O U N C I L R E P O R T Pa g e : 1 0 Ch e c k I s s u e D a t e s : 1 0 / 2 6 / 2 0 2 1 - 1 1 / 8 / 2 0 2 1 N o v 0 4 , 2 0 2 1 0 2 : 1 3 P M Ch e c k C h e c k I n v o i c e I n v o i c e G L A c c o u n t D e s c r i p t i o n D e p a r t m e n t I n v o i c e Pa y e e I s s u e D a t e N u m b e r N u m b e r Am o u n t T o t a l 2 0 1 3 0 1 3 4 : 1, 2 9 9 . 8 1 OP T U M 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 1 1 0 4 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 2 1 7 1 7 H S A - 1 1 / 0 4 / 2 0 2 1 4, 3 6 9 . 4 9 T o t a l 2 0 1 3 0 1 3 5 : 4, 3 6 9 . 4 9 PU B L I C E M P L O Y E E S R E T I R E M 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 1 1 0 4 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 2 1 7 0 4 P E R A 1 0 / 1 8 / 2 1 - 1 0 / 3 1 / 2 1 39 , 1 9 7 . 9 0 T o t a l 2 0 1 3 0 1 3 6 : 39 , 1 9 7 . 9 0 ST A T E O F M N D E F E R R E D C O M 1 1 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 1 1 0 4 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 - 2 1 7 0 5 4 5 7 - 1 1 / 0 4 / 2 1 1, 1 7 0 . 0 0 T o t a l 2 0 1 3 0 1 3 7 : 1, 1 7 0 . 0 0 G r a n d T o t a l s : 48 6 , 0 7 4 . 4 8 AGENDA ITEM Prepared By: J. Barnhart Reviewed By: A. Carlson Approved By: 1.Purpose. To adopt the ordinance as drafted, removing the maximum roof coverage for solar arrays. 2.Background/ Council Vote. The City Council has approved two variances from the regulation related to maximum roof coverage in the last year. After the second, the Council suggested a modification of the ordinance would be appropriate. 3.Planning Commission Vote and Comment. On October 18th, the Planning Commission held a public hearing. Following the public hearing, the Planning Commission voted 5-0 on a motion to approve the ordinance as drafted. The members of the Commission were in agreement that the roof coverage limit was not necessary, and noted that the building code will include requirements for access and other issues. 4.Public Comment. No comments for or against the regulation have been received. 5.Staff Recommendation. Staff recommends the Council adopt the resolution. COUNCIL ACTION REQUESTED Move to Approve or Amend Ordinance 262, Third Series. Exhibits A.Draft Ordinance B. PC Minutes – draft C. PC Staff report. References PC Exhibits 10-18-21 Item No.: 4 Date:November 8, 2021 Item Description:LA21-000067 – City of Orono Text Amendment – Solar Energy – Ordinance 262, Third Series Presenter:Jeremy Barnhart, AICP Community Development Director Agenda Section: Consent Agenda 1 ORDINANCE NO. ___, THIRD SERIES CITY OF ORONO HENNEPIN COUNTY, MINNESOTA AN ORDINANCE AMENDING THE CODE OF ORDINANCES RELATED TO ROOF COVERAGE FOR SOLAR PANEL ARRAYS THE CITY COUNCIL OF ORONO ORDAINS: SECTION 1. Sec. 78-1379 Alternative energy systems paragraph (e). Subparagraph (2) shall be amended by striking text to read as follows: h. [Purposefully left blank] Maximum area. In all residential zoning districts, the collector and mounting system of a roof-mounted solar energy system shall cover no more than 70 percent of the roof to which it is affixed. SECTION 2. EFFECTIVE DATE: This ordinance shall take effect immediately upon its passage and publication. ADOPTED this _____ day of _____, 2021 on a vote of __ ayes and __ nays by the City Council of Orono, Minnesota. ATTEST: ______________________________ _____________________________ Anna Carlson, City Clerk Dennis Walsh, Mayor Ordinance published in The Laker Pioneer newspaper the week of ________, 2021. Council Exhibit A LA21-67 MINUTES OF THE ORONO PLANNING COMMISSION Monday, October 18, 2021 6:00 o’clock p.m. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Page 1 of 1 2. LA21-000067 CITY OF ORONO PROPOSES A TEXT AMENDMENT TO SECTION 78- 1379 REGARDING SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS. (STAFF: JEREMY BARNHART) Staff presented a summary packet of information. Barnhart said over the last year the Commissioners have reviewed two variances for the maximum amount of roof plane coverage that a solar panel could cover. The Planning Commission and City Council approved those variances. The ordinance tonight is to remove the 70% restriction; there would still be a restriction as to what the building code would allow. Ressler opened the public hearing at 6:46 p.m. Ressler closed the public hearing at 6:46 p.m. Gettman moved, Bollis seconded, to approve LA21-000067 City Of Orono Text Amendment to Section 78-1379 Regarding Solar Energy Systems. VOTE: Ayes: 5, Nays 0. &RXQFLO([KLELW% /$ To: Chair Kirchner and Planning Commission Members Adam Edwards, City Administrator From: Jeremy Barnhart, AICP, Community Development Director Date: October 18, 2021 Subject: #LA21-000067, City of Orono, Text Amendment related to Solar Panel coverage Public Hearing Background The city of Orono established regulations for Solar energy systems in 2013 (Ordinance 119). Those regulations included a limit for the amount of a roof plane could be covered with solar panels. That limit was established at 70%. (Section 78-1379 (e) (2) h.) The ordinance does not permit ground mounted solar arrays. In the last year, the City has reviewed two variance requests for additional coverage, both of these requests were granted (LA20-69 for 83%, and LA20-73, for 75.3%). After the second, staff was advised to initiate a text amendment to remove the limit. Analysis: With The removal of the limit as proposed, maximum roof coverage will be a function of the building code, and the need to maintain access to the roof. Building Code plan review requirements including information to show the roof can support the equipment, height, and wind load requirements will still apply. No other changes are proposed. Public Comments To date, no public comments have been received. Issues for Consideration 1. Are there any other issues or concerns with this application? Planning Staff Recommendation Planning Staff recommends approval of the ordinance as drafted. List of Exhibits Exhibit A. Draft Text Application Summary: The City is proposing a text amendment that would remove the 70% coverage limit for roof mounted solar panel arrays. Staff Recommendation: Planning Department Staff recommends approval as drafted. ŝƚLJŽƵŶĐŝů >ϮϭͲϲϳ džŚŝďŝƚ Prepared By: J. Barnhart Reviewed By: A. Carlson Approved By: 1. Purpose.To consider resolution approving variances for height and side yard setback. 2.Background. The City Council held the public hearing and reviewed the variance requests for the proposed public works building at 365 Old Crystal Bay Road on October 25th. At that time, they directed staff to prepare a resolution of approval. The resolution approving the variances is attached as Exhibit A, incorporating the findings noted during the initial Council review. 3.Planning Staff Recommendation. Planning Staff recommends the Council adopt resolution 7232, approving the side yard and building height variances. COUNCIL ACTION REQUESTED Move to Adopt Resolution No. 7232 Exhibits A. Draft resolution References LA21-000068 Case file Item No.: 5 Date:November 8, 2021 Item Description:LA21-000068 – City of Orono, 365 Old Crystal Bay Road North – Side Yard Setback and Building height Variance –Resolution No. 7232 Presenter:Jeremy Barnhart, AICP Community Development Director Agenda Section: Consent Agenda Application Summary: The applicant is requesting side yard and building height variances to construct a new public works facility on the property. Staff Recommendation: Planning Department Staff recommends approval of the resolution as drafted. CITY OF ORONO RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL NO. 7232 1 A RESOLUTION APPROVING A VARIANCE FROM MUNICIPAL ZONING CODE SECTION 78-420 FOR BUILDING HEIGHT AND SIDE YARD SETBACK FILE NO. LA21-000068 WHEREAS,on September 21, 2021, The city of Orono (“Applicant”), applied for a variance from the City Code for the property addressed 365 Old Crystal Bay Road and legally described in Exhibit A, (hereinafter the “Property”); WHEREAS,the Applicants have made application to the City of Orono for a variance to Orono Municipal Zoning Code Section 78-420 to allow a 23 foot side yard setback where 30 feet is required, and a variance from Section 78-420 to allow a building 36 feet in defined height where 30 feet is permitted; and WHEREAS,on September 27, 2021, the City Council, by unanimous action, waived reference of the variance application to the Planning Commission, as authorized by City Code Section 78-122; and WHEREAS,on October 25, 2021, after published and mailed notice in accordance with Minnesota Statutes and the City Code, the City Council held a public hearing, at which time all persons desiring to be heard concerning this application were given the opportunity to speak thereon; and WHEREAS,on October 25, 2021, the City Council directed preparation of findings for approval of the variance. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City Council of Orono, Minnesota hereby approves the requested variance as described above based on one or more of the following findings of fact concerning the Property: FINDINGS OF FACT: 1. This application was reviewed as Zoning File #LA21-000068. The analysis contained within staff memos and the exhibits attached to the aforesaid memos, all minutes from the above mentioned meetings, and any and all other materials distributed at these meetings are hereby incorporated by reference. 2. The Property is located in the RR-1B Zoning District. CITY OF ORONO RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL NO. 7232 2 3. The Property contains 5.85 acres in area and has a defined lot width of 200 feet. 4. Structural Building Coverage and Hardcover limitations do not apply due to the property’s location in the exempt tier, and being over 2 acres. 5. Applicant has applied for the following variance[s]: a. Side yard setback 23 feet where 30 feet is required b. Building height, 36 feet, where 30 feet is permitted 6. In considering this application for variance, the Council has considered the effect of the proposed variance upon the health, safety and welfare of the community, existing and anticipated traffic conditions, light and air, danger of fire, risk to the public safety, and the effect on values of property in the surrounding area. ANALYSIS: According to MN §462.357 Subd. 6(2) variances shall only be permitted when: 1. The variance is in harmony with the general intent and purpose of the Ordinance. The intent of the ordinance is to reduce massing with principal structures too close together, and to regulate massing with tall buildings. Neither of these goals will be challenged with the variance. The north property line is a boundary with undeveloped MnDOT property, adjacent to a drop off for Hwy 12 and a rail corridor. The building height as defined reflects the drop off of slope toward the west end of the building. From the street, the building will appear conforming. 2. The variance is consistent with the comprehensive plan. The use of the property is a permitted use in the RR-1B zoning district. 3. The applicant establishes that there are practical difficulties. a. The property owner proposes to use the property in a reasonable manner not permitted by the official controls; In the site design, the goal was to shift the building as far away from neighboring residential parcels. To maximize the southern setback, the northern setback was reduced. The building height is necessary for the internal workings of the building (large truck lifts, storage) and due to the substantial slope of the lot from east to west. b. There are circumstances unique to the property not created by the landowner; The unique design of the lot, both from its long narrow shape and slope of the lot are unique to the property and not created by the landowner and c. The variance will not alter the essential character of the locality. The height variance and the setback will not be discernible to the general neighborhood. Most of the work on the site will occur in the west and north sides. Additionally City Code 78-123 provides additional parameters within which a variance may be granted as follows: CITY OF ORONO RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL NO. 7232 3 4. Economic considerations alone do not constitute practical difficulties. Economic considerations have not been a factor in the variance approval determination. 5. Practical difficulties also include but are not limited to inadequate access to direct sunlight for solar energy systems. Variances shall be granted for earth-sheltered construction as defined in Minn. Stat. § 216C.06, subd. 17, when in harmony with Orono City Code Chapter 78. This condition is not applicable. 6. The board or the council may not permit as a variance any use that is not permitted under Orono City Code Chapter 78 for property in the zone where the affected person's land is located. This condition is not applicable, as a municipal building is a permitted use in the RR-1B District. 7. The board or council may permit as a variance the temporary use of a one-family dwelling as a two-family dwelling. This condition is not applicable. 8. The special conditions applying to the structure or land in question are peculiar to such property or immediately adjoining property. The long, narrowness of the lot, coupled with significant slope of the property are unique to the lot. 9. The conditions do not apply generally to other land or structures in the district in which the land is located. The use of the property for a municipal building is unique to the property and the district. 10. The granting of the application is necessary for the preservation and enjoyment of a substantial property right of the applicant. The public works nature of the building requires flexibility from standard zoning regulations which were developed primarily for residential uses. 11. The granting of the proposed variance will not in any way impair health, safety, comfort or morals, or in any other respect be contrary to the intent of this chapter. The reduced north side setback and height variance will not impact neighboring properties in these ways, as there are no neighbors to the north (nor will there ever be), and the height issue is caused by the significant drop in the lot. 12. The granting of such variance will not merely serve as a convenience to the applicant, but is necessary to alleviate demonstrable difficulty. The plans reflect minimal amount of variance necessary to meet use requirements of the site while minimizing impact to neighboring properties. CONCLUSIONS, ORDER AND CONDITIONS: Based upon one or more of the above findings, the Orono City Council hereby grants a variance to Orono Municipal Zoning Code Section 78-420 to allow the buildings defined height up to 36 feet, and allow the north side yard setback to reduce from 30 feet to 23 feet, subject to the following conditions: 1. Council approval is based on the entire record, above Findings. CITY OF ORONO RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL NO. 7232 4 2. The approved project shall conform to the sitre plan dated October 21, 2021 and building plans submitted by the Applicants and annotated by City staff, attached to this Resolution as Exhibit B. 3. Any amendments to the plans which are not in conformity with City codes may require further Planning Commission and City Council review. 4. Authorities granted by this resolution run with the Property not with the Applicants, but are permissive only and must be exercised by obtaining a building permit for the new construction and commencing construction of said project. A framing inspection must be completed within one year of the date of Council approval, or the variance will expire on that date (November 8, 2022). 5. Violation of or non-compliance with any of the terms and conditions of this resolution may result in the termination of any authority granted herein. ADOPTED by the Orono City Council on this 8th day of November, 2021. ATTEST:CITY OF ORONO: _______________________________ ________________________________ Anna Carlson, City Clerk Dennis Walsh, Mayor CITY OF ORONO RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL NO. 7232 5 Exhibit A That part of Tract A described below: Tract A. The north 10 acres of that part of the East Half of the Southwest Quarter of Section 33, Township 118 North, Range 23 West, Hennepin County, Minnesota, lying south of the right of way ofthe Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company, formerly the Great Northern Railway; which lies westerly and southerly of Line 1 described below, and westerly of the westerly right of way line of Old Crystal Bay Road as now located and established: Line 1. Beginning at Right of Way Boundary Corner B16 as shown on Minnesota Department of Transportation Monumentation Plat No. 27-M16 as the same is onfile and of record inthe office of the County Recorder in and for said County; thence northerly on an azimuth of 00 degrees 16 minutes 00 seconds along the boundary of said plat for 101.45 feet to Right of Way Boundary Corner B17; thence on an azimuth of 270 degrees 48 minutes 58 seconds along the boundary of said plat for 25.65 feet to Right of Way Boundary Corner B18; thence on an azimuth of 00 degrees 48minutes 59seconds along the boundary of said plat for 79.00 feet to Right of Way Boundary Corner B19; thence on an azimuth of 285 degrees 18 minutes 31 seconds for 79.82 feet to Boundary Corner M23; thence on an azimuth of 270 degrees 49 minutes 00 seconds for 1183.44 feet to Boundary Corner M24 and there terminating; containing 5.85 acres, more or less; Subject to the following restriction: No access shall be permitted to Trunk Highway No. 12 from the lands herein conveyed; except that access shall be permitted to Old Crystal Bay Road. CITY OF ORONO RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL NO. 7232 6 AGENDA ITEM Prepared By: Laura Oakden Reviewed By: J. Barnhart Approved By 1. Purpose. Amend the definition for animal units to include up to 6 honey bee hives per animal unit. 2. Background. The City of Orono regulates honeybees as farm animals. Non-commercial Farm animals for the use of occupants of premises are permitted in the rural districts as an accessory use and in the lakeshore districts as a conditional use permit. Farm Animals, other than horses, require a minimum 2 acres of land. The number of farm animals allowed is based on animal units and number of acres on a property. Animal units are, in part, established based on weight. The animal unit equivalent for Honey Bees has not been established. For Example: A 4 acre property in the RR-1B District could have 12 animal units: 1 acre for the dwelling and one acre for each animal unit. This property would be allowed 3 animal units (3 horses, cows or steer, donkeys, or alpacas; 6 pigs, or 9 sheep or goats, or 75 chickens). Based on research provided by the University of Minnesota, Staff recommended to the Planning Commission that 6 hives be considered an animal unit. In the example above, this property would allow up to 18 hives. 3. Planning Commission Vote and Comment. On October 18th the Planning Commission held a public hearing. Following the public hearing, the Planning Commission voted 5-0 on a motion to amend the city code to remove honey bees from the list of defined farm animals and to list honey bees as a conditional use in the lakeshore zoning district allowing 12 hives per acre. Commissioners discussed the current city code and honey bee regulations. Commissioner Bollis opposed putting a number limit on the allowed number of hives. He discussed the point that honeybees have a symbiotic relationship with other farm animals and should not be counted towards an animal unit. Additionally, wetlands are currently left out of land totals when calculating animal units on a property and Commissioner Bollis suggesting that wetland need to be counted toward total acreage. It was suggested to remove the honeybee from the definition of farm animals so it would not count to a properties animal unit. Bollis also suggested increasing the suggested limit to 12 hives per acre. Staff cannot support the Planning Commission’s recommendation. Not listing honey bees as farm animals, but regulating them as conditional use in the lake district has the effect of prohibiting them in the rural districts. Further, the trigger for this amendment was to provide guidance to property owners seeking advice on the regulation; being silent on the regulation does not address that problem. However, the commission did note the different impacts of honeybee hives and land based animals (need for pasture/ grazing, waste creation, etc.). Also, it is important to note, these regulations are intended for animals with non-commercial purpose, and for the occupants of the premises. 4. Public Comment. No public comment was received. COUNCIL ACTION REQUESTED City Council should review the staff’s amendment as proposed in Exhibit B and provide a direction. Item No.: 6 Date: November 8, 2021 Item Description: LA21-000065 – City of Orono Text Amendment – Animal Units, Honeybees – Ordinance 263, Third Series Presenter: Laura Oakden Planner Agenda Section: Community Development Report Exhibits A. Draft Ordinance – Planning Commission B. Draft Ordinance – Planning Staff C. PC Minutes – draft D. PC Staff report. E. Area city regulations F. Research from Bee squad References PC Exhibits Exhibit A. Draft Amendment Exhibit B. City Code 78-419,RR-1B Accessory Uses, Keeping of Farm Animals Exhibit C. University of Minnesota Research Exhibit D. LA21-000019, Resolution 7185 Draft Ordinance Planning Commission Recommendation Amending the Code pertaining to Definitions and the Conditional Use Sections within the Lakeshore Districts. Chapter Sec. 78-1, shall be amended by deleting text to read as follows: Sec. 78-1. Definitions. Farm animals means cattle, horses, mules, sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas, swine, ponies, ducks, geese, turkeys, chickens, and guinea hens and honeybees. 78-303 (LR-1A), Conditional Use (12) Keeping of Honeybees, provided that: a. The property must be 2 acres in size. c. Honeybee hives must follow the accessory structure setbacks. b. No more than 12 honeybees hives per acre 78-328 (LR-1B), Conditional Use (12) Keeping of Honeybees, provided that: a. The property must be 2 acres in size. c. Honeybee hives must follow the accessory structure setbacks. b. No more than 12 honeybees hives per acre 78-348 (LR-1C) Conditional Use (12) Keeping of Honeybees, provided that: a. The property must be 2 acres in size. c. Honeybee hives must follow the accessory structure setbacks. b. No more than 12 honeybees hives per acre 78-367 (LR-1C-1) Conditional uses. (12) Keeping of Honeybees, provided that: Exhibit A LA21-000065 a. The property must be 2 acres in size. c. Honeybee hives must follow the accessory structure setbacks. b. No more than 12 honeybees hives per acre Draft Ordinance Staff Recommendation Amending the Code pertaining to Definitions and the Conditional Use Sections within the Lakeshore Districts and Accessory Uses in the Rural Districts Chapter Sec. 78-1, shall be amended by adding text to read as follows: Sec. 78-1. Definitions. Animal unit means, for one animal unit equivalency, one cow or steer; one horse, donkey alpaca, or llama; two pigs, three sheep or goats; or 25 fowl or six honeybee hives. 78-303 (LR-1A), 78-328 (LR-1B), 78-348 (LR-1C) and 78-367 (LR-1C-1) Conditional Use Sections, shall be amended by adding text to read as follows: Conditional uses. (3) Keeping of farm animals for noncommercial purposes and for the use of the occupants of premises, provided that: a. Where the applicant requests a conditional use permit to keep horses, there must be at least one acre for the dwelling and two acres of open pasture for the first horse. If the applicant requests a conditional use permit to keep more than one horse, the property must have one additional acre of open pasture for each additional horse. Calculations of minimum pasture acreage shall not include any land defined as a wetland or wetland buffer under section 78-1602. b. Where the applicant requests a conditional use permit to keep farm animals other than horses, there must be at least one acre for the dwelling and one acre for each animal unit. Calculations of minimum acreage required shall not include any land defined as a wetland or wetland buffer under section 78-1602. In calculating acres for Honeybee animal units, wetlands and wetland buffer areas may be included. Honeybee animal units are exclusive of other animal units. c. Any building or structure associated with the animals is located more than 150 feet from the nearest adjacent residence and at least 75 feet from the nearest lot line. d. The use is operated in compliance with Chapter 62, Animals. 78-394 (RR-1A), 78-419 (RR-1B) Accessory Use Sections, shall be amended by adding text to read as follows: Exhibit B LA21-000065 Accessory uses. (6) Keeping of farm animals for noncommercial purposes and for the use of the occupants of premises, provided that: a. For the keeping of horses, there must be at least one acre for the dwelling and two acres of open pasture for the first horse. For the keeping of more than one horse, the property must have one additional acre of open pasture for each additional horse. Calculations of minimum pasture acreage shall not include any land defined as a wetland or wetland buffer under section 78-1602. b. For the keeping of farm animals other than horses, there must be at least one acre for the dwelling and one acre for each animal unit. Calculations of minimum acreage required shall not include any land defined as a wetland or wetland buffer under section 78-1602. In calculating acres for Honeybee animal units, wetlands and wetland buffer areas may be included. Honeybee animal units are exclusive of other animal units. c. Any building or structure associated with the animals is located more than 150 feet from the nearest adjacent residence and at least 75 feet from the nearest lot line. d. The use is operated in compliance with chapter 62, Animals. MINUTES OF THE ORONO PLANNING COMMISSION Monday, October 18, 2021 6:00 o’clock p.m. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Page 1 of 2 ROLL CALL The Orono Planning Commission met on the above-mentioned date with the following members present: Commissioners Chris Bollis, Bob Erickson, Matt Gettman, Jon Ressler, and Dennis Libby. Chair Scott Kirchner and Commissioner Mark McCutcheon were absent. Representing Staff were Community Development Director Jeremy Barnhart and City Planner Laura Oakden. Vice Chair Ressler called the meeting to order at 6:00 p.m., followed by the Pledge of Allegiance. APPROVAL OF AGENDA Libby moved, Bollis seconded, to approve the Agenda. VOTE: Ayes 5, Nays 0. APPROVAL OF PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING MINUTES OF SEPTEMBER 20, 2021 Gettman moved, Bollis seconded, to approve the Minutes of the Orono Planning Commission meeting of September 20, 2021 as submitted. VOTE: Ayes 5, Nays 0. PUBLIC HEARINGS 1. LA21-000065 CITY OF ORONO PROPOSES A TEXT AMENDMENT TO CITY CODE CHAPTER 78 - ZONING REGULATIONS RELATED TO ANIMAL UNITS. (STAFF: LAURA OAKDEN) Staff presented a summary packet of information. City Planner Oakden stated the City proposes a text amendment to animal units to include honeybee hives; the City regulates honeybees under farm animals and animal units has not yet been established. Farm animals, other than horses, require a minimum of 2 acres of land and the number of farm animals allowed is based on the acreage of the property and corresponding animal units. Typically animal units are determined by the weight of the animal. Honeybees are not regulated by weight but by number of hives. After research it was found that ranges fall within 1-6 hives/animal unit for the keeping of residential honeybees. Staff recommends 6 honeybee hives as one animal unit. The Commissioners asked clarifying questions of Ms. Oakden, finding out that residents have called the City to find out how many hives they can have and Staff has been unable to advise in that way. They learned that honeybees are already allowed in the City Code as an allowed farm animal, but it does not define a number. Vice Chair Ressler opened the public hearing at 6:10 p.m. Vice Chair Ressler closed the public hearing at 6:10 p.m. Bollis clarified it is not people opposed to having bees but rather people who want to follow the law and regulations. He is opposed to putting a unit number on it for Rural Residential (RR) districts because the person managing the bees knows more than the Planning Commission as to how many units they can have on their property. He thinks Conditional Use Permits (CUPs) can be handled on a case-by-case basis as there is plenty of regulation already on it. Bollis noted people may start out with 12 hives in a year and end up with 2 surviving. If they are targeting 6 hives they should at least double that number to allow for Exhibit C LA21-000065 MINUTES OF THE ORONO PLANNING COMMISSION Monday, October 18, 2021 6:00 o’clock p.m. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Page 2 of 2 maintaining that number of hives. He is opposed to regulation; however, if there has to be a number on it he thinks it should be higher. He clarified that 10 hives would take up an 8x8 space. Finally, Bollis noted that counting these as an animal unit against other animals is hard as they have a symbiotic relationship with a horse, they are not taking up the space that a horse does. He thinks it is confusing to tie it together in the Code like that. Bollis does not think the honeybee hives should count against the aggregate total of animals. The Commissioners discussed whether to separate out the RR district and whether to have two separate standards. Oakden clarified currently she is proposing to amend the animal unit definition which is a flat one animal unit equals six hives. She noted it is regulated differently within different districts. Libby spoke in favor of the text amendment as presented. Bollis stated, respectfully, there are many family farms operating in Orono and he does not think it makes sense to regulate when there is no need for it. If there is a way to draft it so they are not regulating those properties that would be great. He also does not believe the wetlands should be counted out of that acreage because they are critical for the bees, and vice-versa. The Commission discussed the issue further, with Ressler and Libby noting Bollis brings up some thorough and interesting points. Libby is uncomfortable with the idea of an animal unit that could negate the ability to have another commonly owned recreational animal such as a horse or a goat. He is not comfortable voting and would make a motion to table until it is further researched and discussed. Erickson would like to see how other cities in the area handle honeybees. Oakden shared that many neighbors do not permit honeybees or are silent about the issue within their code. Barnhart suggested removing honeybees from the definition of farm animals. Based on Staff workload, it would likely not go before the Commission the following month. Bollis suggested honeybees come out as a farm animal and honeybees are a CUP in the Lakeshore Overlay District. He noted that might be a better way to regulate it. Ressler agreed. Gettman noted Staff is looking for a number. Bollis moved, Gettman seconded, to approve LA21-000065, Text Amendment to City Code Chapter 78, striking honeybees from “farm animals” so they would be unregulated in the Rural Residential District, and to draft regulation to make honeybees a CUP in the LA Districts with a number not to exceed 12 hives per acre. VOTE: Ayes: 5, Nays 0. To: Chair Kirchner and Planning Commission Members Adam Edwards, City Administrator From: Laura Oakden Date: October 18, 2021 Subject: #LA21-000065, City of Orono, Text Amendment related Animal Units, Public Hearing Background Home based bee keeping operations are becoming more and more popular, and staff is fielding more and more requests for regulations. The City of Orono regulates honeybees as farm animals. Farm animals are permitted in the rural districts (RR-1A and RR-1B) as an accessory use. They require a conditional use permit in the lakeshore districts (LR-1A, LR-1B, and LR-C). Farm Animals, other than horses, require a minimum 2 acres of land. The number of farm animals allowed is based on animal units and number of acres on a property. The animal units for Honey Bees has not been established. For Example: A 4 acre property in the RR-1B District would dedicate 1 acre for the dwelling and one acre for each animal unit. So this property would be allowed 3 animal units. (Exhibit B) Research (Exhibit C): Animal units are typically based, in part, on the weight of the animal. Obviously, bees are not going to be regulated individually. Research from University of Minnesota suggests maintaining 2 hives for a health bee colonies. The Bee Squad from the University of Minnesota conducted a survey from 2020 which found out of the 272 responders majority (66%) currently have 1-5 colonies. A review from the Bee Squad information and some additional research of bee ordinances found most cities that allow bees allow 1-6 hives for the keeping of honey bees in residential area. In 2021 the council reviewed and approved a CUP (LA21-000019) for the keeping of bees in a lakeshore district. All conditions for the project were met. Since the code does not identify number of hives allowed the applicant suggested 4-6 hives for their 2 acre property. The Council granted the CUP and limited the property to 6 hives. (Exhibit D) Review Based on the information above, staff recommends 6 honey bee hives equals 1 animal unit. It should be noted that this regulation will only apply to ‘domesticated bee hives” Bee hives occurring in nature would not be regulated, nor would they be required to be removed. Planning Staff Recommendation Planning Staff recommends amending the definition of Animal units to include 6 honey bee hives as 1 animal unit. Application Summary: The City if proposing a text amendment the definition for animal units to include up to 6 honey bee hives per animal unit. Staff Recommendation: Planning Department Staff recommends approval as drafted. Exhibit D LA21-000065 LA21-000065 October 18, 2021 Page 2 of 2 List of Exhibits Exhibit A. Draft Amendment Exhibit B. City Code 78-419,RR-1B Accessory Uses, Keeping of Farm Animals Exhibit C. University of Minnesota Research Exhibit D. LA21-000019, Resolution 7185 City Regulation Corcoran Allows in Agricultiral zoning, permitted in other areas with restrictions. Excelsior undomesticated animal as "any animal, mammal, amphibian, or reptile, which is of a species which is wild by nature or of a species which due to size, vicious nature, or other characteristics is inherently dangerous to human beings." "Any person may own, keep, harbor, or maintain any nondomesticated animal, provided that it weighs less than 50 pounds." Independence Defines bees as "livestock." Bees are allowed in areas which are zoned agricultural. Long Lake Honey bees are not mentioned in the Code. City of Long Lake's general position is if it is not expressly allowed, it is prohibited. Maple Plain Honey bees are not mentioned in the Code. Minnetonka No ordinance. Minnetonka Beach No person shall keep or allow to be kept any hive or other facility for the housing of honeybees. Minnetrista Bees are considered farm animals. "Farm animals may only be kept in A or AP zoning districts, or in a residential lot of at least ten acres in size provided that farm animals on said residential lots are not sheltered within 300 feet of an adjoining piece of property." Plymouth Bees are only allowed in areas zoned future restricted development (rural). Shorewood Bees are classified as an "urban farm animal." Section 705.09 subd 2(h) states, "The number of bee hives shall not exceed four." Spring Park Bees are not allowed in city limits Victoria Bees are only allowed in areas zoned agricultural and if you get a conditional use permit. Wayzata No ordinance This is a summary table of neighboring cities to Orono. Information was gathered from Bee Squad Exhibit E LA21-000065 Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] Beekeeping Ordinances Although we try to keep this as up to date and accurate as possible, we recommend that you connect with your local authority to verify all information regarding bee ordinances. If you have additions or changes that should be made to this information please email the Bee Squad (beesquad@umn.edu). Fellow bee lovers, it seemed that it might be useful to have an index of local bee ordinances. Information current as of date shown. Bee Lab One Stop MyU search AndoverCity AnokaCounty Title 5, Chapter 1, Section (d)Ordinance Citation Must be zoned R1, R2, or R3 and have at least two acres. Ordinance Language (763) 755-5100Contact Information 8-1-13Date AnokaCity Menu Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] AnokaCounty Section 10-2Ordinance Citation Bees are not mentioned in the city code, but the city planner said she would consider honey bees to be "non- domesticated" animal. The code prohibits non-domesticated or farm animals within City limits. Ordinance Language (763) 576-2700Contact Information 8-1-13Date Apple ValleyCity DakotaCounty Ordinance Citation Currently, no ordinance on bees. However, code prohibits non-domestic animals, and City interprets bees as non- domestic. City is revising the ordinance to expressly prohibit bees. Ordinance Language (952) 953-2500Contact Information 8-1-13Date Arden HillsCity RamseyCounty Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] Chapter 13, 25.07Ordinance Citation Bees are considered farm animals and are allowed within city limits as long as the lot meets the set back requirements (which depend upon how the hive is constructed). Ordinance Language (651) 792-7800Contact Information 8-1-13Date BayportCity WashingtonCounty Section 14Ordinance Citation Honey bees are not allowed within City limits. Ordinance Language (651) 275-4404Contact Information 8-1-13Date BlaineCity AnokaCounty Section 14-225Ordinance Citation Areas zoned residential may not have honey bees. Areas zoned agricultural may have honey bees. Ordinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] (763) 785-6122Contact Information 8-1-13Date BloomingtonCity HennepinCounty City Code 12.116.01Ordinance Citation Bees allowed with restrictions.Ordinance Language Contact Information 6-11-19Date Blue EarthCity FaribaultCounty Sub-Section 360.16Ordinance Citation Bees allowed with restrictions and permitOrdinance Language Contact Information 12-30-20Date Brooklyn CenterCity HennepinCounty Section 1-140Ordinance Citation Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] Bees are allowed with restrictions and registration Ordinance Language (763) 569-3300Contact Information 6-11-19Date Brooklyn ParkCity HennepinCounty Section 92.50Ordinance Citation Honey bees are permitted in lots over 5 acres. Other require registration. Ordinance Language (763) 424-8000Contact Information 11-24-15Date BurnsvilleCity DakotaCounty Section 6-2-20Ordinance Citation Honey bees are prohibited in all parts of Burnsville. Ordinance Language (952) 895-4400Contact Information 2-8-17Date CarverCity Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] CarverCounty Section 1005.02Ordinance Citation Codicil 1 allows animals not listed under Section 1005.02 in city limits as long as they are not a nuisance. Therefore, honey bees are allowed as long as they are not a nuisance. Ordinance Language (952) 448-5353Contact Information 8-1-13Date CentervilleCity AnokaCounty Chapter 90.02(B)Ordinance Citation "Licensing Honey Bees. Notwithstanding other provisions of this chapter, a person may keep honey bee colonies on any premises after first obtaining a license as provided in this subsection. No license shall be issued except in compliance of this section. (1) Lot size shall be a minimum of one-half acre; (2) No more than two honey bee colonies shall be allowed; (3) Hives shall be setback from property lines a minimum of 25 feet; (4) Applicant must document at least 16 hours of training in beekeeping, and (5) the colony shall be maintained in good order and not be a nuisance to any member of the public." Ordinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] (651) 429-3232Contact Information 8-1-13Date ChamplinCity HennepinCounty Ordinance Citation Honey bees are not mentioned within Champlin's ordinances. The City would allow honey bees as long as they were not a nuisance and the neighbors were on board. Ordinance Language (763) 421-8100Contact Information 8-1-13Date ChanhassenCity Hennepin and CarverCounty Chapter 5, article IVOrdinance Citation Bees allowed by permit.Ordinance Language (952) 227-1100Contact Information 11-8-18Date ChaskaCity Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] CarverCounty Chapter 5, Section 82Ordinance Citation The Chaska Police Department is in charge of code enforcement. Police officer told me they would allow a honey bee hive as long as it didn't bother the neighbors. Ordinance Language (952) 448-9200Contact Information 8-1-13Date Circle PinesCity AnokaCounty Section 320.02(B)Ordinance Citation "Licensing Honey Bees. Notwithstanding other provisions of this chapter, a person may keep honey bee colonies on any premises after first obtaining a license as provided in this subsection. No license shall be issued except in compliance of this section. (1) Lot size shall be a minimum of one-half acre; (2) No more than two honey bee colonies shall be allowed; (3) Hives shall be setback from property lines a minimum of 25 feet; (4) Applicant must document at least 16 hours of training in beekeeping, and (5) the colony shall be maintained in good order and not be a nuisance to any member of the public." Ordinance Language (763) 784-5898Contact Information Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] 8-1-13Date Coon RapidsCity AnokaCounty 6-502(2), (5)Ordinance Citation "Non-domestic animals are defined as … bees. It shall be unlawful to keep, maintain, harbor, or feed any non- domestic animal within the City except where permitted elsewhere in this Chapter." Ordinance Language Contact Information 8-1-13Date CorcoranCity HennepinCounty Ordinance Citation Section 1020.020: bees are agricultural use. Allowed in areas zoned for agricultural use. Other areas with restrictions. Ordinance Language (763) 420-2288Contact Information 3-6-19Date Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] Cottage GroveCity WashingtonCounty Section 11-3-7Ordinance Citation Bees are considered a farm animal and are allowed on properties of 5 or more acres. Section defining "farm animal" is 11-1-3. Ordinance Language (651) 458-2800Contact Information 8-1-13Date CrystalCity HennepinCounty Ordinance Citation City ordinances do not cover bees. Therefore, bees are allowed. Ordinance Language (763) 531-1000Contact Information 8-1-13Date DaytonCity Wright and HennepinCounty Section 1001.42 subd.8(1)(e)Ordinance Citation Honey bees are prohibited in areas zonedOrdinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] residential - Old Village, residential - mobile home, industrial and business, unless you have a conditional use permit. (763) 427-4589Contact Information 8-1-13Date DuluthCity St. LouisCounty 1959-6-80Ordinance Citation Ok in areas zoned rural;. Others require license. Ordinance Language Contact Information 11-23-15Date EaganCity DakotaCounty Section 10.12Ordinance Citation Honey bees may be kept on properties in areas that are zoned agricultural and have a minimum of five acres. Or by permit. Ordinance Language Contact Information 3-6-15Date Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] EdinaCity HennepinCounty Section 300.11Ordinance Citation Bees are allowed with permit.Ordinance Language Contact Information 10-1-15Date Elko New MarketCity ScottCounty Section 6-4-5Ordinance Citation Section 6-4-2 Honeybees are considered a farm animal. Section 6-4-5 states, "Farm animals shall be kept only in areas approved under the city zoning ordinance." Ordinance Language Contact Information 8-1-13Date ExcelsiorCity HennepinCounty Section 6-4Ordinance Citation Ordinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] Ordinance defines "undomesticated animal" as "any animal, mammal, amphibian, or reptile, which is of a species which is wild by nature or of a species which due to size, vicious nature, or other characteristics is inherently dangerous to human beings." "Any person may own, keep, harbor, or maintain any nondomesticated animal, provided that it weighs less than 50 pounds." Contact Information 8-1-13Date Falcon HeightsCity RamseyCounty Section 113-3Ordinance Citation Honey bees are defined as a farm animal. Farm animals are not allowed to be harbored within the city. The Falcon Heights City Council looked into a honey bee ordinance last year but ultimately did not pass it. Ordinance Language (651) 792-7600 Contact Information 8-1-13Date FaribaultCity RiceCounty Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] 2017-4Ordinance Citation Bees allowed by permitOrdinance Language Contact Information 5-30-18Date FarmingtonCity DakotaCounty 6-4-2Ordinance Citation Allowed with restrictions http://sterlingcodifiers.com/codebook/inde x.php?book_id=463&chapter_id=2... Ordinance Language Contact Information 7-23-18Date Forest LakeCity AnokaCounty Chapter 99Ordinance Citation Bees are defined as a farm animal. City code allows farm animals in areas zoned for agricultural use and if the property is five acres or more. Ordinance Language (651) 464-3550 Contact Information Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] 8-1-13Date FridleyCity AnokaCounty Section 101.05Ordinance Citation Allowed by license. application at FridleyMN.gov. Class on beekeeping required. Ordinance Language (763) 571-3450 Contact Information 5-11-18Date Golden ValleyCity HennepinCounty Section 10.32Ordinance Citation Honey bees are defined as a farm animal. Farm animals are not allowed to be harbored within the city. Ordinance Language Contact Information 8-1-13Date Grand MeadowCity MowerCounty Ordinance Citation Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] Section 91.2 Bees allowed with some restrictionsOrdinance Language Contact Information 2-11-20Date Ham LakeCity AnokaCounty Ordinance Citation No known restrictions.Ordinance Language Contact Information 2-14-21Date HastingsCity Dakota and WashingtonCounty Chapter 91.01Ordinance Citation Bees are not mentioned in the city code, so they are permitted. City planner warned that if the bees stung people or upset the neighbors, they could be removed through the public nuisance ordinance (Section 95.20). Ordinance Language (651) 480-2350 Contact Information Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] 8-1-13Date HibbingCity St. LouisCounty Section 10.23Ordinance Citation Honey bees are defined as a farm animal. Farm animals are not allowed to be harbored within the city. Ordinance Language Contact Information 2-8-17Date HopkinsCity HennepinCounty Ordinance Citation Hopkins Code of Ordinances does not address honey bees, so they interpret that to mean they are not permitted. Ordinance Language 952-548-6303Contact Information 2-8-17Date HugoCity WashingtonCounty Ordinance Citation Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] Although not expressly listed in the ordinance, honey bees are considered "farm animals," so they are allowed in areas zoned agricultural and on lots of five or more acres. Ordinance Language (651) 762-6300 Contact Information 8-1-13Date IndependenceCity HennepinCounty 510.05 subd. 46Ordinance Citation Defines bees as "livestock." Bees are allowed in areas which are zoned agricultural. Ordinance Language (763) 479-0527 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Inver Grove HeightsCity DakotaCounty Section 10-2-2Ordinance Citation Bees are allowed in areas zoned agricultural or estate. Ordinance Language (651) 450-2500 Contact Information Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] 8-1-13Date JordanCity ScottCounty Ordinance Citation No ordinance, so bees are not allowed. Perhaps could apply for a conditional use permit stating beekeeping as a home occupation. Ordinance Language (952) 492-2535 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Lake ElmoCity WashingtonCounty Title 9, Chapter 95.71Ordinance Citation Honey bees are allowed on property five acres or more. Permit required for under 5 acres. Ordinance Language (651) 747-3900 Contact Information 10-1-15Date Lake St. Croix BeachCity WashingtonCounty Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] No online ordinancesOrdinance Citation No one from the City returned my messages. Ordinance Language (651) 436-7031 Contact Information 8-1-13Date LakevilleCity DakotaCounty Chpt 35/11-35-3Ordinance Citation Allowed with an interim Use Permit. Application fee is $500 (ouch!) and must be presented to and approved by the Planning Commission. The City of Lakeville contact is Daryl Morey, Planning Director, 952-985-4422. Ordinance Language Contact Information 6-11-19Date LauderdaleCity RamseyCounty Section 5-3-1Ordinance Citation Bees are defined as a farm animal. CityOrdinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] ordinance 5-3-4-1 requires a permit to have a farm animal. (651) 792-7650 Contact Information 8-1-13Date LilydaleCity DakotaCounty Section 801.01Ordinance Citation It's unclear if bees are allowed or not in the ordinances, and no one at the City returned my phone messages. Ordinance Language (651) 457-2316 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Lino LakesCity AnokaCounty ZoningOrdinance Citation Restricted to agricultural zoned landOrdinance Language Contact Information 11-23-15Date Long LakeCity Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] HennepinCounty Ordinance Citation Honey bees are not mentioned in the Code. City of Long Lake's general position is if it is not expressly allowed, it is prohibited. Ordinance Language (952) 473-6961 Contact Information 8-1-13Date LonsdaleCity RiceCounty S90.01Ordinance Citation Beekeeping allowed by permit.Ordinance Language (507) 744-2327 Contact Information 1-2-18Date MahtomediCity WashingtonCounty Chapter 3.02Ordinance Citation "No person may keep within the City any of the following: any hive or other facility for the housing of bees." Ordinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] (651) 426-3344 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Maple PlainCity HennepinCounty Ordinance Citation Honey bees are not mentioned in the Code. City of Maple Plain's general position is that they are allowed, but are subject to the nuisance ordinance. Ordinance Language (763) 479-0515 Contact Information 8-1-13Date MaplewoodCity RamseyCounty Ordinance 978Ordinance Citation Allowed with setback requirements. Bees are allowed unless they become a nuisance. Ordinance Language (651) 249-2000 Contact Information 11-13-18Date Marine on St. CroixCity Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] WashingtonCounty Chapter 5Ordinance Citation City of Marine on St. Croix does not have an ordinance about honey bees. The City's position is that they are allowed unless they are a nuisance. Ordinance Language (651) 433-3636 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Medicine LakeCity HennepinCounty Section 200.2(7)(b)Ordinance Citation Bees are classified as farm animals. Must get a conditional use permit to have bees. Ordinance Language (763) 542.9701 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Mendota HeightsCity DakotaCounty Ordinance 448, not yet codifiedOrdinance Citation Brand new ordinance: Bee keeping is allowed on properties of fifty (50) acres or Ordinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] more. (651) 255-1153 Contact Information 8-1-13Date MinneapolisCity HennepinCounty Section 74.80Ordinance Citation Must get a permit from Minneapolis Animal Care and Control. Ordinance Language Contact Information 8-1-13Date MinnetonkaCity HennepinCounty Ordinance Citation No ordinance on bees, so bees are allowed unless they are a nuisance. Ordinance Language (952) 939-8200 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Village of Minnetonka BeachCity Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] HennepinCounty Section 508(C)(28)(b)Ordinance Citation "No person shall keep or allow to be kept any hive or other facility for the housing of honeybees." Ordinance Language (952) 471-8878 Contact Information 8-1-13Date MinnetristaCity HennepinCounty Section 1110.09Ordinance Citation Bees are considered farm animals. "Farm animals may only be kept in A or AP zoning districts, or in a residential lot of at least ten acres in size provided that farm animals on said residential lots are not sheltered within 300 feet of an adjoining piece of property." Ordinance Language (952) 446-1660 Contact Information 8-1-13Date MoundsviewCity RamseyCounty Title 700 Chapt 701Ordinance Citation Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] Bees allowed by permit.Ordinance Language Contact Information 9-25-15Date New BrightonCity RamseyCounty Ordinance Citation Honey bees require permitOrdinance Language (651) 638-2100 Contact Information 6-1-15Date NewportCity WashingtonCounty Section 600.21Ordinance Citation Honey bees are considered a farm animal. Must have a permit from the City Council. Lot size must be at least four acres. Must provide written notification to occupied property owners situated within 250 feet from the hive. Additional standards of practice listed in Section 600.21 subd. 3(F)(4). Ordinance Language (651) 459-5677 Contact Information Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] 8-1-13Date North St. PaulCity RamseyCounty Section 95.23Ordinance Citation Honey bees are classified as a farm animal. No farm animals are allowed within city limits. Ordinance Language Contact Information 8-1-13Date Oak Park HeightsCity WashingtonCounty Section 602.02(B)Ordinance Citation Honey bees are classified as a farm animal. Farm animals are only permitted in areas zoned O - Open Space Conservation District and also need a conditional use permit. Ordinance Language (651) 439-4439 Contact Information 8-1-13Date OakdaleCity WashingtonCounty Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] Section 4-18Ordinance Citation "No person shall keep or allow to be kept any man-made or manufactured hive or other facility for the housing of bees within the city without a permit." Ordinance Language (651) 739-5086 Contact Information 8-1-13Date OronoCity HennepinCounty Section 62-1Ordinance Citation Honey bees are classified as a farm animal and are allowed in areas zoned for agriculture. Ordinance Language (952) 249-4600 Contact Information 8-1-13Date OsseoCity HennepinCounty Chapter 93.18(z)Ordinance Citation City code states that any caring for any non-domestic animal is a public nuisance, so beekeeping currently is not allowed. Ordinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] However, City Attorney said the City might be open to a resident asking for a variance or trying to change the ordinance. (763) 425-2624 Contact Information 8-1-13Date PlymouthCity HennepinCounty Zoning Ordinance 21170.01 subd.3Ordinance Citation Bees are only allowed in areas zoned future restricted development (rural). Ordinance Language (763) 509-5080 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Prior LakeCity ScottCounty Ordinance Citation Allowed with restrictionsOrdinance Language (952) 447-9800 Contact Information 3-6-19Date RichfieldCity Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] HennepinCounty Section 906Ordinance Citation Bees are allowed with restrictions and permit. Ordinance Language (612) 861-9702 Contact Information 11-13-20Date RobbinsdaleCity HennepinCounty Section 915.357Ordinance Citation "It is unlawful to keep or maintain roosters or bees, without first having obtained a permit therefor." Ordinance Language (763) 537-4534 Contact Information 8-1-13Date RogersCity HennepinCounty Section 125-1Ordinance Citation Bees are classified as a farm animal and are allowed in areas zoned agricultural. Ordinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] (763) 428-2253 Contact Information 8-1-13Date RosemountCity DakotaCounty Ordinance Citation No ordinance on honey bees, so they are allowed. Ordinance Language (651) 322-2022 Contact Information 8-1-13Date RosevilleCity RamseyCounty Ordinance Citation No ordinance on honey bees, so they are allowed. The City reserves the right to regulate location and fencing in the future. Ordinance Language (651) 792-7000 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Sauk RapidsCity BentonCounty Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] Section 4.10, Subd.22(C)Ordinance Citation Permits beekeeping limited to six hives.Ordinance Language (320) 258-5300 Contact Information Date St. Anthony VillageCity HennepinCounty Ordinance Citation No ordinance on honey bees, so City of St. Anthony Village's position is that they are not allowed. Ordinance Language (612) 782-3301 Contact Information 8-1-13Date St. FrancisCity AnokaCounty Section 8-3-5Ordinance Citation "Bees shall not be kept on parcels smaller than five (5) acres in size. No parcel shall have more than one hive or colony housing structure not to exceed three (3) feet in size in any dimension unless it is an agricultural use. All hives shall be of Ordinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] the removable frame type. All hives shall be kept one hundred (100) feed from any property line." (763) 753-2630 Contact Information 8-1-13Date St. Louis ParkCity HennepinCounty Ordinance Citation Bees are not addressed in city ordinance, so they are allowed as long as they are not a nuisance. Ordinance Language (952) 924-2500 Contact Information 8-1-13Date St. PaulCity RamseyCounty Chapter 198.02(d)Ordinance Citation "No person shall keep or allow to be kept any hive or other facility for the housing of bees within the city without a permit." Ordinance Language (651) 266-8989 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] St. Paul ParkCity WashingtonCounty Ordinance #694Ordinance Citation Honey bees are allowed; must get a permit and obey set back ordinance. Ordinance Language (651) 459-9785 Contact Information 8-1-13Date SavageCity ScottCounty Section 91.01(2)Ordinance Citation Bees are classified as a farm animal. Under Section 91.04, farm animals are "allowed only as a legal non-conforming use where a similar use occurred before the most recent change in the Zoning Code and continues consistently thereafter." Ordinance Language (952) 882-2660 Contact Information 8-1-13Date ShakopeeCity ScottCounty Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] Section 11.02(5)(B)Ordinance Citation Bees are classified as an "agricultural use" and allowed in areas zoned rural residential or agricultural. Other areas with restrictions. Ordinance Language (952) 233-9300 Contact Information 8-1-13Date ShoreviewCity RamseyCounty Section 601.020(E)Ordinance Citation Bees are allowed with restrictions and permit required Ordinance Language (651) 490-4600 Contact Information 12-4-17Date ShorewoodCity HennepinCounty Section 705.09Ordinance Citation Bees are classified as an "urban farm animal." Section 705.09 subd 2(h) states, "The number of bee hives shall not exceed four." Ordinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] (952) 960-7900 Contact Information 8-1-13Date South St. PaulCity DakotaCounty Section 15-1(3)Ordinance Citation Bees are listed as a farm animal. Section 15-3 states, "It shall be illegal for any person to own, possess, harbor, or offer for sale, any farm animals within city limits…" Ordinance Language (651) 554-3200 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Spring ParkCity HennepinCounty Ordinance Citation Bees are not allowed in city limits.Ordinance Language (952) 471-9051 Contact Information 8-1-13Date StillwaterCity Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] WashingtonCounty Section 27-3Ordinance Citation Bees are allowed in city limits as long as you have a permit. The ordinance sets forth a number of rules and regulations. Ordinance Language (651) 430-8800 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Sunfish LakeCity DakotaCounty Section 1225.01Ordinance Citation Bees are considered farm animals. Only the farm animals expressly listed (such as bees) are allowed in the City of Sunfish Lake as long as you get a permit. Ordinance Language (763) 231-2555 Contact Information 8-1-13Date VictoriaCity CarverCounty Chapter 30, Article VIII, Section 30- 313(13) Ordinance Citation Bees are only allowed in areas zonedOrdinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] agricultural and if you get a conditional use permit. (952) 443-4210 Contact Information 8-1-13Date VirginiaCity St. LouisCounty Ordinance Citation Honey bees are defined as a farm animal. Farm animals are not allowed to be harbored within the city. Ordinance Language Contact Information 2-8-17Date WaconiaCity CarverCounty Section 710.15 subd. 1Ordinance Citation Bees are considered farm animals, so they are allowed in areas zoned agricultural. Ordinance Language (952) 442-2184 Contact Information 8-1-13Date Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] WayzataCity HennepinCounty Ordinance Citation No ordinance, so bees are allowed unless they are a nuisance. Ordinance Language (952) 404-5300 Contact Information 8-1-13Date West St. PaulCity DakotaCounty Section 905.15 subd. 3Ordinance Citation Bees are allowed. The only requirement is that the hives are at least 100 feet from neighboring houses. Some lots are too small to comply with this requirement. Ordinance Language (651) 552-4100 Contact Information 8-1-13Date White Bear LakeCity Ramsey and WashingtonCounty Section 702.045Ordinance Citation Bee keeping is allowed in City limits asOrdinance Language Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] Mailing Address: University of Minnesota Department of Entomology 1980 Folwell Ave. Ste 219 St. Paul, MN 55108 Physical Address: U of M Bee Research Facility Department of Entomology 1634 Gortner Ave. St. Paul, MN 55113 Connect With Us long as you have a license. (651) 429-8526Contact Information 8-1-13Date WoodburyCity WashingtonCounty Section 24-4Ordinance Citation Bees are considered "livestock" and they are allowed on property of five or more acres in areas zoned rural residential or existing farmstead. Ordinance Language (651) 714-3500Contact Information 8-1-13Date Beekeeping Ordinances | Bee Lab https://beelab.umn.edu/ordinances[10/13/2021 8:32:43 AM] © 2021 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Privacy Statement Report Web Disability-Related Issue Current as of October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r. Katie Lee Mr. Gary S. Reuter Dr. Marla Spivak University of Minnesota | Department of Entomology | St. Paul, MN | BeeLab.umn.edu BEEKEEPING IN NORTHERN CLIMATES Second EditionSecond Edition The information given in this publication is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Minnesota Extension Service is implied. Find more University of Minnesota Extension educational information at www.extension.umn.edu. In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, this material is available in alternative formats upon request. Please contact your 0LQQHVRWDFRXQW\H[WHQVLRQRI¿FHRURXWVLGHRI0LQQHVRWDFRQWDFWWKH'LVWULEXWLRQ&HQWHUDW   University of Minnesota Extension shall provide equal access to and opportunity in its programs, facilities, and employment without re gard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, gender, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, veteran status, sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. ‹5HJHQWVRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG6HQGFRS\ULJKWSHUPLVVLRQLQTXLULHVWR&RS\ULJKW&RRUGLQDWRU 8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD([WHQVLRQ&RIIH\+DOO(FNOHV$YHQXH6W3DXO01(PDLOWRH[WFRS\#XPQHGXRUID[ WR There will be periodic updates to the manual that will be listed on our manual webpage: z.umn.edu/BINCmaterials TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE....................................................................................................................................... :KDW¶V1HZLQWKH6HFRQG(GLWLRQ".......................................................................................... INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ %HHNHHSLQJDQG%HH%LRORJ\.................................................................................................... )RXU3ULQFLSOHVRI3URGXFWLYH%HHNHHSLQJ................................................................................. BASIC HONEY BEE BIOLOGY AS IT PERTAINS TO BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ............ 7KH&RORQ\................................................................................................................................ The Superorganism ............................................................................................................. &DVWHV .............................................................................................................................4 Queens............................................................................................................................ Development .............................................................................................................. :RUNHUV ........................................................................................................................... Development .............................................................................................................. Lifespan...................................................................................................................... Division of Labor......................................................................................................... Drones................................................................................................................................ Development .............................................................................................................. &RORQ\/LIH&\FOH....................................................................................................................... 6HDVRQDO&\FOH..................................................................................................................... Swarms .............................................................................................................................. 4XHHQV&HOOV ...................................................................................................................... SUBSPECIES, OR RACES, OF HONEY BEES .......................................................................... European Subspecies ............................................................................................................. 6WRFNVRU/LQHVRI(XURSHDQ%HHV ..................................................................................... African Subspecies.................................................................................................................. EQUIPMENT, THE APIARY,AND BUYING BEES ...................................................................... Personal Equipment................................................................................................................ 7KH+LYH$+RPHIRU<RXU+RQH\%HHV ................................................................................ Painting Equipment ............................................................................................................ &RPSRQHQWVRID+LYH....................................................................................................... The Exterior................................................................................................................... The Interior.................................................................................................................... +RQH\3URGXFWLRQIRU+DUYHVW...................................................................................... Feeding Supplies................................................................................................................ Feed Pail ....................................................................................................................... Sugar Syrup................................................................................................................... Pollen Substitute............................................................................................................ Wintering Equipment.......................................................................................................... 4XDQWLW\RI+LYH(TXLSPHQW1HHGHGIRU(DFK&RORQ\........................................................ Where to Buy Equipment.................................................................................................... Selecting an Apiary Site........................................................................................................... $URXQG<RXU+LYH................................................................................................................ Weather and Protection...................................................................................................... :KHUHDQG+RZWR%X\%HHV .................................................................................................. 3DFNDJHVDQG1XFV............................................................................................................ Planning to Purchase Bees................................................................................................ HIVING PACKAGES and NUCS ................................................................................................. Preparations ........................................................................................................................... +LYLQJ3DFNDJH%HHV .............................................................................................................. Transport ............................................................................................................................ &DUHRIWKH3DFNDJH$IWHU$UULYDO ....................................................................................... +RZWR+LYH3DFNDJH%HHV............................................................................................... Preparation.................................................................................................................... Spraying Sugar Syrup ................................................................................................... 6KDNLQJ%HHVLQWRWKH%R[............................................................................................ Feeding.......................................................................................................................... +LYLQJ1XFV............................................................................................................................ Transport ............................................................................................................................ &DUHRIWKH1XF$IWHU$UULYDO ............................................................................................... +RZWR+LYH1XFV.............................................................................................................. (TXLSPHQW6HWXSIRU+LYLQJD1XF ................................................................................ Preparation.................................................................................................................... 7UDQVIHUULQJD1XFWRD)UDPH%R[.......................................................................... Feeding.......................................................................................................................... Inspections ............................................................................................................................. 'D\$IWHU+LYLQJ3DFNDJHVRU1XFV................................................................................. 'D\V/DWHU)LUVW,QVSHFWLRQ......................................................................................... 3UHSDUH<RXUVHOI ............................................................................................................ 2SHQLQJWKH+LYH ........................................................................................................... :KDWWR/RRNIRULQWKH+LYH .......................................................................................... )HHGLQJWKH1HZ&RORQ\.................................................................................................... YEAR ONE: SPRING and SUMMER MANAGEMENT ............................................................... Inspections ............................................................................................................................. Spring Inspections ............................................................................................................. FEED FEED FEED! ...................................................................................................... Provide Room for Expansion ........................................................................................ Inspections From Late Summer Through Fall ........................................................................ Supering.................................................................................................................................. WINTERING HONEY BEE COLONIES IN NORTHERN CLIMATES .......................................... Fall Management .................................................................................................................... Varroa Management........................................................................................................... Food Reserves................................................................................................................... Estimating Food Reserves ............................................................................................ )HHGLQJ&RORQLHVLQ)DOO ................................................................................................ 3URWHFWLQJ&RORQLHVIURP:LQWHU:HDWKHU .......................................................................... YEAR TWO: MANAGEMENT FOR SUCCESSFULLY WINTERED COLONIES ........................... )LUVW,QVSHFWLRQ,VWKH&RORQ\$OLYH"...................................................................................... &RORQ\'HDWK ........................................................................................................................... Early Spring Management....................................................................................................... The Great Divide ..................................................................................................................... Preparation......................................................................................................................... Beekeeping in Northern Climates $OO¿JXUHVDQGSKRWRVE\*65HXWHU06SLYDNRU./HHXQOHVVRWKHUZLVHDFNQRZOHGJHG Dividing............................................................................................................................... ³6ORZ5HOHDVH0HWKRG´)RU,QWURGXFLQJD1HZ4XHHQWRD4XHHQOHVV&RORQ\................ After the Divide................................................................................................................... Summer Management............................................................................................................. Fall Management..................................................................................................................... $6\VWHPIRU0DQDJLQJ:LQWHUHG&RORQLHV ............................................................................. HARVESTING, EXTRACTING, AND BOTTLING HONEY .......................................................... +DUYHVWLQJWKH+RQH\.............................................................................................................. 3URSHUWLHVRI+RQH\................................................................................................................. ([WUDFWLQJ+RQH\..................................................................................................................... Equipment .......................................................................................................................... Extraction Procedure.......................................................................................................... %RWWOLQJ+RQH\.................................................................................................................... (TXLSPHQW1HHGHG ........................................................................................................ Procedure...................................................................................................................... 0DUNHW<RXU+RQH\.................................................................................................................. Appendix A: THE TWO-DEEP SYSTEM .................................................................................... <HDU'HHS6\VWHP............................................................................................................ Summer ............................................................................................................................. Fall ..................................................................................................................................... <HDU'HHS6\VWHP............................................................................................................ Spring................................................................................................................................. 'LYLGLQJD'HHS&RORQ\............................................................................................. Summer.............................................................................................................................. Fall...................................................................................................................................... Appendix B: TROUBLESHOOTING QUEEN PROBLEMS........................................................ ,V<RXU&RORQ\4XHHQULJKW"..................................................................................................... &KHFNOLVW ............................................................................................................................. 4XHHQ&HOOV ........................................................................................................................ Drone Layers...................................................................................................................... &RPELQLQJ&RORQLHV:LWK1HZVSDSHU ................................................................................ /D\LQJ:RUNHUV................................................................................................................... +RZ7R)LQG7KH4XHHQ,Q<RXU&RORQ\................................................................................. 0DUNLQJ<RXU4XHHQ ................................................................................................................ ,QWURGXFLQJ$1HZ4XHHQ ........................................................................................................ Appendix C: ADDITIONAL RESOURCES.................................................................................. &ODVVHV .................................................................................................................................... &RPSDQLRQ9LGHR................................................................................................................... %HHNHHSLQJ%RRNV................................................................................................................... %HJLQQLQJ%RRNV................................................................................................................. 3RSXODU%RRNV .................................................................................................................... 2OGHU7H[WV2I,QWHUHVW7R%HHNHHSHUV ............................................................................... %HHNHHSLQJ$VVRFLDWLRQV.......................................................................................................... GLOSSARY OF COMMONLY USED WORDS IN BEEKEEPING............................................... We dedicate this manual to Dr. Basil Furgala, who laid the foundation for this course. Beekeeping in Northern Climates WHAT’S NEW IN THE SECOND EDITION? 6KHOWHULQJLQSODFHLQSUHVHQWHGXVZLWKDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRXSGDWHRXU%HHNHHSLQJLQ1RUWKHUQ&OLPDWHV PDQXDO<RX¶OO¿QGQHZIRUPDWWLQJVKDUSSKRWRVDQGIXQYLJQHWWHVFRQQHFWLQJWKHORJLFEHKLQGSDUWLFXODU management techniques to the biology of honey bees in northern climates. We made only one noteworthy FKDQJHWRUHFRPPHQGHGEHHNHHSLQJSUDFWLFHV7RH[SODLQWKDWFKDQJHDOLWWOHEDFNJURXQGLVKHOSIXO,I\RXDUH EUDQGQHZWREHHNHHSLQJWKHH[SODQDWLRQLQWKHQH[WSDUDJUDSKPD\QRWPDNHVHQVHMXVW\HWEXWLWZLOOPDNH sense after you read this manual. :KHQ0DUODDQG*DU\WRRNRYHUWKLVFRXUVHIURP'U%DVLO)XUJDODLQWKH\GHFLGHGWRDGRSWDQGDGKHUH WRKLVPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJ\FDOOHGWKH³+RUL]RQWDO7ZR4XHHQ6\VWHP´7KLVV\VWHPLQYROYHVVWDUWLQJZLWKD SDFNDJHRIEHHVLQ<HDUDQGOHWWLQJWKHFRORQ\JURZLQWRWKUHHGHHSEURRGER[HV7KHWKLUGER[LVOLNHDQ LQVXUDQFHSROLF\IRUEHHVDQGEHHNHHSHUVDVLWFRQWDLQVVXI¿FLHQWKRQH\VWRUHVIRUWKHFRORQ\WRVXUYLYHRXU ORQJZLQWHUV7KHIROORZLQJVSULQJWKHVXUYLYLQJFRORQ\LVGLYLGHGPDNLQJWZRFRORQLHVIURPRQH3URSHUO\ timed divides prevent swarming and losing half the bees to the trees. The new colony is called a “divide” and VLWVDSDUWIURPWKH³SDUHQW´FRORQ\ WKH+RUL]RQWDOSDUW DQGDQHZTXHHQLVLQWURGXFHGLQWRWKHGLYLGHZKLOH WKHRULJLQDOTXHHQUHPDLQVLQWKHSDUHQW WKH7ZR4XHHQSDUW 7KHGLYLGHLVDOORZHGWRJURZLQWRWKUHHGHHS EURRGER[HVWRVXUYLYHWKHZLQWHUZKLOHWKHSDUHQWFRORQ\LVNHSWLQRQO\WZRGHHSER[HV.HHSLQJDFRORQ\ LQWZREURRGER[HVUHVXOWVLQPRUHKRQH\IRUWKHEHHNHHSHUWRKDUYHVWEXWGRHVQ¶WHQVXUHWKDWWKHEHHVZLOO have enough honey to survive the winter. During the second winter, the two colonies essentially become one DJDLQEHFDXVHWKHSDUHQWGLHVRII:HHQFRXUDJHGEHHNHHSHUVWR³OHWWKHSDUHQWFRORQ\JR´RYHUZLQWHUZKLFK DOWKRXJKDVRXQGEHHNHHSLQJSUDFWLFHGLGQ¶WVLWZHOOZLWKPDQ\QHZEHHNHHSHUV ,QWKLV6HFRQG(GLWLRQZHUHFRPPHQGWU\LQJWRNHHSERWKWKHSDUHQWDQGWKHGLYLGHDOLYHE\DOORZLQJERWKWR grow into three deep brood boxes. We offer strategies for approaching the “good problem” that may occur if PRUHFRORQLHVVXUYLYHWKHZLQWHUWKDQ\RXUDSLDU\VL]HWLPHDQGSRFNHWERRNDOORZ$OORWKHUUHFRPPHQGHG management practices are the same as in the First Edition of our manual. %HIRUHWKH¶VFRORQ\ORVVHVRYHUWKHZLQWHUZHUHJHQHUDOO\,QDPDMRUSUREOHPZDV LQDGYHUWHQWO\LQWURGXFHGLQWRWKH86WKHSDUDVLWHPLWH9DUURDGHVWUXFWRU7KLVPLWHDQGWKHYLUXVHVLWYHFWRUV IURPEHHWREHHFRQVLGHUDEO\GLPLQLVKKRQH\EHHKHDOWKDQGFRORQ\ORQJHYLW\&XUUHQWDQQXDOORVVHVDFURVV WKH86DYHUDJH%DFN\DUGEHHNHHSHUVLQ0LQQHVRWDDUHH[SHULHQFLQJORVVHV7REHDWWKH RGGVLWQRZPDNHVVHQVHWRWU\WRNHHSERWKWKHSDUHQWDQGGLYLGHDOLYH :HVWURQJO\HQFRXUDJHDOOQHZEHHNHHSHUVLQDUHDVZLWKORQJZLQWHUVWRIROORZWKHJXLGHOLQHVLQWKLVERRN FORVHO\IRUWKH¿UVWWZR\HDUVEHIRUHWU\LQJDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGV ZHRIIHURQHDOWHUQDWLYHLQ$SSHQGL[$ 2XU WULHGDQGWUXHPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVIROORZWKHQDWXUDOELRORJ\DQGOLIHF\FOHRIKRQH\EHHV :HHQFRXUDJHDOOEHHNHHSHUVWREHFRPHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKHÀRUDOUHVRXUFHV WUHHVEXVKHVDQGÀRZHUV WKDW SURYLGHQHFWDUDQGSROOHQWREHHVIURPHDUO\VSULQJWKURXJKIDOO*RRGQXWULWLRQLVNH\WRJRRGFRORQ\KHDOWK .QRZLQJWKHÀRZHUVWKDWEORRPZLWKLQWZRPLOHVRI\RXUFRORQ\ZLOOIRVWHUDQDSSUHFLDWLRQIRUKRZWKHORFDO landscape affects the health and welfare of your bees. 3RVVLEO\OHVVIXQWKDQOHDUQLQJDERXWWKHÀRZHUVLQ\RXUDUHD\RXZLOODOVRQHHGWROHDUQDERXWWKHOLIHF\FOH RIWKHSDUDVLWLF9DUURDPLWHDQGWRVWXG\FRPPRQKRQH\EHHGLVHDVHV<RXUFRORQ\ZLOOQHHGVRPHKHOS FRQWUROOLQJWKHSDUDVLWLFPLWHDQGSRVVLEO\VRPHGLVHDVHVOHDUQLQJWRLGHQWLI\SUREOHPVLVWKH¿UVWVWHS2XU SKLORVRSK\LVWKDWEHHNHHSHUVVKRXOGDSSO\DVIHZPHGLFDWLRQVDVSRVVLEOHLQEHHFRORQLHVDQGRQO\ZKHQ WUXO\QHFHVVDU\3OHDVHVWD\FXUUHQWZLWKRXUODWHVWUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUNHHSLQJEHHVKHDOWK\LQRXUPDQXDO +RQH\%HH'LVHDVHVDQG3HVWVDQHVVHQWLDOFRPSDQLRQWRWKLVPDQXDO:HXSGDWHWKH'LVHDVHVDQG3HVWV PDQXDOIUHTXHQWO\VRWDNHWKHWLPHWRGRZQORDGWKHPRVWFXUUHQWYHUVLRQ %HHNHHSLQJLVDQDUWDFUDIWDQGDVFLHQFH,WWDNHV\HDUVRIKDQGVRQH[SHULHQFHWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHHEEV DQGÀRZVRIWKHEHHOLIHF\FOHDQGFRUUHVSRQGLQJPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHV7KHEHVWWKLQJ\RXFDQGRWRPDNH VXUH\RXUQHZEHHNHHSLQJDGYHQWXUHLVDVXFFHVVLVWRMRLQDEHHNHHSLQJDVVRFLDWLRQRUDSSUHQWLFHZLWKDQ H[SHULHQFHGDQGVXFFHVVIXOEHHNHHSHU0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\RIDOOOLVWHQFORVHO\WRWKHEHHVDQGWKHOHVVRQVWKH\ teach us. PREFACE Beekeeping in Northern Climates INTRODUCTION FOUR PRINCIPLES OF PRODUCTIVE BEEKEEPING 7KLVPDQXDOKHOSVEHHNHHSHUVPDLQWDLQKHDOWK\FRORQLHVE\GHVFULELQJEHHNHHSLQJSUDFWLFHVWKDWDUHEDVHGRQ WKHELRORJ\RIWKHEHHVDQGIROORZWKHVHIRXUSULQFLSOHVRISURGXFWLYHEHHNHHSLQJ Every colony must be protected in equipment with removable frames and located in a good apiary site.  (YHU\FRORQ\PXVWKDYHD\RXQJSUROL¿FTXHHQ Every colony must have adequate honey and pollen reserves at all times. 4. Every colony must be monitored and managed for diseases and mites, and treated only when necessary. $KHDOWK\FRORQ\KDVDOOIRXURIWKHVHIDFWRUV.HHSLQJWKHVHSULQFLSOHVLQPLQGZKLOHOHDUQLQJDERXWEHHNHHSLQJ can help form a basis for good management decisions. A honey bee colony is an unusual combination of a wild and managed animal. Although we manage honey bees in boxes, they are able to mate and survive in the wild on their own, unless parasitic mites DQGYLUXVHVRYHUWDNHWKHP8QOLNHPRUHGRPHVWLFDWHG pets and farm animals, bees collect their own food, À\LQJPLOHVWR¿QGQHFWDUDQGSROOHQIURPÀRZHUV 7KHEHVWEHHNHHSHUVIROORZWKHEHHV¶OHDG7KH\OHDUQ WRDQWLFLSDWHWKHORFDOÀRUDOQHFWDUDQGSROOHQEORRPV FDOOHG³ÀRZV´ DQGHQVXUHWKHLUFRORQLHVDUHVWURQJ DQGKHDOWK\WRVXUYLYHZLQWHU,QDVHQVHEHHNHHSLQJ LVOLNHVXU¿QJOHDUQLQJWRULGHWKHZDYHVRIÀRZHUV throughout the season. Variations in management VW\OHVDQGRSLQLRQVDERXQGLQWKHEHHNHHSLQJZRUOG 6WUDWHJLHVIRUWDNLQJFDUHRIGLVHDVHVDQGSHVWVRI EHHVPD\FKDQJHEXWEDVLFEHHNHHSLQJSUDFWLFHVGR not because they are based on the natural life cycle of the bees. While honey bees are able to survive on their own in WKHZLOGZHDVEHHNHHSHUVDFTXLUHKRQH\EHHVDQG manage them in an environment that the bees may not be best suited to. By becoming a steward of a KRQH\EHHFRORQ\DEHHNHHSHUKDVDUHVSRQVLELOLW\ WRWKHLUEHHVDQGQHLJKERULQJEHHNHHSHUVWRZRUN towards helping their colonies be healthy and WKULYH%HHNHHSLQJLVDKXPDQLQVHFWSDUWQHUVKLS EHHNHHSHUVSURYLGHWKHEHHVZLWKDKRPHDQGFDUH DVQHHGHGDQGWKHEHHVFDQSURYLGHWKHEHHNHHSHU with a rich experience, honey, and pollination of QHDUE\ÀRZHUVIUXLWVDQGYHJHWDEOHV%HHNHHSLQJ is a meditative occupation, requiring presence DQGIRFXV%HHNHHSHUV¿QGWKHPVHOYHVOHDUQLQJ something new each time they open their hives, GHHSHQLQJWKHLUFRQQHFWLQJZLWKQDWXUHDQGWDNLQJ a deep dive into the fascinating biology of the honey bee superorganism. BEEKEEPING AND BEE BIOLOGY Biology Boxes and Words of Wisdom ,QWKLVPDQXDOZHLQWURGXFHEHHNHHSLQJPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVEDVHG RQWKHELRORJ\DQGQDWXUDOOLIHF\FOHRIWKHEHHV:HKLJKOLJKWFHUWDLQ practices in boxes labeled “Biology Boxes” to help you understand the reasoning behind our management guidelines. There are also tidbits of information that we have collected through the years that have been especially useful, which we highlight using a box for “Words of Wisdom.” Beekeeping in Northern Climates The Superorganism +RQH\EHHVDUHVRFLDOLQVHFWVWKDWOLYHWRJHWKHULQ large numbers forming a colony. The honey bee colony is truly an excellent example of the whole being greater than the sum of its parts, and for that reason is often referred to as a “superorganism.” 8QOLNHPDQ\RIWKHZLOGQDWLYHEHHVDQLQGLYLGXDO honey bee cannot live on its own because it cannot FDUU\RXWDOOWKHIXQFWLRQVQHFHVVDU\IRUOLIH+RZHYHU when that individual is part of a colony, it contributes some small but essential part to the overall existence of the colony. The total contribution made by the thousands of bees in a colony enables them to EHÀH[LEOHDQGUHVLOLHQWLQWKHIDFHRIFKDQJLQJ challenges and climate conditions. A colony consists of a single queen, many thousands RIZRUNHUVDIHZWRVHYHUDOKXQGUHGGURQHV )LJXUH  DQGWKRXVDQGVRIGHYHORSLQJEHHV HJJVODUYDH DQGSXSDH WKDWDUHUHIHUUHGWRFROOHFWLYHO\DVEURRG 7KHZRUNHUEHHVVHFUHWHZD[IURPJODQGVRQWKHLU abdomen and construct vertically hanging wax honey comb. These hexagonal wax cells are used for rearing brood as well as for storing pollen and honey. In the center of the nest is an area called the brood QHVWZKHUHWKHEURRGLVUHDUHG )LJXUH +HUHWKH DGXOWZRUNHUEHHVPDLQWDLQDWHPSHUDWXUHEHWZHHQ ƒ)3ROOHQDQGKRQH\DUHVWRUHGDURXQGWKH SHULPHWHURIWKHEURRGQHVW )LJXUH ,QQDWXUH colonies are usually found living in cavities such as hollow trees, and they will readily accept our wooden hives as a home. )LJXUH:RUNHUVDWWHQGLQJDTXHHQWKDWLVPDUNHGZLWKD\HOORZ SDLQWGRWRQKHUWKRUD[&DQ\RXVSRWWKHGURQHV" )LJXUH(JJVDQGODUYDHGHYHORSLQJLQWKHEHHVZD[FRPE7KH ODUYDHDUHÀRDWLQJRQEURRGIRRGWKHZKLWHFOHDUOLTXLGVXEVWDQFH ZKLFKLVIHGWRWKHGHYHORSLQJODUYDHE\QXUVHEHHV SKRWRE\ -XG\*ULHVHGLHFN  THE COLONY BASIC HONEY BEE BIOLOGY AS IT PERTAINS TO BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 4Beekeeping in Northern Climates )LJXUH7KHORFDWLRQRIWKHEURRGKRQH\DQGSROOHQLQVLGHRIDKRQH\EHHFRORQ\ JUDSKLFE\$QQH7XUQKDP  Castes A very advanced degree of social behavior is exhibited by honey bee colonies. They have a distinct caste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development into two distinct yet interdependent castes. Beekeeping in Northern Climates  Queens Development The developmental time of the queen is shorter than WKRVHRIWKHZRUNHUVRUGURQHVWDNLQJDSSUR[LPDWHO\ GD\VIURPWKHWLPHDQHJJLVODLGXQWLODQDGXOW TXHHQHPHUJHV 7DEOH  DEVELOPMENT TIME IN DAYS Brood stage Queen Worker Drone Egg     Larval stage (open brood)    Pupal stage (sealed brood)    Total    7KHDGXOWTXHHQLVHDVLO\LGHQWL¿HGZLWKH[SHULHQFH VLQFHVKHLVORQJHUWKDQDZRUNHURUGURQHDQGKHU DEGRPHQH[WHQGVZHOOEH\RQGKHUZLQJV )LJXUH  6KHLVDUHSURGXFWLYHO\FRPSOHWHIHPDOHZLWKZHOO developed ovaries and a sperm storage organ called the spermatheca. A virgin queen will normally mate ZLWKGURQHVRQRQHRUWZRPDWLQJÀLJKWVWKDW DUHXVXDOO\WDNHQZLWKLQVHYHQGD\VRIKHUHPHUJHQFH from her queen cell. Mating occurs in the air and at a distance from the colony to avoid inbreeding and promote outcrossing with a variety of drones from the vicinity. After mating, the queen returns and remains ZLWKKHUFRORQ\IXQFWLRQLQJFKLHÀ\DVDQHJJOD\LQJ machine until her death. She does not mate again. $JRRGTXHHQLQ0LQQHVRWDZLOOOD\DWOHDVW eggs per day during the colony’s growing season. This tremendous egg production is made possible by the high protein diet of glandular secretions that is SURYLGHGWRWKHTXHHQE\KHUZRUNHUDWWHQGDQWV Queens $TXHHQEHHFDQOLYH\HDUVEXWPRVW queens do not perform well after two winters due to aging and sperm depletion. For this reason, we strongly recommend you follow WKHPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPLQWKLVERRNZKLFK is designed to ensure a young queen is always present in your colony. 7DEOH$SSUR[LPDWHGHYHORSPHQWDOWLPHRIHDFKVWDJHIRUWKH three castes. Biology Box )LJXUH$TXHHQEHHPDUNHGZLWKDUHGSDLQWGRWDQGZRUNHUEHHV7KHFRPEEHORZWKHPFRQWDLQVODUYDODQGSXSDOEURRG SKRWRE\-XG\*ULHVHGLHFN  Beekeeping in Northern Climates Workers )LJXUH&ORVHXSRIDZRUNHUEHH SKRWRE\-XG\*ULHVHGLHFN  Development 7KHGHYHORSPHQWDOVWDJHRIWKHZRUNHUKRQH\EHH )LJXUH ODVWVDERXWGD\VRUORQJHUWKDQ WKHTXHHQ VGHYHORSPHQWDOSHULRG7KHDGXOWZRUNHU is reproductively incomplete, with rudimentary ovaries and no spermatheca. Under normal conditions she cannot lay eggs. Although she is the VPDOOHVWEHHRIWKHFRORQ\WKHZRUNHUKRQH\EHH SRVVHVVHVVSHFLDOL]HGVWUXFWXUDOIHDWXUHVWKDWDOORZ KHUWRSHUIRUPDPXOWLWXGHRIWDVNVHVVHQWLDOWRWKH FRQWLQXHGH[LVWHQFHRIWKHFRORQ\7ZRVXFKWDVNVRI FUXFLDOLPSRUWDQFHWREHHNHHSHUVDUHFROOHFWLQJDQ DEXQGDQFHRIQHFWDU WRPDNHKRQH\ DQGUHJXODWLQJ temperature, allowing the colony to be a perennial HQWLW\3UREDEO\WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWDVNUHODWLQJWR WKHYDOXHRIKRQH\EHHVWRERWKÀRZHULQJSODQWVDQG KXPDQNLQGLVWKHFROOHFWLQJRISODQWSROOHQDQGQHFWDU This activity provides the pollination that enables plant production of seeds resulting in fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Pollination services are fundamental to PRGHUQDJULFXOWXUH:RUNHUVFROOHFWZDWHUWRGULQN DQGWRFRROWKHQHVW:RUNHUVDOVRFROOHFWVWLFN\SODQW resins called propolis. Propolis is not consumed E\KRQH\EHHVEXWLWVUHPDUNDEOHDQWLPLFURELDO properties are an important component of the social immunity and health of the colony. Lifespan 7KHOLIHVSDQRIDQLQGLYLGXDOZRUNHUYDULHVIURP season to season. Studies have shown that the life H[SHFWDQF\RIDGXOWZRUNHUKRQH\EHHVHPHUJLQJLQ HDUO\VSULQJDYHUDJHVDERXWGD\VGHFUHDVHVWR GD\VLQHDUO\VXPPHUEXWFDQEHXSWRGD\V for bees emerging in early fall and surviving through ZLQWHU)RUDJLQJWDNHVDWROORQEHHVOLPLWLQJWKHLU lifespans. In the fall, bees store protein and lipids which, in combination with not foraging during winter, enable them to survive longer periods of time. In late summer and early spring, as the queen begins laying again, the older bees die off and are replaced by a QHZ\RXQJZRUNIRUFH Division of Labor 8QGHUQRUPDOFRQGLWLRQVDZRUNHUSHUIRUPVD VHTXHQFHRIWDVNVGXULQJKHUOLIHVSDQVWDUWLQJZLWK YDULRXVLQKLYHDFWLYLWLHVOLNHFHOOFOHDQLQJDQGODUYDH feeding. Eventually she will perform such activities as comb construction and nectar ripening. Well over half of her life is spent inside the hive and during this period she is generally referred to as a hive bee or nurse bee. Later, she progresses to foraging for nectar and pollen and is called a ¿HOGEHH or forager. $OOZRUNHUVLQDFRORQ\KRZHYHUDUHFDSDEOH RISHUIRUPLQJDOOZRUNHUWDVNVDQGFDQUHVSRQG appropriately as conditions warrant. Beekeeping in Northern Climates Drones Development The drone has the longest GHYHORSPHQWDOSHULRG+HLV slightly larger and stouter than the DGXOWZRUNHUDQGKDVFRPSRXQG H\HVVRODUJHWKH\DOPRVWMRLQRQ WRSRIKLVKHDG )LJXUH 'URQHV ODFNPDQ\RIWKHVSHFLDOL]HG VWUXFWXUHVRIZRUNHUVOLNHSROOHQ EDVNHWVDQGJODQGVWRIHHG ODUYDHDQGWKHUHIRUHPDNHQR direct contribution to the colony's ZRUNIRUFH7KH\DUHXQDEOHWRVWLQJ and therefore cannot defend the colony. Their importance cannot be discounted however. A drone's VLQJOHIXQFWLRQLQOLIHLVWRVHHN and mate with a virgin queen from a different colony, a feat seldom accomplished. Mating, when successful, results in his death.)LJXUH'URQHDQGZRUNHUV:RUNHUVDUHRQWKHOHIWVLGHRIWKHSKRWRDQGWKHGURQHLV RQWKHULJKW SKRWRE\-XG\*ULHVHGLHFN . )LJXUH%HHVZD[FRPEFRQWDLQLQJVHDOHG ZRUNHUEURRG WKHÀDWEURZQFDSSHG FHOOV VHDOHGGURQHEURRG WKHFRUQSXII OLNHFHOOVRQWKHWRSHGJHDQGERWWRPULJKW  and capped honey in the upper left and right corners. The wax caps on the sealed EURRGFHOOVPD\EHOLJKWHURUGDUNHUWKDQ shown in this image. 0RVWFRORQLHVEHJLQWRUHDUGURQHVGXULQJPLGVSULQJLQFHOOVWKDWDUHODUJHUWKDQWKRVHXVHGIRUUHDULQJ ZRUNHUV7KHVHDOHGEURRGFHOOVDUHQRWÀDWOLNHVHDOHGZRUNHUEURRGFHOOVEXWGRPHRXWOLNHFRUQSXII FHUHDO )LJXUH ,WLVQRUPDOIRUDFRORQ\WRUHDUVHYHUDOWKRXVDQGGURQHVGXULQJWKHVXPPHUVHDVRQ and seeing several hundred drones in a large, healthy colony should not be cause for concern. An RYHUDEXQGDQFHRIGURQHV LHPRUHGURQHVWKDQZRUNHUVLQWKHFRORQ\ PD\LQGLFDWHRQHRUPRUHRIWKH IROORZLQJSUREOHPV DGLVSURSRUWLRQDWHDPRXQWRIGURQHFRPE DTXHHQODFNLQJOLYHVSHUPRUDQ LQDGHTXDWHVXSSO\RIVSHUP DTXHHQOHVVFRORQ\WKDWKDVUHVXOWHGLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIOD\LQJZRUNHUV ZRUNHUEHHVWKDWOD\XQIHUWLOL]HGHJJV ,QODWHVXPPHUGURQHVDUHGULYHQIURPWKHKLYHE\WKHZRUNHUVDQG WKHFRORQ\VWRSVUDLVLQJGURQHV,IDEHHNHHSHUREVHUYHVDQDEXQGDQFHRIGURQHVLQWKHIDOORUZLQWHUWKH colony probably has a failing queen. Beekeeping in Northern Climates COLONY LIFE CYCLE Seasonal Cycle +RQH\EHHFRORQLHVDUHSHUHQQLDODQGGRQRW hibernate in winter. When temperatures drop below ƒ)WKHZRUNHUVFOXVWHUWRJHWKHULQDEDOO )LJXUH  7KHEHHVRQWKHRXWVLGHRIWKHFOXVWHUDUHOLNHD EODQNHWNHHSLQJWKHKHDWZLWKLQWKHFOXVWHU7KHEHHV RQWKHLQVLGHRIWKHFOXVWHUDUHOHVVGHQVHO\SDFNHG DQGVKLYHUWKHLUÀLJKWPXVFOHVJHQHUDWLQJKHDWZLWKLQ the cluster all winter long. As temperatures rise and fall during the winter, bees move the cluster and rearrange themselves within it. The temperature in WKHPLGGOHRIWKHFOXVWHUFDQEHƒ)HYHQZKHQ DPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVGURSEHORZ]HUR%HHVGHULYH the energy they need to shiver throughout the winter by consuming honey collected over the summer. The management strategies outlined in this manual HQVXUHWKDWFRORQLHVKDYHVXI¿FLHQWKRQH\VWRUHVIRU WKHZLQWHUZKLOHDOORZLQJWKHEHHNHHSHUWRKDUYHVW excess stores. )LJXUH%HHVFOXVWHULQJWRJHWKHULQ DKLYH SKRWRE\-HVVLFD+HOJHQ  In late January, the queen begins laying a few eggs ZLWKLQWKHFHQWHURIWKHFOXVWHUDQGWKHZRUNHUVIHHG the larvae “brood food” from glands in their heads. As spring progresses, the queen lays more eggs per day. :RUNHUVFDQREWDLQSURWHLQWRVWLPXODWHWKHJODQGVE\ consuming pollen stored in the nest from the previous VXPPHU7KH¿UVWIUHVKSROOHQDYDLODEOHWRFRORQLHV ZLOOFRPHIURPWUHHVSULPDULO\PDSOHZLOORZDQGRDN )LJXUH 7KLVQXWULWLRXVSROOHQZLOOVWLPXODWHWKH queen to rapidly lay eggs, resulting in colony growth. 7KH¿UVWIUHVKQHFWDUDYDLODEOHWREHHVZLOOFRPHIURP VRPHPDSOHDQGRDNWUHHVDQGWKHQIURPGDQGHOLRQV DQGRWKHUHDUO\ÀRZHULQJSODQWV In early spring, a colony that survives winter will FRQWDLQZRUNHUEHHVDQGRQHTXHHQ )LJXUH ,QODWH$SULODQGLQWR0D\FRORQLHVZLOO EHJLQUHDULQJGURQHV&RORQLHVJURZTXLFNO\LQVSULQJ DQGHDUO\VXPPHU%\PLG0D\DFRORQ\PD\KDYH RYHUEHHVDQGLIWKH\EHFRPHFURZGHG LH LIWKHEHHNHHSHUGRHVQRWGLYLGHWKHFRORQ\LQWRWZR colonies or provide more space by adding additional ER[HV DFRORQ\PD\KDYHWKHLUUHVLVWLEOHLPSXOVHWR swarm. The population of the colonies will grow in June and plateau around July or August when there DUHXVXDOO\DGXOWZRUNHUKRQH\EHHV in a strong, healthy colony. During this early summer growth phase, colonies in Minnesota will collect nectar and pollen primarily from clover, alfalfa, and EDVVZRRG OLQGHQ WUHHV,QDGGLWLRQWKH\ZLOOFROOHFW SROOHQDQGQHFWDUIURPPDQ\RWKHUÀRZHULQJSODQWV ZHHGVVKUXEVDQGWUHHV$FRORQ\PDNHVWKHPRVW KRQH\ZKHQWKHSHDNSRSXODWLRQFRLQFLGHVZLWKWKH PDLQKRQH\ÀRZGXHWRWKHDEXQGDQFHRIIRUDJLQJ EHHVDQGDYDLODEOHQHFWDUIURPEORRPLQJÀRZHUV In late summer and early fall, colonies collect nectar and pollen from goldenrod and asters; very valuable sources of late season nutrition that ensure they KDYHHQRXJKKRQH\SDFNHGLQWKHQHVWIRUZLQWHU Sometime in September and into October, the queen stops laying eggs and the colony enters its winter cluster phase. The last bees produced in the season are the “winter bees.” These bees need to be healthy in order for the colony to survive until the spring when the queen starts to lay eggs again and new bees are produced. Beekeeping in Northern Climates )LJXUH&KDUWRIEORRP period of important Minnesota nectar and pollen plants. Bk i iNth Cli t Flowers and Feeding 7KHDYHUDJHIRUDJLQJDUHDRIDFRORQ\LVDFUHVRUDPLOHUDGLXVIURP WKHFRORQ\+RQH\EHHVFDQFROOHFWSROOHQDQGQHFWDUIURPDZLGHYDULHW\RI ÀRZHUVWKDWEORRPXSWRPLOHVRUPRUHDZD\7KHPDMRUH[FHSWLRQWREHHV FROOHFWLQJWKHLURZQIRRGLVZKHQDQHZSDFNDJHRIEHHVLVKLYHGLQ$SULO VHH WKHFKDSWHURQ³+LYLQJ3DFNDJHVDQG1XFV´ ,QWKLVFDVHWKHEHHNHHSHUQHHGV WRSURYLGHVXJDUV\UXSDQGSROOHQVXEVWLWXWHIRUWKHFRORQ\XQWLOVXI¿FLHQW ÀRZHUVDUHLQEORRPDQGWKHFRORQ\LVVWURQJHQRXJKWRWDNHFDUHRILWVHOI Words ofWisdom )LJXUH6HDVRQDO adult bee and brood population changes. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Main honey flow Flowering trees bloom Dandelions bloom Nu m b e r o f a d u l t b e e s o r b r o o d c e l l s - 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 Brood Adult bees Maple Willow Oak Fruit trees Dandelion Birdsfoot trefoil Mustard Vetch Sumac White Dutch clover Alsike clover Red clover Yellow sweet clover Alfalfa White sweet clover Basswood Goldenrod Main Flow Bloom Period of Important Minnesota Nectar Plants Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Beekeeping in Northern Climates Swarms Swarms are a natural part of the colony life cycle. Issuing a swarm is the way a colony reproduces itself. 6ZDUPLQJVHDVRQRFFXUVGXULQJWKHHDUOLHVWSHDNRI ÀRUDODYDLODELOLW\,Q0LQQHVRWDWKLVSHDNLVXVXDOO\ LQPLG0D\ZKHQFORYHUEHJLQVWREORRP&RORQLHV WKDWDUHKHDOWK\RYHUFURZGHGDQGFROOHFWLQJODUJH amounts of nectar and pollen may prepare to swarm by rearing a number of new queens. The resident queen in the colony slowly stops laying eggs, and ZKHQWKHGHYHORSLQJTXHHQFHOOV TXHHQSXSDH DUH mostly sealed with a wax cap, the colony will swarm. $ERXWKDOIRIWKHEHHVDQGWKHROGTXHHQZLOOWDNH RIIWKHQFOXVWHURQDWUHH )LJXUH XVXDOO\ZLWKLQ ¼ mile of the old hive. There they go through an DPD]LQJSURFHVVRIFROOHFWLYHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJVFRXW bees share potential new nest sites through a dance language, and the group decides democratically RQWKHEHVWRQH 7RP6HHOH\¶VERRNHoneybee Democracy,GHVFULEHVWKLVSURFHVVEHDXWLIXOO\ $ VZDUPJHQHUDOO\FOXVWHUVRQDWUHHIRUGD\VZKLOH JRLQJWKURXJKWKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVVDQGWKHQ when ready, moves into the new cavity. Swarming QRUPDOO\WDNHVSODFHHDUO\LQWKHVHDVRQWRHQVXUH the colony can secrete wax, build comb, and collect VXI¿FLHQWKRQH\IRUWKHZLQWHU+HQFHWKHPLGth FHQWXU\SURYHUELDOEHHNHHSHUV¶VD\LQJ )LJXUH$VZDUPLQWKHWUHHV:HVSRWWHGWKLVRQHLQWKH UHDUYLHZPLUURUZKLOHKDYLQJOXQFKLQWKHWUXFN $IHZGD\VDIWHUWKHVZDUPOHDYHVWKHQHZTXHHQVHPHUJHZLWKLQWKHRULJLQDOSDUHQWFRORQ\7KH¿UVWTXHHQ to emerge destroys most, if not all, of the other developing queens in their cells. After maturing for about a ZHHNWKHQHZTXHHQZLOOÀ\RXWRIWKHFRORQ\WRWDNHKHUPDWLQJÀLJKW6KHZLOOPDWHZLWKGURQHVIURP QHLJKERULQJKLYHVIWLQWKHDLUDERXWóòPLOHDZD\IURPKHUFRORQ\6KHUHWXUQVWRWKHKLYHWKHVDPH GD\DQGDIWHUGD\VZLOOEHJLQOD\LQJHJJVIRUWKHUHVWRIKHUOLIH6KHVWRUHVWKHVSHUPLQKHUVSHFLDOL]HG RUJDQFDOOHGDVSHUPDWKHFDDQGZLOOQRWWDNHDQRWKHUPDWLQJÀLJKWODWHULQOLIH On occasion, a colony will issue more than one swarm if a number of queens emerge after the prime swarm departs. This afterswarmZLOOFRQWDLQDYLUJLQTXHHQWKDWSUHVXPDEO\WDNHVKHUPDWLQJÀLJKWRQFHWKHVZDUP ORFDWHVDQHZQHVWLQJVLWH7KHORVVRIZRUNHUIRUFHZKHQDFRORQ\VZDUPVDQGSDUWLFXODUO\LILWLVVXHVDQ afterswarm, can be substantial. %HHNHHSHUVVKRXOGDYRLGOHWWLQJWKHLUFRORQLHVVZDUPSDUWLFXODUO\LQXUEDQDUHDVZKHUHWKHVZDUPPD\ WDNHXSUHVLGHQFHLQXQZDQWHGORFDWLRQVVXFKDVWKHZDOOVRIDQHLJKERU¶VKRPH7RSUHYHQWVZDUPLQJZH HQFRXUDJHEHHNHHSHUVWRGLYLGHVWURQJFRORQLHVWKDWKDYHVXUYLYHGWKHZLQWHUIROORZLQJWKHVWHSVRXWOLQHGLQ WKLVPDQXDO'LYLGHVVKRXOGEHPDGHLQHDUO\WRPLG0D\before colonies have the impulse to swarm. In this ZD\WKHEHHNHHSHULVIROORZLQJWKHEHHV¶QDWXUDOWHQGHQF\WRVZDUPEXWDYRLGLQJORVLQJWKHEHHVWRWKHWUHHV :KHQDGLYLGHLVPDGHWKHEHHNHHSHUZLOOKDYHWZRFRORQLHVWRPDLQWDLQRYHUWKHVXPPHU,WLVNLQGRIOLNH KDYLQJ\RXUFDNHDQGHDWLQJLWWRR ³$VZDUPLQ0D\LVZRUWKDORDGRIKD\DVZDUPLQ-XQH LVZRUWKDVLOYHUVSRRQDVZDUPLQ-XO\LVQRWZRUWKDÀ\´ Beekeeping in Northern Climates Queens Cells $FRORQ\PD\UHDUDQHZTXHHQXQGHURQHRIWKUHHLPSXOVHV Swarming is usually a sign of hive congestion and in nature is the mechanism by which a colony UHSURGXFHV1XPHURXVTXHHQFHOOVDUHIRXQGRIWHQRQWKHHGJHVRIWKHEURRGQHVW )LJXUH  SupersedureRFFXUVZKHQWKHTXHHQLVIDLOLQJ GHSOHWHGVSHUPDWKHFD GDPDJHGRUGLVHDVHG4XHHQ FHOOVDUHIRXQGRQWKHIDFHDQGORZHUHGJHRIWKHFRPEV )LJXUH  EmergencyTXHHQUHDULQJRFFXUVZKHQWKHTXHHQLVVXGGHQO\UHPRYHGRULVNLOOHG RIWHQDFFLGHQWDOO\E\ WKHEHHNHHSHU 4XHHQFHOOVDUHIRXQGRQWKHIDFHRIWKHFRPEV $VORQJDVDTXHHQSURGXFHVDGHTXDWHDPRXQWVRITXHHQVXEVWDQFHWKHZRUNHUVZLOOQRWUHDUTXHHQV4XHHQ substance is a pheromone produced by the queen's mandibular glands. A SKHURPRQH is a chemical substance JLYHQRIIE\RQHLQGLYLGXDOLQVHFWWKDWFDXVHVDVSHFL¿FUHVSRQVHE\DQRWKHULQGLYLGXDORIWKHVDPHVSHFLHV 4XHHQVXEVWDQFHUHJXODWHVWKHEHKDYLRURIWKHZRUNHUVVXFKDVLQKLELWLQJWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRITXHHQFHOOV )LJXUH$VXSHUVHGXUHFHOORQWKHIDFHRIDEURRGFRPE OHIW DQGVZDUPFHOOVRQWKHERWWRPRIWKHIUDPH ULJKW  7RUHDUDQHZTXHHQWKHZRUNHUVEXLOGVSHFLDOZD[FHOOVRUPRGLI\WKHZD[DURXQGZRUNHUFHOOVWRIRUPqueen FXSV7KHTXHHQFXSVFDQEHFRQVWUXFWHGDURXQGIHUWLOL]HGHJJVDQGODUYDHRUWKHTXHHQFDQOD\DQHJJLQDQ HPSW\FXS7RUHDUDTXHHQWKHQXUVHEHHVIHHGWKHGHYHORSLQJODUYDHUR\DOMHOO\DKLJKO\QXWULWLRXVVHFUHWLRQ IURPJODQGVLQWKHLUKHDGV )LJXUH 7KH\VHFUHWHODUJHDPRXQWVRIUR\DOMHOO\DURXQGWKHODUYDDQGWKH ODUYDFRQVXPHVWKHIRRG7RUHDUDZRUNHUEHHWKHQXUVHEHHVIHHGDGLIIHUHQWFRPSRVLWLRQRIUR\DOMHOO\WKDW FRQWDLQVOHVVSURWHLQVXJDUVDQGOLSLGV,WLVFRPPRQIRUWKHEHHVWRPDNHTXHHQFXSVWKDWWKHTXHHQGRHV QRWOD\DQHJJLQ7KHSUHVHQFHRIWKHVH³SOD\FXSV´ )LJXUH GRHVnot indicate that the bees are trying to replace the queen. Beekeeping in Northern Climates )LJXUH(PSW\TXHHQFHOOFXSVRIWHQ called “play cups.” ,WFDQEHGLI¿FXOWWRGLIIHUHQWLDWHDPRQJTXHHQFHOOVFRQVWUXFWHGIRU imminent swarming, supersedure, or due to an emergency. In Minnesota, swarm preparations normally occur in late May or early June and the colony will be very crowded with bees. The queen slowly stops laying HJJVEHIRUHVZDUPLQJVRWKHEHHNHHSHUPD\RUPD\QRWREVHUYHHJJV When colonies have the impulse to swarm and many queen cells are SUHVHQWLWLVXVXDOO\WRRODWHIRUWKHEHHNHHSHUWRSUHYHQWWKHFRORQ\IURP swarming. The queen cells often will be located on the face or along the lower edge of the wax combs, where the bees have space to construct these vertically hanging cells within the crowded nest. Our management SUDFWLFHVHQFRXUDJHEHHNHHSHUVWRGLYLGHFRORQLHVEHIRUHWKHFRORQ\ builds swarm cells. A supersedure event can happen any time from April through September. The old queen is usually present and laying eggs. Sometimes the HJJOD\LQJSDWWHUQRIWKHROGTXHHQLVKDSKD]DUGDQGWKHFRORQ\PD\ EHZHDN2WKHUWLPHVKHUHJJOD\LQJSDWWHUQVHHPVDGHTXDWHWRWKH EHHNHHSHUEXWDSSDUHQWO\QRWWRWKHEHHV'XULQJVXSHUVHGXUHEHHV construct queen cells both on the face and lower edge of the combs. In contrast, there will be no eggs present in the nest during emergency TXHHQUHDULQJDQGWKHZRUNHUVZLOOUHDUQHZTXHHQVIURPH[LVWLQJODUYDH ODLGE\WKHUHFHQWO\GHFHDVHGTXHHQ1HZEHHNHHSHUVRIWHQGHVWUR\ TXHHQFHOOVEHIRUHWKH\NQRZWKHUHDVRQIRUWKHLUSUHVHQFHLQWKHKLYH,I a colony is rearing queens to supersede or replace an old or deceased TXHHQLWLVEHVWWROHWWKHFRORQ\¿QLVKWKHSURFHVV5HPHPEHUWKDWLW PD\WDNHZHHNVIRUDQHZTXHHQWRGHYHORSPDWHDQGEHJLQOD\LQJ HJJV )LJXUH 3DWLHQFHLVUHTXLUHG:LWKH[SHULHQFH\RXFDQOHDUQ ways to requeen your colony yourself.  Words of Wisdom Queen Cells Our advice for new EHHNHHSHUVWKDWKDYH questions about queen cells is:KHQLQGRXEWGRQRWKLQJ. +RQH\EHHVKDYHH[LVWHGRQ HDUWKIRURYHUPLOOLRQ\HDUV They are good at what they GRDQGFDQ¿JXUHRXWWKHVH SX]]OLQJVLWXDWLRQVTXLWHHDVLO\ )LJXUH$ORRNLQWRDTXHHQFHOOZLWKDGHYHORSLQJODUYDÀRDWLQJLQDSRRORIUR\DOMHOO\ SKRWRE\-XG\*ULHVHGLHFN  Beekeeping in Northern Climates )L J X U H      4 X H H Q  O L I H  F \ F O H  J U D S K L F  E \  $ Q Q H  7 X U Q K D P . Da y 0 38 16 21 26 29 34 47 da y s EG G eg g h a t c h e s ce l l s e a l e d LA R V A P U P A VI R G I N Q U E E N EM E R G E S 1S T W O R K E R S EM E R G E MA T I N G F L I G H T WO R K E R L A R V E S E A L E D W O R K E R B R O O D QU E E N L A Y S FI R S T E G G S Q fe d r o y a l j e l l y 5- 7 d a y s a f t e r em e r g e n c e ra i s e d t o b e q u e e n Beekeeping in Northern Climates 7KHVFLHQWL¿FQDPHIRUKRQH\EHHVIRXQGLQWKH86LV$SLVPHOOLIHUD+RQH\EHHVDUHQRWQDWLYHWR1RUWKDQG 6RXWK$PHULFDEXWZHUHEURXJKWWRWKH1HZ:RUOGE\(XURSHDQVHWWOHUV7KHVXEVSHFLHV RUUDFHV RI$SLV PHOOLIHUDSUHIHUUHGE\EHHNHHSHUVLQWKH86DUHRI(XURSHDQRULJLQKHQFHWKHQDPH(XURSHDQEHHV7KHUH are a variety of European subspecies; their characteristics are outlined below. The two primary subspecies DYDLODEOHLQWKH86DUHGHULYHGIURP,WDOLDQDQG&DUQLRODQVWRFNV 2WKHUVXEVSHFLHVRIEHHVDUHJURXSHGDV2ULHQWDO 1HDU(DVWHUQ DQG$IULFDQ2QHRIWKH$IULFDQVXEVSHFLHV $SLVPHOOLIHUDVFXWHOODWDKDVEHHQJLYHQWKHPLVQRPHURI³NLOOHUEHH´$EULHIH[SODQDWLRQRIWKLV$IULFDQ subspecies is given below. EUROPEAN SUBSPECIES Ɣ $SLVPHOOLIHUDOLJXVWLFD ,WDOLDQEHHV RULJLQDWHGLQ,WDO\7KH\JHQHUDOO\KDYHEULJKWJROGHQEDQGVRQ WKHDEGRPHQ7KH\WHQGWREHGRFLOHDQGFRORQ\SRSXODWLRQVEXLOGXSTXLFNO\LQWKHVSULQJ7KH\DUH DSRSXODUEHHIRUERWKKREE\DQGODUJHVFDOHEHHNHHSLQJWKURXJKRXWWKHZRUOGDQGZKHQPDQDJHG properly, can survive winter well in northern climates. Ɣ $SLVPHOOLIHUDFDUQLFD &DUQLRODQEHHV RULJLQDWHGLQWKH6RXWKHDVWHUQ(XURSHDUHD7KH\WHQGWREH gray or brown in color. They are popular with hobbyists because of their gentle disposition. They do QRWDWWDLQSRSXODWLRQVDVODUJHDVFRORQLHVRI,WDOLDQEHHVEXWWKH\ZLQWHUZHOODQGGHYHORSTXLFNO\LQ spring. Ɣ $SLVPHOOLIHUDFDXFDVLFD &DXFDVLDQEHHV RULJLQDWHGLQWKHKLJKYDOOH\RIWKHFHQWUDO&DXFDVXV7KHLU DSSHDUDQFHLVVLPLODUWR&DUQLRODQEHHV7KH\DUHFRQVLGHUHGJHQWOHEXWDUHVORZWRH[SDQGLQWKH spring. They tend to collect large amounts of propolis. They are not commonly available in the U.S. Ɣ $SLVPHOOLIHUDPHOOLIHUD GDUNEHHVVRPHWLPHVUHIHUUHGWRDVWKH³*HUPDQEODFNEHHV´ RULJLQDWHG LQQRUWKHUQ(XURSHDQGZHVWFHQWUDO5XVVLD7KH\DUHODUJHGDUNFRORUHGEHHV7KH\WHQGWREH nervous and defensive, but winter well in severe climates. Due to their poor performance in spring and HDUO\VXPPHUDQGWKHLUGHIHQVLYHQDWXUHEHHNHHSHUVLQWKH86KDYHVWRSSHGLPSRUWLQJWKHPIRU commercial use. 0DQ\RIWKHTXHHQVVROGLQWKH86DUHDPL[RIWKH,WDOLDQDQG&DUQLRODQVXEVSHFLHVTXHHQVPDWHLQWKHVN\ ZLWKQHLJKERUKRRGGURQHVRIGLIIHUHQWOLQHDJHV7KLVPL[LQJLVQRWDSUREOHPLQIDFWWKHPRUHJHQHWLFDOO\ GLYHUVHWKHEHHVDUHZLWKLQDFRORQ\WKHEHWWHUWKH\DUHDEOHWR¿JKWRIIGLVHDVHVDQGSHVWVDQGPDLQWDLQDQ HI¿FLHQWGLYLVLRQRIODERU It is illegal to import queens and bees from other countries into the U.S. Some researchers have a permit to import bee semen from other countries under strict quarantine measures. These restrictions are biosecurity measures to slow the spread of exotic diseases and pests. SUBSPECIES, OR RACES, OF HONEY BEES Beekeeping in Northern Climates Stocks or Lines of European Bees 6LQFHWKH¶VEHHUHVHDUFKHUVKDYHLPSRUWHGRUEUHGVWRFNVRIEHHVWKDWGHPRQVWUDWHDELOLWLHVWRUHVLVW diseases and lower the level of the parasitic mite, 9DUURDGHVWUXFWRU YDUURD ,LQWKHFRORQ\ VHHHoney Bee 'LVHDVHVDQG3HVWVPDQXDO $WWKHWLPHRIWKLVZULWLQJ  WKHVHVWRFNVDUHFRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOH Ɣ +\JLHQLF6WRFN2ULJLQDOO\WKHVHEHHVZHUHEUHGIURP,WDOLDQGHULYHGVWRFNDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI 0LQQHVRWDDQGZHUHFDOOHGWKH01+\JLHQLFOLQH7KLVOLQHLVQRORQJHUEHLQJPDLQWDLQHGDW801 ,QVWHDGK\JLHQLFVWRFNVDUHEHLQJVHOHFWHGDQGPDLQWDLQHGE\EHHNHHSHUVDFURVVWKH86%HHV ZLWKWKHK\JLHQLFWUDLWFDQGHWHFWDQGUHPRYHGLVHDVHGDQGVRPHPLWHLQIHVWHGEURRGIURPWKHQHVW lowering the pathogen and pest load in the colony. Ɣ 96+RU9DUURD6HQVLWLYH+\JLHQH7KH86'$$56%HH/DELQ%DWRQ5RXJH/RXLVLDQDEUHGWKLVOLQHRI EHHVIURPDFRPELQDWLRQRI,WDOLDQDQG&DUQLRODQVWRFNV96+EHHVDUHKLJKO\VHQVLWLYHWRWKHSUHVHQFH RIYDUURDPLWHVZLWKLQZRUNHUEURRGFHOOVDQGK\JLHQLFDOO\UHPRYHPLWHLQIHVWHGEURRGIURPWKHQHVW They are quite good at lowering the mite load within a colony. They have not been tested for their ability to reduce brood disease loads. Ɣ 5XVVLDQEHHV7KH86'$$56%HH/DELQ%DWRQ5RXJHLPSRUWHGEHHVIURP)DU(DVW5XVVLD 3ULPRUVN\5HJLRQ WKDWDUHPRVWO\&DUQLRODQLQRULJLQ7KHEHHVLQWKLVUHJLRQRI5XVVLDQKDGEHHQ exposed to varroa mites for many years and had developed resistance to them. They were introduced, quarantined and tested by the Bee Lab in Baton Rouge, and are now maintained and sold by a FRQVRUWLXPRIEHHNHHSHUV5XVVLDQEHHVWHQGWREHPRUHGHIHQVLYHWKDQRWKHUW\SHVRIEHHV Ɣ 0LWH%LWHUV3XUGXH8QLYHUVLW\LVEUHHGLQJIRUEHHVWKDWJURRPPLWHVRIIRWKHUDGXOWEHHV7KHEHHVELWH the mites, causing physical damage and resulting in a reduced mite population. AFRICAN SUBSPECIES $SLVPHOOLIHUDVFXWHOODWD $IULFDQEHHV RULJLQDWHGLQVRXWKHUQ$IULFD,Q%UD]LOLDQUHVHDUFKHUVLPSRUWHG this subspecies to begin a breeding program with the hope of improving honey production in the tropics. The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slightest provocation. $IULFDQL]HGEHHVZLOOQRWPLJUDWHWRQRUWKHUQFOLPDWHV7KH\DUHDWURSLFDOO\DGDSWHGEHHDQGDOWKRXJKWKH\GR produce honey, they are not adapted to store large amounts of honey in preparation for long winter months. )RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHLUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVSOHDVHUHIHUWRWKHERRNVRQ$IULFDQL]HGEHHVOLVWHGLQWKH $SSHQGL[%HHNHHSLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ 0DUN:LQVWRQ.LOOHU%HHVDQG6SLYDNHWDO HGV The "African" Honey Bee  Bee Sources ,Q\RXU¿UVW\HDUVRIEHHNHHSLQJZHUHFRPPHQG\RXQRWZRUU\DERXWWKHUDFHRUVWRFN RIEHHV\RXXVH3XUFKDVHZKDWLVDYDLODEOHORFDOO\WR\RX,WLVLPSRUWDQWWR¿UVWOHDUQ WKHOLIHF\FOHRI\RXUFRORQ\WKHHEEDQGÀRZRIÀRUDOUHVRXUFHVLQ\RXUDUHDDQGWKH PDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJLHVRXWOLQHGLQWKLVERRN$VDEHJLQQHUWKHKHDOWKDQGZHOIDUHRI your colony depends more on your management practices than it does on the race or VWRFNRIEHHV2QFH\RXKDYHDJRRGJUDVSRIEHHNHHSLQJ\RXZLOOEHJLQWRDSSUHFLDWH WKHVXEWOHGLIIHUHQFHVDPRQJEHHVWRFNVDQGEUHGOLQHVDQGFDQVWDUWH[SHULPHQWLQJ with them. Words of Wisdom Beekeeping in Northern Climates PERSONAL EQUIPMENT Wear light-colored clothingRUFRYHUDOOV'DUNDQGRUWH[WXUHGFORWKLQJLUULWDWHEHHVPRUHWKDQOLJKWFRORUVDQG VPRRWKWH[WXUHV&RYHUDOOVZLOOSURYLGHIHZHUSODFHVIRUEHHVWRFUDZOEHWZHHQ\RXDQG\RXUFORWKHV )LJXUH  Wear a veilWRSURWHFW\RXUKHDGIURPVWLQJV7KHUHDUHPDQ\GLIIHUHQWNLQGVLQFOXGLQJYHLOVPRXQWHGRQD KHOPHWRUEULPPHGKDWDQGKRRGHGYHLOVDWWDFKHGWRDEHHMDFNHW3LFNRQHWKDWLVEHHWLJKWKDVJRRGYLVLELOLW\ and is comfortable. Bee glovesDUHOHDWKHUJORYHVDWWDFKHGWRDFDQYDVVOHHYHWKDWFDQEHSXOOHGRYHUWKHIRUHDUPV&DQYDV gloves are also sold, but the stingers have an easier time penetrating this material. If you wear gloves each time you open your colony, leather gloves are well worth the extra money. Latex, nitrile, or rubber gloves allow IRU¿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eekeeping in Northern Climates A hive tool is an essential piece of equipment used to pry apart boxes, lift out frames and scrape HTXLSPHQW )LJXUH ,WLVUHODWLYHO\LQH[SHQVLYH$ standard hive tool is recommended. )LJXUH7ZR types of standard hive tools. A smoker LVDQRWKHUHVVHQWLDOSLHFHRIHTXLSPHQW )LJXUH $EHHNHHSHUVKRXOGDSSO\FRROVPRNHWRWKH EHHVZKHQRSHQLQJDQGPDQLSXODWLQJDFRORQ\6PRNHGLVRULHQWVEHHVDQGDOVRFDXVHVWKHPWRHDWVWRUHG KRQH\UHVXOWLQJLQIHZHUVWLQJVWRWKHEHHNHHSHU6PRNHUVFRPHLQYDULRXVVL]HVPD\EHPDGHRIWLQRU VWDLQOHVVVWHHODQGPD\KDYHRSWLRQVVXFKDVDKHDWJXDUGDQGKRRNV<RXZLOOQHHGVPRNHUIXHOSDSHUDQG PDWFKHVWRJRZLWK\RXUVPRNHU6PRNHUIXHOFDQEHDQ\WKLQJWKDWZLOOSURGXFHDFRROQRQWR[LFVPRNHWKDW ZLOOQRWEORZÀDPHVDWWKHEHHVZRRGVKDYLQJVZRRGFKLSVFOHDQDQLPDOEHGGLQJSLQHFRQHVXQWUHDWHG JXQQ\VDFNV EXUODS GULHGFRZRUKRUVHSLHVHWF3ODFHDSLHFHRIFUXPSOHGQHZVSDSHULQWKHERWWRPRIWKH VPRNHUDQGOLJKWLW3XPSWKHEHOORZVWRNHHSDJRRGÀDPHJRLQJZKLOHslowlyDGGLQJIXHO'2127XVHOLJKWHU ÀXLGZD[RURWKHUVXFKÀDPPDEOHPDWHULDOWROLJKWDVPRNHU7KH\DUHGDQJHURXVDQGFDQEHWR[LFWREHHV )LJXUH$EHHVPRNHU WRSOHIW DQGDQRWKHUEHHVPRNHUEHLQJOLWXVLQJEXUODSDQGDOLJKWHU WRSULJKW 7KHEXUODSLVOLWWKHQORRVHO\ SODFHGLQWKHVPRNHU3XVKLQJLWWRRIDUGRZQZLOOH[WLQJXLVKWKHÀDPH2QFHWKHIXHOLVZHOOFDXJKW ERWWRPOHIW SXVKLWGRZQDQGDGG PRUHEXUODS3XPSWKHEHOORZWRNHHSWKH¿UHVPROGHULQJ&ORVHWKHOLGDQGFRQWLQXHWRSXPSWKHVPRNHUEHOORZV,IWKHUHLVQRVPRNH FRPLQJRXWRIWKHVPRNHU XQOLNHLQERWWRPULJKW LWLVWLPHWRJLYHLWDQRWKHUWU\ Beekeeping in Northern Climates Leg strapsDUHDYDLODEOHWRWLHDURXQG\RXUDQNOHVWRNHHSWKH bees from crawling up your pant legs. A bee brush is a handy tool for brushing bees from frames )LJXUH  )LJXUH$EHHEUXVK Stings 6WLQJHUVDUHPRGL¿HGRYLSRVLWRUVRUWKHVWUXFWXUHDOORZLQJDIHPDOHLQVHFWWROD\DQ egg. Since only females have the potential to lay eggs, only females can sting in DOOEHHVZDVSVDQGDQWV,QKRQH\EHHVWKHZRUNHUVVWLQJWRGHIHQGWKHLUFRORQ\ :KHQDKRQH\EHHZRUNHUVWLQJVDSHUVRQRUDQLPDOWKHEDUELQKHUVWLQJVWLFNV LQWRWKHVNLQ:KHQVKHÀLHVRIIWKHEDUEVWLFNVDQGWKHWHQVLRQULSVDVSHFLDOL]HG YHQRPVDFRXWRIWKHEHH¶VDEGRPHQWKDWVWD\VLQWKHVNLQ$PXVFOHDWWDFKHGWR WKHYHQRPVDFFRQWLQXHVWRSXOVHVTXHH]LQJPRUHYHQRPIURPWKHVDFLQWRWKH person or animal until the stinger is removed or the venom runs out. It is actually fascinating to watch! Biology Box %XWLIWKLVW\SHRIIDVFLQDWLRQLVQRWIRU\RXVFUDWFKWKHVWLQJHURXWZLWK\RXU¿QJHUQDLOLPPHGLDWHO\,I \RXWU\WRSXOOWKHVWLQJHURXWZLWKWZR¿QJHUV\RXPLJKWVTXHH]HPRUHYHQRPLQWR\RXVRMXVWTXLFNO\ VFUDWFKLWRXW3XIIVRPHVPRNHRYHUWKHVLWHRIWKHVWLQJWRGLIIXVHWKHDODUPSKHURPRQHRGRUWKH VWLQJLQJEHHPDUNV\RXZLWK7KHQWDNHDGHHSEUHDWKDQGNQRZWKHSDLQZLOOEHRYHUVKRUWO\([SHFW some local swelling and itching for a few days, which is entirely normal, and will go away as you get more stings over the season. If you have a systemic response, see a doctor or allergist. For information DERXWDOOHUJLHVVHHWKH0D\R&OLQLFVLWH]XPQHGXPD\REHHVWLQJ 7KHVWLQJLQJEHHZLOOGLHVKRUWO\DIWHUVKHORVHVKHUVWLQJ+RQH\EHHVDUHWKHRQO\LQVHFWWKDWKDYHD barbed sting. Other stinging insects can sting repeatedly. It is a mystery why honey bees evolved to VDFUL¿FHWKHPVHOYHVLQWKLVZD\0RYLQJVORZO\DYRLGLQJVTXLVKLQJEHHVDQGXVLQJVPRNHWRGHFUHDVH WKHFKDQFHRIVWLQJVPDNHVEHHNHHSLQJDPRUHHQMR\DEOHH[SHULHQFHIRU\RXDQGWKHEHHV A notebookIRUUHFRUGLQJFRORQ\KHDOWKDQGFRQ¿JXUDWLRQLQIRUPDWLRQLVKHOSIXO7KHUHDUHDOVRDQXPEHURI SKRQHRUWDEOHWDSSVWKDWDUHGHVLJQHGIRUWDNLQJQRWHVRQKRQH\EHHFRORQLHV Beekeeping in Northern Climates )LJXUH%HHNHHSHUVLQVSHFWLQJFRORQLHVNHSWLQ/DQJVWURWKER[HV THE HIVE - A HOME FOR YOUR HONEY BEES Ɣ ,QQRUWKHUQFOLPDWHVZHUHFRPPHQGNHHSLQJEHHVLQ/DQJVWURWKHTXLSPHQW )LJXUH 7KLVVWDQGDUG equipment is designed to match the volume of a natural nest cavity and the “bee space” that bees QDWXUDOO\OHDYHEHWZHHQFRPEV/RUHQ]R//DQJVWURWKGHYHORSHGWKLVKLYHGHVLJQLQWKH¶V Ɣ 7KHUHDUHDQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQWLWHUDWLRQVRIKLYHGHVLJQVWKDWEHHNHHSHUVXVH:HORYH H[SHULPHQWDWLRQEXWZHVWURQJO\HQFRXUDJHQHZEHHNHHSHUVWREHJLQZLWK/DQJVWURWKER[HVIRUWZR years before exploring other options. Many alternative hive bodies are not appropriate for northern climates as the volume is not large enough to allow bees to store enough honey to survive winter. Ɣ 6WDUWLQJRXWEHHNHHSLQJLWLVHDV\WRPLVMXGJHWKHDPRXQWRIIRRGWKHEHHVQHHGWRRYHUZLQWHULQ northern climates. To help ensure the bees have enough food to survive our long winters, we suggest EHHNHHSHUVVWLFNWR/DQJVWURWKVW\OHEURRGER[HVDQGPDQDJHWKHLUEHHVXVLQJWKHGHHSV\VWHP described in this manual. Ɣ 0DQ\EHHNHHSHUVFKRRVHWRSXUFKDVHDOUHDG\DVVHPEOHGEHHNHHSLQJHTXLSPHQW7KLVLVD¿QHFKRLFH and you will only need to paint the outside of the boxes, as described below. 7KHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVDUHIRUWKRVHWKDWSXUFKDVHHTXLSPHQWUHTXLULQJDVVHPEO\. ,I\RXFKRRVHWRPDNH\RXURZQHTXLSPHQWEX\RQHVHWRIVWDQGDUGHTXLSPHQWDQGXVHLWDVDSDWWHUQWRPDNH PRUH&KHFNWKHZHEVLWH=XPQHGX*DU\ for plans with dimensions of standard equipment. Ɣ $OORIWKHKLYHER[MRLQWVVKRXOGEHWLJKWWRHOLPLQDWHGUDIWV Ɣ 8VHWKHSURSHUVL]HQDLOVDQGJOXHIRUHDFKMRLQW6RPHEHHNHHSHUHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHUVSURYLGHQDLOV ZLWKWKHNQRFNHGGRZQ .'RUXQDVVHPEOHG HTXLSPHQWRWKHUVGRQRW*DOYDQL]HGQDLOVDUHEHVWIRU boxes. Ɣ :KHQQDLOLQJRUVWDSOLQJPDNHVXUHWRQDLORUVWDSOHVWUDLJKWDQGGRQRWVSOLWWKHZRRG Beekeeping in Northern Climates Painting Equipment The exterior of the hive boxes should be smooth before they are painted. All exposed parts of the hive should be covered with a coat of exterior primer, followed by one or two coats of good quality exterior latex paint. Painting the outsides of your hive boxes protects them from rotting and warping, prolonging their usability by PDQ\\HDUV8VHDJRRGTXDOLW\EUXVKRUUROOHUWRPDNHSDLQWLQJHDVLHU7KHUHLVQRUHDVRQWKHH[WHULRUFDQQRW EHGHFRUDWHGLQDQ\ZD\\RXZDQW,IWKHFRORQ\ZLOOEHLQWKHVXQDYRLGGDUNFRORUV2LOEDVHGSDLQWFDQEH used to decorate the outside of the boxes, but too much prevents the box from breathing and the oil paint may peel. <RXPD\XVHRWKHUSDLQWVVWDLQVRUZRRGSUHVHUYDWLYHVDVORQJDV\RXPDNHVXUHWKH\GRQRWFRQWDLQDQ\ ingredients that will be harmful to the bees. Do not paint the inside of the boxes. Components of a Hive 6HHDQH[DPSOHRIDKLYHZLWKDIXOOVHWRIHTXLSPHQWLQ)LJXUH Propolis 7KHLQVLGHRIKLYHERGLHVKDVWUDGLWLRQDOO\EHHQVPRRWK+RZHYHULIWKHLQVLGHV RIWKHER[HVDUHPDGHIURPXQ¿QLVKHGYHU\URXJKOXPEHUWKHEHHVZLOOGHSRVLW propolis, or tree resins, inside the boxes as a propolis envelope, as they do naturally within tree cavities. The resins are antimicrobial, and research at the 8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD%HH/DEVKRZVWKDWDSURSROLVHQYHORSHEHQH¿WVKRQH\EHH immune systems, microbiomes, disease prevention, and overall colony health.Biology Box )LJXUH7\SLFDO Langstroth hive. Beekeeping in Northern Climates The Exterior Ɣ $KLYHVWDQGZLOONHHSWKHKLYH´RIIWKHJURXQGVRWKHFRORQ\VWD\VGU\+LYHVWDQGVWKDWHQFORVHWKH entire perimeter of the bottom board create dead air space underneath the hive that helps insulate the colony in the winter. The hive stand should be made of treated wood or be well painted to avoid rotting. &HPHQWEORFNVRUEULFNVDOVRPDNHDJRRGKLYHVWDQG Ɣ %RWWRPERDUGVSURYLGHWKHÀRRUIRUWKHKLYHZLWKVSDFHIRUEHHVWRHQWHUDQGH[LW Ɣ $QHQWUDQFHUHGXFHUDOORZV\RXWRPDNHWKHKLYHHQWUDQFHVPDOOHURUODUJHUDVQHHGHG7KHHQWUDQFHLV GLPLQLVKHGZKHQLQVWDOOLQJDQHZSDFNDJHRUSUHSDULQJDFRORQ\IRUZLQWHULWLVZLGHQHGGXULQJVXPPHU Ɣ IUDPH/DQJVWURWKGHHSKLYHERGLHV  DUHXVHGDVEURRGFKDPEHUVZKHUHWKHQXUVHEHHVZLOO UDLVHWKHQHZEHHVDQGKRQH\LVVWRUHGIRUZLQWHU:HUHFRPPHQGGULOOLQJDKROH FHQWHUHGDERYH ERWWRPHGJH RQWKHIURQWVLGHRIHDFKGHHSKLYHERG\8VHPHWDOUDEEHWVZKHUHWKHIUDPHVKDQJ LQVLGHWKHER[WRSURWHFWWKHZRRGIURPVFUDSLQJ,I\RXDUHZRUULHGDERXWOLIWLQJKHDY\ER[HV GHHSV IXOORIKRQH\FDQEHXSWROE \RXFDQXVHPHGLXP  ER[HVIRUKLYHERGLHV<RXZLOOMXVWQHHG to use more boxes so you have the same volume. Visit =XPQHGX0HGLXP for more information. While OHVVFRPPRQIUDPH/DQJVWURWKHTXLSPHQWFDQDOVRZRUNZHOODQGLVOLJKWHUWROLIW,I\RXDUHZRUULHG DERXWKLYHZHLJKWDEHHNHHSLQJSDUWQHUFDQKHOSPRYHKHDY\ER[HV$QRWKHUVWUDWHJ\LVWRUHPRYH LQGLYLGXDOKRQH\IUDPHVPRYHWKHER[WKHQSXWWKHIUDPHVEDFNLQRQFHWKHER[LVPRYHG Ɣ $QLQQHUFRYHULVXVHGWRSURYLGHDEHHVSDFHDERYHWKHIUDPHVVRWKHEHHVGRQRWSURSROL]H JOXH WKH cover down. Ɣ $WHOHVFRSLQJFRYHULVWKH¿QDOFRYHUIRUWKHFRORQ\,WWHOHVFRSHVRYHUWKHWRSVRLWGRHVQ WVOLGHRII,W XVXDOO\KDVDPHWDOWRSWRNHHSRXWWKHUDLQ Ɣ <RXZLOOQHHGFRUNVWRSOXJWKHKROHVLQWKHKLYHERGLHVGXULQJVRPHSHULRGVRIWKHVHDVRQ.HHS KLYHERGLHVFRUNHGLIWKHUHDUHQREHHVRFFXS\LQJWKHER[RUWKHIUDPHVRIIRXQGDWLRQKDYHQRWEHHQ GUDZQRXWZLWKZD[FRPE\HW,I\RXKDYHFRUNVO\LQJDURXQGWKDWDUHVPDOOHUWKDQ´GULOOWKHKROHVLQ WKHER[HVWR¿WWKRVHFRUNV The Interior Ɣ 7REHJLQ\RXZLOOQHHGIUDPHV  IRUHDFKIUDPHGHHSKLYHERG\,I\RXSXUFKDVHIUDPHV WKDWUHTXLUHDVVHPEO\ZHUHFRPPHQGVHOIVSDFLQJIUDPHVZLWKJURRYHGWRSDQGERWWRPEDUV$V WKHEHHV¿OOWKHIUDPHVZLWKZD[FRPE\RXPD\ODWHUVZLWFKWRIUDPHVSHUER[$VVHPEOHGIUDPHV DUHDYDLODEOHEXWWKH\FDQFRVWDOLWWOHPRUHWKDQXQDVVHPEOHGIUDPHV2QHEHQH¿WRISXUFKDVLQJ DVVHPEOHGIUDPHVLVWKDWDQ\IUDPHVWKDWEUHDNGXULQJDVVHPEO\ZKLFKFDQKDSSHQZLOOEHDWWKH expense of the supplier. Ɣ <RXZLOOQHHGIRXQGDWLRQIRUHDFKIUDPHLQWKHKLYH7KHEHHVZLOOEXLOGFRPEZLWKRXWIRXQGDWLRQEXWWKH foundation encourages them to build comb in the middle of the frame, acts as supporting material, and UHGXFHVWKHDPRXQWRIEHHVZD[WKHEHHVQHHGWRSURGXFH6RPHRIWKH¿UVWIRXQGDWLRQZDVPDGHRI solid beeswax, and then wire was added to give the comb support. This support allowed the wax comb LQWKHIUDPHVWRVXUYLYHWKHKRQH\H[WUDFWLQJPDFKLQHVZLWKRXWGDPDJH1H[WIRXQGDWLRQZDVPDGHRI thin plastic and beeswax was added to both sides with the imprint of hexagonal cells pressed into the ZD[1RZPRVWIRXQGDWLRQLVPDGHRIWKLFNSODVWLFWKDWKDVWKHEDVHRIWKHKH[DJRQDOFHOOIRUPHGLQLW DQGLWLVVSUD\HGZLWKDOLJKWFRDWRIEHHVZD[ )LJXUH :HKDYHIRXQGWKDWWKLVFRDWLQJRIEHHVZD[ RQWKHSODVWLFIRXQGDWLRQLVLPSRUWDQWWRWKHEHHV,IWKHUHLVLQVXI¿FLHQWZD[WKHEHHVFDQEHUHOXFWDQW WREXLOGFRPERQLW)RXQGDWLRQFDQFRPHLQOLJKWRUGDUNFRORUV(JJVDUHHDVLHUWRVSRWRQWKHGDUNHU foundation. Ɣ 6RPHEHHNHHSHUVSUHIHUWRKDYHWKHEHHVEXLOG³QDWXUDO´FRPEPHDQLQJFRPEZLWKQRIRXQGDWLRQ7KH SUREOHPZLWKQDWXUDOFRPELVLWLVQRWYHU\VWURQJZKHQKHOGLQDKRUL]RQWDOSRVLWLRQ,I\RXZDQWWREH DEOHWRWXUQWKHIUDPHVLGHZD\VRUXSVLGHGRZQ WRORRNIRUHJJVRUVHHWKHRWKHUVLGHRIWKHIUDPH \RX ZLOOKDYHWRDGGVRPHVXSSRUW7KLVVXSSRUWLVRQHRIWKHLPSRUWDQWSXUSRVHVRIWKHIRXQGDWLRQ<RXFDQ DGGVXSSRUWZLWKRXWXVLQJIRXQGDWLRQE\DGGLQJWKUHH´ZRRGGRZHOVIURPWKHWRSEDUWRWKHERWWRP bar of the frames, and the bees will build comb around them. The other purpose of the foundation is to encourage the bees to build comb within the frame, instead of across frames. To encourage bees to EXLOGFRPEZLWKLQDIUDPHZLWKRXWXVLQJIRXQGDWLRQ\RXFDQ¿OOWKHJURRYHLQWKHWRSEDUZLWKEHHVZD[ RUSRSVLFOHVWLFNV$QRWKHUPHWKRGLVWRPDNHWKHWRSEDURIWKHIUDPHYVKDSHGDWWKHERWWRPVRWKH bees follow the line when building comb. Beekeeping in Northern Climates Beekeeping in Northern Climates )LJXUH$ZRRGHQIUDPHZLWK EODFNIRXQGDWLRQ IRXQGDWLRQFDQDOVR EHWKHFRORURIEHHVZD[ ZLWKQHZ beeswax comb being built by the EHHV7KHFRPELVWKH\HOORZJROG hexagon structure. Beekeeping Lingo %HHNHHSHUVKDYHSDUWLFXODUDQGVRPHWLPHVSHFXOLDUSKUDVHVWKH\XVHWRWDONDERXW HTXLSPHQWEHHVDQGEHHNHHSLQJ%HHNHHSHUVRIWHQXVHGLIIHUHQWZRUGVWRPHDQ the same thing, even within a single sentence. $FRPPRQH[DPSOHLVWKHXVHRI³FRORQ\´RU³KLYH´%\GH¿QLWLRQWKHFRORQ\LVWKH EHHVDQGWKHKLYHLVWKHVWUXFWXUHWKDWWKHEHHVOLYHLQ+RZHYHUFRORQ\DQGKLYH are frequently used interchangeably in speech. Words of Wisdom $QRWKHUH[DPSOHLVD³KLYHER[´RU³KLYHERG\´%RWKPHDQWKHVDPHWKLQJLQWKLVFDVHWKHZRRGHQER[ that holds the frames, and, depending on context, may or may not include the frames. A variation is FDOOLQJWKHER[E\LWVVL]HOLNHD³GHHS´$³GHHS´PHDQVWKHVDPHWKLQJDVDER[RUERG\EXWVSHFL¿FDOO\ UHIHUVWRDER[WKHVL]HRID/DQJVWURWKGHHS2WKHUYDULDWLRQVLQFOXGH³GHHSEURRGER[HV´DQG³GHHSKLYH bodies.” %HHNHHSHUVDOVRRIWHQXVH³FRPE´DQG³IUDPH´LQWHUFKDQJHDEO\$IUDPHRIEURRGLVWKHVDPHDVDFRPE RIEURRG7KH\DUHWHFKQLFDOO\GLIIHUHQWWKRXJK&RPELVWKHKH[DJRQVKDSHGEHHVZD[VWUXFWXUHEXLOWE\ WKHEHHV$IUDPHLVWKHVWUXFWXUHWKDWEHHNHHSHUVJLYHWKHEHHVWREXLOGWKHLUFRPELQ)UDPHVDUHPRVW often made of wood, but some are plastic. ³%URRG´LVFRPPRQO\XVHG%URRGDOZD\VUHIHUVWRWKHGHYHORSLQJEHHVEXWLWFDQPHDQVSHFL¿FVWDJHV too. Open brood refers to the egg and larval stages as these stages do not yet have a wax cap, hence WKH\DUH³RSHQ´6HDOHGRUFDSSHGEURRGUHIHUVWRWKHSUHSXSDODQGSXSDOVWDJHV7KHVHGHYHORSLQJEHHV are covered by a wax cap, sealing in the pupating bees, hence the use of “sealed” or “capped.” Brood XVXDOO\UHIHUVWRZRUNHUEURRGXQOHVVVSHFL¿HGDVGURQHEURRGRUTXHHQFHOOV 1RZ\RXDUHHTXLSSHGZLWKHQRXJKOLQJRWRFRQIXVHDQGLPSUHVV\RXUQRQEHHNHHSLQJIULHQGV Beekeeping in Northern Climates Honey Production for Harvest Ɣ A queen excluder is a wire or plastic grid ZLWKVSDFHODUJHHQRXJKIRUZRUNHUVWR pass through but too small for the queen WRSDVVWKURXJK )LJXUH ,WLVSODFHG EHWZHHQWKHEURRGFKDPEHUVWRFRQ¿QH the queen to one area. The excluder will be used for dividing colonies, and to prevent the queen from laying eggs in the honey supers. Ɣ +RQH\VXSHUV PHGLXPGHSWK´RU VKDOORZGHSWK DUHSODFHGDERYH the brood nest for the bees to store honey IRUWKHEHHNHHSHUWRKDUYHVW)LJXUH$FRORQ\ZLWKDPHWDOTXHHQH[FOXGHURQWRSDQGUHDG\ for the addition of honey super boxes. 7REHJLQ\RXZLOOQHHGIUDPHVIRUHDFKKRQH\VXSHULIXVLQJIUDPH/DQJVWURWKER[HV7RSURGXFHFRPE honey, where you will be eating the entire comb, use frames with split top and slotted bottoms and thin surplus foundation. Avoid wire or plastic in the foundation for comb honey. Supers are for Honey, Only 0HGLXPRUVKDOORZVL]HGVXSHUVDUHXVHGIRUFROOHFWLQJKRQH\WKDWWKHEHHVSURGXFH in excess to what they need for themselves. Supers are placed over the brood nest, RIWHQDERYHDTXHHQH[FOXGHUWRNHHSWKHTXHHQIURPOD\LQJLQWKHP7KHP\VWHU\ RIZK\EHHNHHSHUVFKRRVHVKDOORZHUER[HVIRUKRQH\LVHDVLO\VROYHGWKH¿UVWWLPH \RXOLIWRQHDWKDUYHVWWLPHKHDY\0HGLXPDQGVKDOORZVXSHUVZHLJKOHVVWKDQGHHS boxes when full of honey and are easier to lift and handle. Words of Wisdom Importantly, supers should always be stored and used separately from any boxes used in the brood nest. 7KHEURRGQHVWZD[FRPEVZLOOOLNHO\DFFXPXODWHSHVWLFLGHUHVLGXHVIURPVWRUHGSROOHQ3HVWLFLGHVDUH OLSRSKLOLFPHDQLQJWKH\OLNHOLSLGVZKLFKSROOHQDQGZD[FRQWDLQ1HFWDUDQGKRQH\GRQRWFRQWDLQOLSLGV so residues in honey are much lower. 2QHDGYDQWDJHRIXVLQJER[HVDQGIUDPHVWKDWDUHDOOWKHVDPHVL]H HJDOOPHGLXPVRUDOOGHHSV LV that you can rotate frames with comb from the supers to replace old comb in the brood boxes. But do not URWDWHIUDPHVIURPDQ\EURRGER[LQWRDKRQH\VXSHU.HHS\RXUKRQH\SXUH Replace brood combs regularly. Beekeeping in Northern Climates Feeding Supplies Feed Pail $IHHGSDLOLVXVHGWRIHHGVXJDUV\UXS0DQ\NLQGVRIIHHGHUVDUHDYDLODEOH)RUQRUWKHUQFOLPDWHVDWWLPHVRI WKH\HDUZKHQLWLVQRWJRRGIRUWKHEHHVWROHDYHWKHLUFOXVWHU HDUO\VSULQJODWHIDOO ZHUHFRPPHQGDJUDYLW\ IHHGHUSODFHGRYHUWKHLQQHUFRYHU,WLVVLPSO\DQDLUWLJKWSDLORURWKHUFRQWDLQHU V  HJDFRXSOHRIODUJH 0DVRQMDUV ZLWK´KROHVLQWKHOLGDQGDOLSDURXQGWKHHGJH$KLYHER[ZLWKRXWIUDPHVLVRIWHQXVHGWR SURWHFWWKHIHHGSDLORQWRSRIWKHFRORQ\ )LJXUH  )LJXUH7ZRIHHGHUSDLOVRQWKHLQQHUFRYHURIDFRORQ\ ULJKW DQGDQRWKHUWZRIHHGHUEXFNHWVHQFORVHGE\DQHPSW\ER[ZLWKWKH WHOHVFRSLQJFRYHUDERXWWREHSODFHGRYHUWRS OHIW 7KHEXFNHWVDUHSODFHGRYHUWKHKROHRIWKHLQQHUFRYHUWRDOORZWKHEHHVWRDFFHVV the small holes in the lid that release the sugar syrup. Sugar Syrup Sugar syrup is used to feed colonies in spring when there is little or no nectar available for the bees to collect, DQGLQIDOOIRUFRORQLHVWKDWKDYHQ¶WVWRUHGHQRXJKIRRGWRVXUYLYHZLQWHU:HUHFRPPHQG\RXSXUFKDVHSUH PDGHV\UXSIURPDVXSSOLHURUEX\JUDQXODWHGUH¿QHGZKLWHVXJDUDQGPL[LWZLWKZDWHUWRPDNH\RXURZQ V\UXS(LWKHUEHHWVXJDURUFDQHVXJDULV¿QH$YRLGXVLQJRUJDQLFVXJDU HYHQZKLWH LWLVOHVVSURFHVVHGDQG FRQWDLQVPRODVVHVZKLFKLVGLI¿FXOWIRUWKHEHHVWRGLJHVW:DUPZDWHUZLOOKHOSGLVVROYHWKHVXJDUFRPSOHWHO\ VRWKDWWKHJUDQXOHVGRQ¶WFORJWKHIHHGHUEXFNHW:HVXJJHVWXVLQJZDWHUDWWHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZƒ) 7ZRUHFLSHVIRUVXJDUV\UXSDUHXVHGGHSHQGLQJRQWKHWLPHRI\HDU Ɣ /LJKWV\UXS VXJDUZDWHU LVXVHGWRVWLPXODWHWKHEHHVWRJURZLQWKHVSULQJDQGHQVXUHWKHEHHV KDYHDPSOHUHVRXUFHVWRSURGXFHEHHVZD[WRPDNHLQWRFRPE/LJKWV\UXSLVPDGHE\PL[LQJOERI VXJDUZLWKHQRXJKZDWHUWRPDNHJDOORQ7KHUDWLRVDUHE\ZHLJKW Ɣ +HDY\V\UXS VXJDUZDWHU PD\EHQHHGHGWRIHHGFRORQLHVLQODWHVXPPHUDQGHDUO\IDOOWRHQVXUH WKHEHHVKDYHVXI¿FLHQWKRQH\VWRUHVIRUZLQWHU<RXFDQPDNHKHDY\V\UXSE\PL[LQJSRXQGVRI VXJDUZLWKHQRXJKZDWHUWRPDNHJDOORQ7KHUDWLRVDUHE\ZHLJKW $FORVHDSSUR[LPDWLRQRIWKHDPRXQWRIVXJDUQHHGHGFDQEHPDGHE\¿OOLQJDFRQWDLQHUKDOIIXOORIVXJDUIRU OLJKWV\UXS  RU¿OOLQJWKHFRQWDLQHUIXOORIVXJDUIRUKHDY\V\UXS  $GGZDWHUWRWKHFRQWDLQHUWREULQJWKH syrup solution to the top and you will have the approximate sugar to water ratios. Beekeeping in Northern Climates )LJXUH$VXEVWLWXWHSROOHQSDWW\SODFHG on top of the frames of the colony above the brood nest, but not centered to avoid EORFNLQJWKHLQQHUFRYHUKROH Pollen Substitute <RXZLOOQHHGSROOHQVXEVWLWXWHIRUIHHGLQJFRORQLHV SDFNDJHVDQG ZLQWHUHGFRORQLHV LQHDUO\VSULQJ )LJXUH 3ROOHQVXEVWLWXWHLV QRUPDOO\DPL[WXUHRIVR\ÀRXUGULHGPLONDQGEUHZHU¶V\HDVW:H UHFRPPHQGEX\LQJFRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOHSROOHQVXEVWLWXWH,WLV DYDLODEOHHLWKHUDVUHDG\WRIHHGSUHPL[HGSDWWLHVRULQSRZGHUHGIRUP Until more research is conducted, it is unclear how much the additives contribute to pollen patty value. For the powdered formulation, follow PL[LQJGLUHFWLRQVRQWKHFRQWDLQHUDQGPDNHDSSUR[LPDWHO\DQR]SDWW\ WKHFRQVLVWHQF\RIFRRNLHGRXJKDQGDERXWWKLFNIRUHDFKFRORQ\ 3UHPL[HGSDWWLHVVDYHDORWRIWLPH Wintering Equipment $PRLVWXUHERDUG ´¿EHUERDUGDOVRFDOOHGVRXQGERDUG LVXVHGRYHU the inner cover for wintering. It will absorb moisture from the inside of WKHKLYHDQGUHOHDVHLWWRWKHRXWVLGH<RXFDQDOVRXVHDQ\WKLQJWKDWZLOO DEVRUEPRLVWXUHIURPWKHKLYHDQGHYDSRUDWHLWRXWWKHWRSOLNHIROGHG QHZVSDSHURUDER[ZLWKDVFUHHQHGERWWRP¿OOHGZLWKVWUDZRUEXUODS For additional information see =XPQHGX*DU\ZWU. $ZLQWHULQJFRYHULVDEODFNSURWHFWLYHFRYHUXVHGWRZUDSFRORQLHVIRUWKHZLQWHUPRQWKV7DUSDSHU FRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOHFRUUXJDWHGSODVWLFSXUFKDVHG&R]\VRUVLPLODUSURGXFWVZD[FRYHUHGFDUGERDUGRUDQ LQVXODWHGEHHZUDSDOOZRUNZHOO)RUDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQVHHWKHSRVWHUVRQZUDSSLQJKRQH\EHHFRORQLHVIRU a northern winter on =XPQHGX)UHH%HH. 3-deep Method Equipment First Year ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů Second Year Hive stand 1 1 ŽƩŽŵďŽĂƌĚ 11 ĞĞƉŚŝǀĞďŽĚŝĞƐ 33 Deep frames 30 30 &ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ;ĚĞĞƉͿ 30 30 Inner cover 1 1 Telescoping cover 1 1 Queen excluder 1 1 DŽŝƐƚƵƌĞďŽĂƌĚ 11 Winter cover 1 1 Feed pail 1 1 ,ŝǀĞďŽĚLJĨŽƌĨĞĞĚƉĂŝůĐŽǀĞƌ 11 ,ŽŶĞLJƐƵƉĞƌƐ 1-4 1-5 Frames for supers 10-40 10-50 &ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƐƵƉĞƌƐ 10-40 10-50 7DEOH(TXLSPHQWQHHGHGIRUWKH¿UVWDQG VHFRQG\HDURIEHHNHHSLQJZKHQNHHSLQJ FRORQLHVLQGHHSKLYHERGLHV Quantity of Hive Equipment Needed for Each Colony :HUHFRPPHQGWKDWQHZEHHNHHSHUVDOORZWKHLUFRORQ\WRH[SDQGLQWRWKUHHGHHSEURRGER[HVIROORZLQJWKH PDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJLHVZHRXWOLQHLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQV 7DEOH 7KLVGHHSV\VWHPLVXQLTXHWRRXUDUHDDQG KHOSVHQVXUH\RXUFRORQ\ZLOOKDYHHQRXJKVWRUHGKRQH\WRVXUYLYHZLQWHU:LWKH[SHULHQFHVRPHEHHNHHSHUV SUHIHUWRNHHSWKHLUFRORQ\XVLQJDGHHSEURRGER[V\VWHPUDWKHUWKDQWKUHH:HSURYLGHLQVWUXFWLRQVIRU WKHGHHSPHWKRGVWDUWLQJLQ$SSHQGL[$EXWZHHQFRXUDJH³QHZEHHV´WRIROORZRXUWULHGDQGWUXHQRUWKHUQ FOLPDWHPHWKRGIRUWKHLU¿UVWWZR\HDUV Beekeeping in Northern Climates Where to Buy Equipment Ɣ %ULFNDQGPRUWDUEHHNHHSLQJVWRUHVDOORZ\RXWRVHHDQGKDQGOHZKDW\RXDUHEX\LQJEHIRUH\RX purchase it. Ɣ 2QOLQHVWRUHVDQGPDLORUGHUFDWDORJVPD\KDYHEHWWHUSULFHVDQGRUVHOHFWLRQEXW\RXPD\QHHGWR add the shipping costs. Ɣ Used equipment can be purchased but be very careful to dispose of all the wax combs to prevent disease transmission and to eliminate any pesticide residue. We strongly recommend that beginning EHHNHHSHUVVWDUWZLWKQHZHTXLSPHQWLISRVVLEOH $OLVWRIUHJLRQDOEHHNHHSLQJVXSSOLHUVLVRQRXUZHEVLWHZKHUHXSGDWHGLQIRUPDWLRQZLOOEHOLVWHG =XPQHGXEHHOLQNV SELECTING AN APIARY SITE Around Your Hive Ɣ Accessibility at all times is crucial. It is best to be able to reach the apiary with a vehicle. Sometimes \RXZLOOQHHGWRPRYHKHDY\HTXLSPHQWLQDQGRXWRIWKHDSLDU\,INHHSLQJEHHVRQDURRIWRSFRQVLGHU accessibility, your ability and willingness to haul heavy equipment up and down, and personal safety. If NHHSLQJFRORQLHVRQDURRIWRSKDYHDJRRGVWDLUVRUHOHYDWRUDQGSODFHKLYHVZHOODZD\IURPWKHURRI edge so you do not fall off the roof. Strap your colonies down with ratchet straps and provide them with DZLQGEUHDN Ɣ 1HFWDUDQGSROOHQPXVWEHDYDLODEOHZLWKLQÀ\LQJGLVWDQFH PLOHV RIWKHDSLDU\0RVWDUHDVLQ Minnesota have enough varied plants available to support one or two colonies, except in highly wooded areas such as the Boundary Waters. Ɣ :DWHUPXVWEHDYDLODEOHZLWKLQPLOHRIWKHDSLDU\WKURXJKRXWWKHDFWLYHEHHVHDVRQ,I\RXDUHLQDQ urban setting you should provide water on your own property so the bees don’t go searching for water DQGSRWHQWLDOO\ERWKHU\RXUQHLJKERUV<RXFDQKDYHDELUGEDWKSURYLGHDFKLFNHQZDWHUHURUVLPSO\ XVHDSDQEXWPDNHVXUHWKHFRQWDLQHUDOZD\VKDVZDWHULQLW<RXVKRXOGDOVRSODFHVWRQHVFRUNV or something similar in the water to give the bees a place to land. They cannot swim in or hover over ZDWHUWRGULQN Ɣ 5HVSHFW\RXUQHLJKERUV.HHS\RXUEHHVRXWRIKLJKWUDI¿FDUHDV,IWKH\DUHEHKLQGDSULYDF\IHQFHRU KHGJH LHDÀ\ZD\EDUULHU WKH\ZLOOÀ\XSRYHUWKHEDUULHUDQGQRWERWKHUSHRSOH Beekeeping in Northern Climates Water Bees need water throughout the spring and fall. It is important that they have access to a continuous source of water within a short À\LQJGLVWDQFHIURPWKHKLYH QRPRUHWKDQ PLOHDZD\ 7KHEHHVQHHGWRVWDQGRQD VXUIDFH HJVDQG\RUSHEEO\EDQNVRISRQGV ODNHVDQGULYHUV)LJXUH WRVXFNXSZDWHU Biology Box ZLWKWKHLUWRQJXH SURERVFLV 7KH\REWDLQVRPHVDOWVDQGPLQHUDOV from natural sources of water, so prefer ponds over chlorinated water, but they will use both. Bees do not forage for water during the winter months. )LJXUH%HHVGULQNLQJIURPD SXGGOH SKRWRE\-HVVLFD+HOJHQ  Beekeeping in Northern Climates Be sure to comply with all local ordinances before bringing your bees to the city. Many cities require permits to NHHSEHHVVHDUFKRXWORFDORUGLQDQFHVDQGUHTXLUHPHQWVIURP\RXUFLW\DGPLQLVWUDWRURUORFDO$QLPDO&RQWURO RI¿FH6HHWKH801%HH/DEVLWHIRUDOLVWRIRUGLQDQFHVLQ0LQQHVRWD]XPQHGXKERUGLQDQFHV WHERE AND HOW TO BUY BEES Packages and Nucs &RORQLHVRIEHHVDUHVROGDVSDFNDJHVVPDOOQXFOHXVFRORQLHVFDOOHG³QXFV´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produce queens and drones until May and June in our northern climate, so locally produced nucs will have a later start. %HHFRORQLHVFDQDOVREHREWDLQHGE\FDWFKLQJVZDUPV+RZHYHUUHPHPEHUWKHVD\LQJIURPWKHVHFWLRQRQ ³6ZDUPV´³«DVZDUPLQ-XO\LVQRWZRUWKDÀ\´ ,IVWDUWLQJZLWKDSDFNDJHRIEHHVDOOZRRGHQIUDPHVVKRXOGEHQHZDQGWKHEHHVZLOOFRQVWUXFWZD[FHOOVRQ WKHQHZIRXQGDWLRQ1XFVDQGHVWDEOLVKHGFRORQLHVFRQWDLQXVHGIUDPHVDQGDOUHDG\FRQVWUXFWHGZD[FRPEV which means there is an increased chance the combs may contain disease spores or pesticide contamination WKDWPD\DIIHFWWKHGHYHORSPHQWDQGKHDOWKRI\RXUFRORQ\%HDZDUHRIWKHWUDGHRIIVZKHQVWDUWLQJZLWK VRPHRQHHOVH¶VZD[FRPEV,I\RXDUHDQHZEHHNHHSHUDQGGRQRWKDYHDPHQWRULWPD\EHZLVHUWR SXUFKDVHQXFVLQODWHU\HDUVDIWHUJDLQLQJH[SHULHQFHDQGWKHVNLOOVWRLGHQWLI\EURRGGLVHDVHV Weather and Protection Ɣ $LUÀRZLVLPSRUWDQW'RQRWSODFH\RXUFRORQLHVLQDGHSUHVVLRQODNHVKRUHRUÀRRGSODLQZKHUHGDPS air will accumulate. Ɣ +LYHHQWUDQFHVFDQIDFHLQDQ\GLUHFWLRQEXWLISRVVLEOHSRVLWLRQWKHHQWUDQFHWRWKHVRXWKRUVRXWKHDVW to receive the most sun. Ɣ $YRLGSODFLQJFRORQLHVLQKLJKO\ZRRGHGDUHDVFRORQLHVEHQH¿WIURPGLUHFWVXQIRUDWOHDVWSDUWRIWKH day. Ɣ $ZLQGEUHDNRQWKHQRUWKVLGHZLOODLGLQSURWHFWLQJDJDLQVWFROGZLQGVGXULQJRYHUZLQWHULQJ ƔIf you locate your apiary where there are bears, put an electric fence around the apiary before placing WKHKLYHV VHH+RQH\%HH'LVHDVHVDQG3HVWVPDQXDO  Beekeeping in Northern Climates Packages Nucs Full-sized colonies Swarms Pros - Can start on all new equipment ͲhƐƵĂůůLJŚĂǀĞǀĞƌLJ low varroa mites levels ͲYƵŝĐŬůLJŐƌŽǁƐŝŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ Ͳ^ƵĐĐĞƐƐŝŶĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ ĐĂŶďĞŵŽƌĞĚĞƉĞŶĚĂďůĞ than a package Ͳ'ƌŽǁƐǀĞƌLJƋƵŝĐŬůLJ ͲDĂLJƉƌŽĚƵĐĞŵŽƌĞ ŚŽŶĞLJƚŚĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ methods - Free - Fun to collect if the swarm ŝƐŝŶĂŶĞĂƐŝůLJƌĞĂĐŚĞĚ ůŽĐĂƟŽŶ Cons - Need to feed the ĐŽůŽŶLJŵŽƌĞ - Takes longer to ďƵŝůĚƚŚĂŶŶƵĐƐŽƌ colonies ͲƵLJŝŶŐƵƐĞĚĐŽŵďǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĂLJĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƉĞƐƟĐŝĚĞ residue and disease spores ͲDĂLJŚĂǀĞǀĂƌƌŽĂŵŝƚĞƐ at a level that requires management, and/or ďƌŽŽĚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ͲƵLJŝŶŐƵƐĞĚĐŽŵďƚŚĂƚ ŵĂLJĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƉĞƐƟĐŝĚĞ residue and disease spores - Most expensive ͲDĂLJŚĂǀĞŚŝŐŚǀĂƌƌŽĂ ŵŝƚĞůĞǀĞůƐĂŶĚͬŽƌďƌŽŽĚ diseases - Must catch a swarm ďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨ:ƵŶĞĂƚ ƚŚĞůĂƚĞƐƚĨŽƌŝƚƚŽďƵŝůĚƵƉ enough to survive winter ͲhŶƌĞůŝĂďůĞƚŽĮŶĚ ͲDĂLJŚĂǀĞǀĂƌƌŽĂŵŝƚĞƐ at a level that requires management 7DEOH3URVDQGFRQVRIHDFKPHWKRGRIDFTXLULQJDFRORQ\ Planning to Purchase Bees Ɣ 3DFNDJHEHHVDQGQXFVFDQEHSXUFKDVHGGLUHFWO\IURPDSURGXFHURUVXSSOLHU:HUHFRPPHQGWKDW QHZEHHNHHSHUVSXUFKDVHEHHVIURPDORFDOVSHFLDOW\EHHNHHSLQJVWRUHRUIURPDORFDOEHHNHHSHU Ɣ ,WLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWKDW\RXEHFRPHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKHUHSXWDWLRQRIWKHEHHVXSSOLHU7DONWRRWKHU FXVWRPHUVRI\RXUVXSSOLHUWRFKHFNRQWKHLUH[SHULHQFH:HGRQRWPDNHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVDERXWWKH best place to purchase bees. Ɣ :HUHFRPPHQGEX\LQJDWOHDVWDOESDFNDJH DERXWEHHVSHUSDFNDJH  Ɣ 'XHWRKLJKGHPDQGSDFNDJHVDQGQXFVVKRXOGEHRUGHUHGLQ'HFHPEHURU-DQXDU\ Ɣ ,I\RXKDYH\RXUSDFNDJHEHHVPDLOHGWR\RXUKRPHLWLVDJRRGLGHDWRZDUQ\RXUPDLOFDUULHULQ DGYDQFHWKDWWKH\DUHFRPLQJ1XFVFDQQRWEHPDLOHG Multiple Colonies Help with Understanding “Normal” We recommend starting with at least two colonies of bees, if possible. As a new EHHNHHSHULWLVJRRGWRKDYHDIUDPHRIUHIHUHQFH SXQLQWHQGHG IRUQRUPDOFRORQ\ growth. With two colonies you can compare them and if something is wrong, then \RXFDQUHFRJQL]HLW,I\RXVWDUWZLWKMXVWRQHFRORQ\EHVXUH\RXMRLQDKREE\ EHHNHHSLQJDVVRFLDWLRQRUKDYHDEHHNHHSLQJPHQWRUWRKHOS\RXXQGHUVWDQGWKH normal and healthy progression of a colony over the season used in the brood nest. Words of Wisdom 7KHEURRGQHVWZD[FRPEVZLOOOLNHO\DFFXPXODWHSHVWLFLGHUHVLGXHVIURPVWRUHGSROOHQ3HVWLFLGHVDUH OLSRSKLOLFPHDQLQJWKH\OLNHOLSLGVZKLFKSROOHQDQGZD[FRQWDLQ1HFWDUDQGKRQH\GRQRWFRQWDLQOLSLGV so residues in honey are much lower. 2QHDGYDQWDJHRIXVLQJER[HVDQGIUDPHVWKDWDUHDOOWKHVDPHVL]H HJDOOPHGLXPVRUDOOGHHSV LVWKDW you can rotate frames with comb from the supers to replace old comb in the brood boxes. But do not rotate IUDPHVIURPDQ\EURRGER[LQWRDKRQH\VXSHU.HHS\RXUKRQH\SXUH Replace brood combs regularly. Beekeeping in Northern Climates )LJXUH$ZRRGHQSDFNDJHRIEHHVZLWKWKHIHHGHUFDQEHLQJUHPRYHG WRSOHIW DSODVWLFSDFNDJHRIEHHVRQDRQHGHHSER[ SUHSDUHGWRUHFHLYHWKHEHHV WRSULJKW IXOOVL]HGFRORQLHVLQGLYLGXDOO\VWUDSSHGWRJHWKHUIRUWUDQVSRUW PLGGOH DZRRGHQ SXUFKDVHG QXFVDUHIUHTXHQWO\FDUGERDUGRUSODVWLF QXFZLWKIUDPHV ERWWRPOHIW DQGDVZDUP ERWWRPULJKW  Beekeeping in Northern Climates PREPARATIONS )RUHDFKSDFNDJHRUQXFRIEHHVRUGHUHG\RXVKRXOGKDYHWKHHTXLSPHQWIRUDRQHVWRU\KLYH )LJXUH  assembled, painted, and set up on location before the small colonies are scheduled to arrive. Be sure all openings to the empty box are closed until the bees are placed inside to prevent mice from entering. $SDFNDJHVKRXOGEHKLYHGDERXWDPRQWKEHIRUHWKHIUXLWWUHHVDQGGDQGHOLRQVEORRPEHFDXVHWKH\QHHG H[WUDWLPHWREHFRPHHVWDEOLVKHGEHIRUHWKHEORRP1XFVDUHDYDLODEOHDQGFDQEHKLYHGIURPWKHWLPHRIIUXLW WUHHEORRPWRHDUO\-XQH,QWKH7ZLQ&LWLHVIUXLWWUHHVDQGGDQGHOLRQVEORRPDURXQGPLG0D\ HIVING PACKAGES AND NUCS )LJXUH(TXLSPHQWVHWXSIRUKLYLQJSDFNDJHV OHIW DQGQXFV ULJKW  Beekeeping in Northern Climates HIVING PACKAGE BEES If you are hiving a nucDQGQRWDSDFNDJHRIEHHVWKHQVNLSWRWKHVHFWLRQFDOOHG³+LYLQJ1XFV´ Transport ,WLV¿QHWRWUDQVSRUWDSDFNDJHLQWKHFDERIDYHKLFOHDQGHDVLHURQWKHEHHVLIRXWVLGHWHPSHUDWXUHVDUH EHORZƒ)&ROGZLQGFDQZKLSWKURXJKWKHSDFNDJHPHVKFKLOOLQJWKHEHHV,IWKHUHDUHDQ\EHHVRQWKH RXWVLGHRIWKHSDFNDJHJHQWO\EUXVKWKHPRIIZLWKDEHHEUXVKRUDERXTXHWRIJUDVV'RQ¶WSDQLFLIDIHZEHHV HVFDSHDVWKH\JHQHUDOO\À\WRWKHZLQGRZV Care of the Package After Arrival .HHSWKHSDFNDJHLQDGDUNTXLHWSODFHSUHIHUDEO\DWƒ)WDNLQJFDUHQRWWRFKLOORURYHUKHDWWKHP'RQ¶W EORFNDLUÀRZWRWKHSDFNDJHEHHV3URYLGHSOHQW\RIIHHGE\SHULRGLFDOO\VSUD\LQJVXJDUV\UXSRQWKH VFUHHQFDJHHYHU\KRXUVEXWGRQ WGURZQWKHEHHV +LYHWKHEHHVDVVRRQDVSRVVLEOH,WLVEHVWWRKLYHWKHPLQWKHODWHDIWHUQRRQ%HHVGRQRWÀ\DWQLJKWVRWKH\ ZLOOVWD\SXWLIKLYHGODWHULQWKHGD\,WLV¿QHWRKLYHDSDFNDJHLQWKHPRUQLQJLIWKHZHDWKHULVFRRO EHORZ ƒ) <RXFDQZDLWDGD\WRKLYHWKHSDFNDJHLQWKHFDVHLWLVUDLQLQJRUVQRZLQJRUIRUSHUVRQDOORJLVWLFV &RQWLQXHWRNHHSWKHSDFNDJHLQDGDUNTXLHWSODFHDQGVSUD\VXJDUV\UXSRQWKHFDJHHYHU\KRXUV How to Hive Package Bees 6HH)LJXUHIRUVWHSE\VWHSPDQDJHPHQWLQVWUXFWLRQV Preparation Ɣ 'RQRWXVHVPRNHZKHQKLYLQJSDFNDJHEHHVEXWGRZHDUDYHLOLIWKLVLV\RXU¿UVWWLPHKDQGOLQJ EHHV:HHQFRXUDJH\RXWROHDUQWRNHHSEHHVZLWKRXWJORYHVZKLFKKHOSV\RXPRYHPRUHVORZO\ DQGFDUHIXOO\%XWWREHJLQZLWKFRQ¿GHQFH\RXPD\FKRRVHWRZHDUJORYHVWKDWJLYH\RX¿QHPRWRU GH[WHULW\ OLNHUXEEHUNLWFKHQJORYHV  Ɣ 3ODFHDFRUNLQWKH´KROHRIWKHGHHSER[ ƔPosition the entrance reducer using the smallest opening with the entrance facing down. Plug this RSHQLQJORRVHO\ZLWKJUDVVZKHQKLYLQJSDFNDJHVRQZDUPDQGRUVXQQ\GD\VWRKHOSNHHSWKHEHHV inside temporarily. ƔRemove four frames from the center of the hive body. Ɣ 7DNHDGHHSEUHDWKDQGVORZGRZQ%HUHDG\WRWDNHDYLGHRRUSLFWXUHVWRFRPPHPRUDWLYHWKH experience. This is fun! Spraying Sugar Syrup Ɣ 6SUD\WKHSDFNDJHEHHVOLEHUDOO\ZLWKOLJKWVXJDUV\UXS Ɣ 7KXPSWKHSDFNDJHVKDUSO\WRNQRFNEHHVWRWKHERWWRPRIWKHFDJH Ɣ &DUHIXOO\SU\WKHIHHGHUFDQIURPWKHSDFNDJHXVLQJ\RXUKLYHWRRODQGVHWDVLGH Ɣ 5HPRYHWKHTXHHQFDJHIURPWKHSDFNDJHDQGFKHFNWRPDNHVXUHWKHTXHHQLVDOLYH3XWWKHTXHHQ FDJHLQDVDIHSODFH,I\RXDUHKLYLQJRQDFROGGD\LW¶VJRRGWRNHHSWKHTXHHQLQ\RXUSRFNHWWRNHHS her warm. Ɣ 6SUD\EHHVLQWKHSDFNDJHZLWKPRUHVXJDUV\UXS Beekeeping in Northern Climates Shaking Bees into the Box Ɣ 6KDNHWKHEHHVLQWRWKHKLYH )LJXUH DQGcarefully spread them out on the bottom board with your KLYHWRRODV'U)XUJDODXVHGWRVD\OLNHVSUHDGLQJVDXFHRQSL]]D Ɣ 0LVWWKHTXHHQYHU\OLJKWO\ZLWKVXJDUV\UXSVRWKDWVKHGRHVQRWÀ\LQWRWKHDLUZKHQUHOHDVHGLQWKH hive. Ɣ 7RUHOHDVHWKHTXHHQXVHWKH'LUHFW5HOHDVHPHWKRGRITXHHQLQWURGXFWLRQORZHUWKHTXHHQFDJH LQWRWKHKLYHUHPRYHWKHVWDSOHZLWK\RXUKLYHWRRODQGJHQWO\SHHODZD\WKHVFUHHQZKLOHNHHSLQJWKH FDJHORZLQWKHKLYHDJDLQVWWKHIRXQGDWLRQ )LJXUH /HWWKHTXHHQZDONRXWRQWRWKHIRXQGDWLRQ Ɣ $FRPPRQPLVWDNHLVWRRSHQWKHTXHHQFDJHDERYHWKHWRSVRIWKHIUDPHVZKLFKLQFUHDVHVWKH FKDQFHVWKHTXHHQPLJKWÀ\RII,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRUHOHDVHWKHTXHHQRQWKHERWWRPSDUWRIDIUDPHDWWKH ERWWRPRIWKHER[QHDUWKHSLOHRIEHHV6KHZLOOTXLFNO\PRYHLQWRWKHFRORQ\DQGEHDFFHSWHGUHDGLO\ by the bees. Ɣ &DUHIXOO\UHSODFHWKHIRXUIUDPHV'RQRWIRUFHWKHIUDPHVGRZQLQWRWKHEHHVRQWKHERWWRPERDUG because that will squash them. Releasing the Queen From a Package 7KHUHDUHRWKHUPHWKRGVWRLQWURGXFHWKHTXHHQLQWRDQHZSDFNDJHRI EHHVLQFOXGLQJOHDYLQJWKHTXHHQFDJHGDQGOHWWLQJZRUNHUVFKHZWKHLU ZD\WKURXJKDFDQG\SOXJLQWKHFDJHWRUHOHDVHKHU DIWHUUHPRYLQJWKH FRUNSOXJRQWKHFDQG\HGJHRIWKHFDJH 6LQFHWKHSDFNDJHKDVKDGWKH TXHHQLQLWIRUDWOHDVWGD\VWKHEHHVZLOODFFHSWKHULPPHGLDWHO\'LUHFWO\ UHOHDVLQJWKHTXHHQWKHGD\\RXKLYHWKHSDFNDJHLVWKHEHVWPHWKRG Words of Wisdom My Queen Flew Off! ,IWKHTXHHQGRHVÀ\RIIFDUHIXOO\UHSODFHWKHIUDPHVDQGOHDYHWKHKLYHRSHQ IRUDERXWPLQXWHV*HQHUDOO\VKHZLOOUHWXUQDQG\RXPD\RUPD\QRW VHHKHUÀ\EDFNLQ4XHHQVDUHVPDUW%HIRUHWKH\À\DZD\WKH\RULHQWWR ODQGPDUNVDURXQGWKHLUORFDWLRQ NLQGRIOLNHUHPHPEHULQJZKHUH\RXSDUNHG \RXUFDU <RXDUHDPDMRUODQGPDUNDURXQGWKHKLYHVRVWD\SXWDQGFKDQFHV DUHVKHZLOORULHQWEDFNWR\RXDQGKHUFRORQ\,IVKHGRHVQRWUHWXUQ \RXZLOO NQRZLQGD\VRQ\RXU¿UVWLQVSHFWLRQ \RXZLOOQHHGWRRUGHUDQHZTXHHQ Biology Box DQGXVHD³VORZUHOHDVH´PHWKRGRILQWURGXFWLRQ LQWKHVHFWLRQFDOOHG³7KH*UHDW'LYLGH´ 7RDYRLG all this hassle and expense, lightly mist the queen with syrup, reach down in there and open the cage GLUHFWO\RQWRWKHERWWRPRIDIUDPHQHDUWKHFOXVWHURIEHHV6FDUHGWRSXW\RXUKDQGVGRZQLQWKHUH" 7DNHDGHHSEUHDWKDQGJHWLQWR\RXUEHHV<RXDUHQRZDEHHNHHSHU Beekeeping in Northern Climates )LJXUH+LYLQJDZRRGHQSDFNDJH OHIW DQGVSUD\LQJWKHEHHVLQDSODVWLFSDFNDJHZLWKVXJDUV\UXS ULJKW %HHVPD\DUULYHLQ HLWKHUSDFNDJHPDWHULDOW\SH%HHVLQZRRGHQSDFNDJHVDUHGXPSHGRXWRIWKHKROHLQWKHWRSRIWKHSDFNDJHZKHUHWKHVXJDUV\UXS FDQLVUHPRYHG7KHSODVWLFSDFNDJHVRSHQXSDWWKHVLGHDQGWKHEHHVFDQEHGXPSHGRXWZLWKJUHDWHUHDVH%RWKDUHVXLWDEOHIRU transporting bees. )LJXUH5HOHDVLQJDTXHHQIURPDFDJHRQWR DIUDPH%HVXUHWRNHHSKHUORZLQWKHFRORQ\ NOTE: Understanding the Hive Management Diagrams 7KURXJKRXWWKHUHVWRIWKHPDQXDOZHZLOOXVH¿JXUHVWRH[SODLQPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHV7KHVH GLDJUDPVDUHGHVLJQHGWRKHOS\RXYLVXDOL]HZKDWLVEHLQJGRQHGXULQJLQVSHFWLRQV7KH\GRQRWVKRZ every inspection made on the colony, but only the inspections that result in a management action RQWKHKLYHRUJURZWKRIWKHFRORQ\(DFKGLDJUDPVKRZVZKDWWKHKLYHORRNVOLNHDWWKHHQGRIHDFK LQVSHFWLRQ:LWKLQDGLDJUDPFRPSDUHHDFKKLYHVHWXSWRWKHSUHYLRXVKLYHWRVHHKRZWKHFRORQ\ ZDVFKDQJHG)RUUHIHUHQFHRIWKHKLYHSDUWVVHHWKHHTXLSPHQWVHWXSGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUH Beekeeping in Northern Climates )L J X U H      ' L D J U D P  R I  K L Y L Q J  D Q G  P D Q D J L Q J  D  S D F N D J H  F R O R Q \   < R X U J R D O  W K L V  ¿ U V W  \ H D U  L V  W R  E X L O G  D  V W U R Q J    W K U H H  V W R U \ ´  R U    GH H S  F R O R Q \  I R U  Z L Q W H U L Q J  1 1 1 1 1 1 ,ŝ ǀ Ğ  Ɛ ƚ Ă Ŷ Ě  Ă Ŷ Ě  ď Ž dž  ƚ Ž  Đ Ž ǀ Ğ ƌ  ĨĞ Ğ Ě Ğ ƌ  Ŷ Ž ƚ  Ɛ Ś Ž ǁ Ŷ  Ĩ Ž ƌ  Đ ů Ă ƌ ŝ ƚ LJ Au g e r h o l e o p e n Au g e r h o l e c o r k e d 12 12 123 321 321 We e k 2 : Re f i l l f e e d e r ĂŶ Ě  Ɖ Ž ů ů Ğ Ŷ  Ɛ Ƶ ď Bo x 1 8 0 % u s e d : Ě Ě  ď Ž dž  Ϯ  mo v i n g a f r a m e ŽĨ  ď Ğ Ğ Ɛ  Ƶ Ɖ Ž ů Ž Ŷ LJ  Ğ dž Ɖ Ă Ŷ Ě Ɛ  ƚŽ  ď Ž dž  Ϯ 1 Ă LJ  ď Ğ Ĩ Ž ƌ Ğ  ď Ğ Ğ Ɛ  Ă ƌ ƌ ŝ ǀ Ğ ͗ Wů Ă Đ Ğ  Ğ Ƌ Ƶ ŝ Ɖ ŵ Ğ Ŷ ƚ  ŝ Ŷ  Ă Ɖ ŝ Ă ƌ LJ Ă LJ  ď Ğ Ğ Ɛ  Ă ƌ ƌ ŝ ǀ Ğ ͗ Pr e p a r e t o h i v e P a c k a g e EĞ dž ƚ  Ě Ă LJ ͗ Ğ  Ɛ Ƶ ƌ Ğ  ď Ğ Ğ Ɛ  Ă ƌ Ğ  un d e r f e e d e r , re m o v e g r a s s p l u g Ne x t w e e k : Re f i l l f e e d e r a n d ch e c k f o r e g g s 1 Bo x 2 8 0 % u s e d : Ě Ě  ď Ž dž  ϯ  mo v i n g a f r a m e ŽĨ  ď Ğ Ğ Ɛ  Ƶ Ɖ Bo x 3 8 0 % u s e d : Do a f u l l r e v e r s a l ;Ƶ Ŷ ů Ğ Ɛ Ɛ  х ϱ Ϭ й  Ĩ Ƶ ů ů  ŽĨ  Ś Ž Ŷ Ğ LJ Ϳ dŽ Ɖ  ď Ž dž  ϴ Ϭ й  ĨƵ ů ů  Ž Ĩ  Ś Ž Ŷ Ğ LJ ͗  Ad d s u p e r s ,ŝǀ Ğ Ɛ ƚ Ă Ŷ Ě Ă Ŷ Ě ďŽ dž ƚ Ž ĐŽ ǀ Ğ ƌ ĨĞ ĞĚ Ğ ƌ  Ŷ Ž ƚ  Ɛ Ś Ž ǁ Ŷ  Ĩ Ž ƌ  Đ ů Ă ƌ ŝ ƚLJ Au g er h o l e o p e n Au ge r h o l e c o r k e d Mi d t o l a t e A p r i l : Hi v e p a c k a g e Beekeeping in Northern Climates Feeding Ɣ )HHGSROOHQVXEVWLWXWHZKHQKLYLQJSDFNDJHVWRSURYLGHEHHVZLWKSURWHLQWRKHOSWKHPIHHGODUYDH 3ODFHWKHSDWW\RQWRSRIWKHIUDPHVQHDUWKHFHQWHUEXWZLWKRXWEORFNLQJDFFHVVWRWKHJUDYLW\IHHGHU Place the inner cover on the hive body. Pollen substitute should be replenished as needed. The bees will stop needing to be fed a patty when they start collecting fresh pollen consistently. Ɣ )HHGDJDOORQRIV\UXSWRWKHFRORQ\E\LQYHUWLQJWKHIHHGHUSDLORYHUWKHKROHLQWKHLQQHUFRYHU%H VXUHWKHSDLOLVQRWOHDNLQJ6\UXSZLOOQHHGWREHUHSOHQLVKHGHYHU\GD\VIRUDWOHDVWRQHPRQWK HYHQZKHQÀRUDOQHFWDULVDYDLODEOHWRKHOSEHHVEXLOGZD[FRPEV Ɣ 3XWDQHPSW\ER[DURXQGWKHIHHGHU LQSDUWWRJXDUGWKLVVXJDUVRXUFHIURPRWKHUEHHVDQGLQVHFWV  DQGDGGWKHWHOHVFRSLQJFRYHUWRWKHWRS6HFXUHWKHFRYHUZLWKDURFN HIVING NUCS For next steps after hiving a packageRIEHHVVNLSWRWKHVHFWLRQHQWLWOHG³,QVSHFWLRQV´ Transport ,WLVEHVWWRWUDQVSRUWDQXFLQWKHEDFNRIDWUXFNEXWLWFDQEHGRQHLQVLGHWKHFDERIDYHKLFOH6HFXUHWKHQXF LQSODFHVRLWGRHVQRWWLS,WLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRPDNHVXUHWKHOLGRQWKHQXFLVVHFXUHDQGWKHHQWUDQFHFORVHG ZLWKDPHVKVFUHHQWRSUHYHQWWKHEHHVIURPHVFDSLQJ&ORVLQJWKHHQWUDQFHZLWKPHVKLVLPSRUWDQWWRDOORZ WKHEHHVWRPRYHDLUDURXQG.HHSWKHQXFFRROWRSUHYHQWWKHEHHVIURPRYHUKHDWLQJ,ILQWKHFDESXWWKHQXF RQWKHÀRRUDQGWXUQRQWKH$&DLPHGDWWKHQXF7KHFRORQ\LVDWKLJKHUULVNRIG\LQJIURPKHDWWKDQIURPFROG 'RQ¶WSDQLFLIDIHZEHHVHVFDSHDVWKH\JHQHUDOO\À\WRWKHZLQGRZV Care of the Nuc After Arrival ,WLVEHVWWRKLYHWKHQXFWKHVDPHGD\\RXUHFHLYHLW+RZHYHULI\RXDUHQRWJRLQJVWUDLJKWWRWKHDSLDU\ HJ \RXSODQWRWDNHWKHQXFKRPHWKHQWUDQVSRUWLWWRDGLIIHUHQWORFDWLRQDWDODWHUGDWH SODFHWKHQXFRXWVLGH DQGRSHQWKHHQWUDQFH7KHER[LVWKHLUWHPSRUDU\KLYHDQGWKHEHHVZLOOTXLFNO\OHDUQWRUHWXUQWRLW.HHSLQJ the nuc closed can cause the bees to suffocate or overheat. :KHQUHDG\WRWUDQVSRUWDJDLQFORVHWKHHQWUDQFHZLWKPHVKDQGPRYHWKHQXFZKHQWKHEHHVDUHQRWÀ\LQJWR DYRLGOHDYLQJDQ\RQHEHKLQGHDUO\PRUQLQJDIWHUWKHVXQVWDUWVVHWWLQJRULQFROGRUUDLQ\ZHDWKHU,WLVEHVWWR PRYHWKHQXFRYHUPLOHVDZD\WRSUHYHQWIRUDJHUVIURPUHWXUQLQJWRWKHWHPSRUDU\ORFDWLRQ%HHVOHDUQWKHLU ORFDWLRQYHU\TXLFNO\ Feed Pails ,QQRUWKHUQFOLPDWHVLWLVEHVWWRXVHDJUDYLW\IHHGHU±DQDLUWLJKWSDLOZLWK ´KROHVLQWKHOLGDQGOLSDURXQGWKHHGJHRIWKHOLG7KLVIHHGHULVSODFHG on top of the inner cover, and is protected by placing an empty box over the LQQHUFRYHUDQGXQGHUWKHWHOHVFRSLQJOLG VHH)LJXUH :KHQEHHVQHHGWR be fed in our area, it may be cool in spring and early fall and the bees may be clustered to maintain heat. If the feeder is above them, they can move where heat rises to reach the syrup. If the feeder is in the entrance, they will have to move into colder areas to reach it. If it is a frame feeder on one side of a deep ER[WKH\ULVNGURZQLQJLQDSRRORIFROGV\UXS%HHVFDQQRWOLYHIRUPRUHWKDQ PLQXWHVEHORZƒ)%HQLFHWR\RXUEHHVXVHDJUDYLW\IHHGHU Biology Box Beekeeping in Northern Climates How to Hive Nucs 6HH)LJXUHIRUVWHSE\VWHSPDQDJHPHQWLQVWUXFWLRQV Equipment Setup for Hiving a Nuc Ɣ 7KHHTXLSPHQWQHHGHGZLOOEHWKHVDPHDVLQKLYLQJDSDFNDJHH[FHSWWKDWRQO\QHZIUDPHVZLOO EHQHHGHGDVWKHQXFZLOOFRQWDLQIUDPHVZLWKEHHVEURRGDQGIRRGVWRUHV VHH)LJXUH  Preparation Ɣ %ULQJWKHQXFWRWKHDSLDU\ZKHUHWKHQHZKLYHVHWXSLVSUHSDUHG7KHGHHSKLYHERG\VKRXOGKDYH IUDPHVRIIRXQGDWLRQLIWKHQXFFRPHVZLWKIUDPHVRUIUDPHVRIIRXQGDWLRQLIWKHQXFFRPHVZLWK frames. Ɣ 3ODFHDFRUNLQWKHKLYHERG\´KROH ƔPosition the entrance reducer in the deep hive body using the smallest opening with the entrance facing down. This helps prevent other bees from robbing the new, small colony. ƔSet the nuc next to the deep with the inner and telescoping covers removed. Push the frames of foundation to the sides, leaving an opening in the middle of the deep with enough room to put all the frames from the nuc. Ɣ 7DNHDGHHSEUHDWKDQGVORZGRZQ%HUHDG\WRWDNHDYLGHRRUSLFWXUHVWRFRPPHPRUDWLYHWKH experience. This is fun! Transferring a Nuc to a 10-Frame Box ƔOpen the lid and gently transfer the frames, one by one, from the nuc to the open center of the deep. 3XWWKHPLQWKHVDPHRUGHUWKH\ZHUHLQWKHQXFER[2EVHUYHHDFKIUDPHDVLWLVPRYHG/RRNIRUWKH TXHHQDQGDOOVWDJHVRIEURRG HJJVODUYDHDQGSXSDH /RRNIRUVWRUHGSROOHQDQGQHFWDU Ɣ 7KXPSDFRUQHURIWKHQXFVKDUSO\RQWKHJURXQGWRNQRFNWKHUHPDLQLQJEHHVWRWKDWERWWRPFRUQHURI the nuc box and pour those bees into the colony or at the entrance. Be extra careful if the queen was not seen since she can be on the walls of the nuc box. Ɣ 8VHDWKLFNVKDUSLHWRPDUNWKHWRSVRIWKHIUDPHVZLWKWKHGDWHWRNHHSWUDFNRIZKLFKIUDPHVFDPH from the nuc. Before writing on the frames, use your hive tool to scrape off any wax. Feeding ƔFeed pollen substitute to provide bees with protein to help them feed the growing larvae. Place a patty RQWRSRIWKHIUDPHVQHDUWKHFHQWHUEXWZLWKRXWEORFNLQJDFFHVVWRWKHJUDYLW\IHHGHU3ODFHWKHLQQHU cover on the hive body. This patty may not need to be replenished, depending on availability of fresh SROOHQ,IEHHVDUHEULQJLQJLQSROOHQDWWKHIURQWHQWUDQFHDQGWKHZHDWKHUIRUHFDVWORRNVZDUPIRU EORRPLQJSODQWVWKHQLWLVXQOLNHO\WKHEHHVZLOOQHHGWREHIHGSROOHQ,ILQGRXEWIHHGDSROOHQSDWW\ Ɣ )HHGDJDOORQRIV\UXSWRWKHFRORQ\E\LQYHUWLQJWKHIHHGHUSDLORYHUWKHKROHLQWKHLQQHUFRYHUDV LQ)LJXUH%HVXUHWKHSDLOLVQRWOHDNLQJ5HSOHQLVKWKHV\UXSHYHU\GD\VWRKHOSWKHEHHVEXLOG wax comb on the foundation. Ɣ 3XWDQHPSW\ER[DURXQGWKHIHHGHU LQSDUWWRJXDUGWKLVVXJDUVRXUFHIURPRWKHUEHHVDQGLQVHFWV  DQGDGGWKHWHOHVFRSLQJFRYHUWRWKHWRS6HFXUHWKHFRYHUZLWKDURFN Beekeeping in Northern Climates )L J X U H      ' L D J U D P  R I  K L Y L Q J  D Q G  P D Q D J L Q J  D  F R O R Q \  V W D U W H G  D V  D Q X F   < R X U  J R D O  W K L V  ¿ U V W  \ H D U  L V  W R  E X L O G  D  V W U R Q J    W K U H H  V W R U\ ´  R U    G H H S  F R O R Q \  I R U  Z L Q W H U L Q J  1 1 1 1 1 12 12 123 321 1 321 Ă LJ  ď Ğ Ĩ Ž ƌ Ğ  ď Ğ Ğ Ɛ  Ă ƌ ƌ ŝ ǀ Ğ ͗ Wů Ă Đ Ğ  Ğ Ƌ Ƶ ŝ Ɖ ŵ Ğ Ŷ ƚ  ŝ Ŷ  Ă Ɖ ŝ Ă ƌ LJ Ă LJ  ď Ğ Ğ Ɛ  Ă ƌ ƌ ŝ ǀ Ğ ͗ Pr e p a r e t o h i v e n u c EĞ dž ƚ   Ă LJ ͗ Be s u r e f e e d e r i s n o t le a k i n g Dŝ Ě  D Ă LJ  ƚ Ž  Ğ Ă ƌ ů LJ  :Ƶ Ŷ Ğ ͗  Hi v e n u c Ne x t w e e k : Re f i l l f e e d e r a n d ch e c k f o r e g g s Bo x 1 8 0 % u s e d : Ě Ě  ď Ž dž  Ϯ  mo v i n g a f r a m e ŽĨ  ď Ğ Ğ Ɛ  Ƶ Ɖ Ž ů Ž Ŷ LJ  Ğ dž Ɖ Ă Ŷ Ě Ɛ  ƚŽ  ď Ž dž  Ϯ Bo x 3 8 0 % u s e d : Do a f u l l r e v e r s a l ;Ƶ Ŷ ů Ğ Ɛ Ɛ  х ϱ Ϭ й  Ĩ Ƶ ů ů  ŽĨ  Ś Ž Ŷ Ğ LJ Ϳ dŽ Ɖ  ď Ž dž  ϴ Ϭ й  Ĩ Ƶ ů ů  ŽĨ  Ś Ž Ŷ Ğ LJ ͗ Ad d s u p e r s Au g e r h o l e o p e n Au g e r h o l e c o r k e d ,ŝ ǀ Ğ  Ɛ ƚ Ă Ŷ Ě  Ă Ŷ Ě  ď Ž dž  ƚ Ž  Đ Ž ǀ Ğ ƌ  ĨĞ Ğ Ě Ğ ƌ  Ŷ Ž ƚ  Ɛ Ś Ž ǁ Ŷ  Ĩ Ž ƌ  Đ ů Ă ƌ ŝ ƚ LJ A u g er h o l e o p e n A u g er h o l e c o r k e d ,ŝǀ Ğ Ɛ ƚ Ă Ŷ Ě Ă Ŷ Ě ďŽ dž ƚ Ž ĐŽ ǀ Ğ ƌ ĨĞ ĞĚ Ğ ƌ  Ŷ Ž ƚ  Ɛ Ś Ž ǁ Ŷ  Ĩ Ž ƌ  Đ ů Ă ƌ ŝ ƚLJ Beekeeping in Northern Climates INSPECTIONS 1 Day After Hiving Packages or Nucs :KHWKHU\RXKLYHGDSDFNDJHRUDQXFWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVIRUZKDWWRGRQH[WDUHWKHVDPH &KHFNWKHIHHGHUSDLOVWRPDNHFHUWDLQWKHEHHVDUHREWDLQLQJVXJDUV\UXS'RQRWGLVWXUEWKHFRORQ\XQOHVV \RXVXVSHFWWKHEHHVDUHQRWFRQVXPLQJWKHVXJDUV\UXS,IDIWHUKRXUVWKHEHHVKDYHQRWFRQVXPHGDQ\ V\UXSFKHFNWKHSDLOWREHVXUHWKHKROHVDUHRSHQDQGQRWKLQJLVREVWUXFWLQJWKHKROHLQWKHLQQHUFRYHUWKDW JLYHVWKHEHHVDFFHVVWRWKHIHHGHUSDLO)RUSDFNDJHEHHVPDNHVXUHWKHEHHVDUHFOXVWHUHGLQWKHPLGGOH of the box. If the bees have clustered toward one side of the box, rearrange the empty frames so that the FOXVWHULVFHQWHUHGDQGEHORZWKHIHHGHU1XFVZLOOUHPDLQFOXVWHUHGLQWKHFHQWHURQWKHEURRGIUDPHVEHFDXVH WKH\QHHGWRLQFXEDWHWKHEURRG3DFNDJHEHHVZLOOQRWKDYHEURRGIRUVRPHGD\VDIWHUKLYLQJVRWKH\GRQRW necessarily cluster in the center of the box. )LJXUH$IUDPHRIZRUNHUEURRGLVSODFHGVWDQGLQJRQLWV HQGZKLOHDEHHNHHSHUORRNVWKURXJKWKHFRORQ\3ODFLQJWKH frame on its end and gently leaning it against the colony so only the top of the frame touches the colony reduces the number of VXUIDFHVWKHIUDPHDQGFRPEWRXFKGHFUHDVLQJWKHOLNHOLKRRGRI VTXDVKLQJEHHV7KLVIUDPHLVPDGHIURPEODFNSODVWLFDQGQRW the more typical wooden construction. 4-7 Days Later: First Inspection )RXUWRVHYHQGD\VDIWHUKLYLQJWKHSDFNDJHRUQXF conduct a brief colony inspection. Prepare Yourself Ɣ /LJKWWKHVPRNHUEHIRUHRSHQLQJWKH FRORQ\DQGWDNHDIHZPLQXWHVWRHQVXUH it stays lit. Put on your protective gear, WDNHDGHHSEUHDWKDQGSUHSDUHWRPRYH slowly. Ɣ Approach the hive from behind or the side. Do not stand in front of the entrance as \RXZLOOEORFNWKHÀLJKWSDWKRIWKHEHHV. Opening the Hive Ɣ 8VLQJDKLYHWRRODQGNHHSLQJWKHVPRNHU at hand, slowly remove the outer cover, V\UXSEXFNHWDQGER[FRYHULQJWKHIHHGHU Gently pry open the inner cover and puff a OLWWOHVPRNHRYHUWKHEHHVREVHUYLQJKRZ they move down into the box. Ɣ Slowly and smoothly, remove a frame toward the outside of the box, inspect what is on it, and leave it on end outside the FRORQ\ )LJXUH  Ɣ 3XIIPRUHVPRNHZKHUH\RXSODQWRSODFH your hands next, then one by one remove DGMDFHQWIUDPHVWRFKHFNIRUHJJVDQGIRU the queen. Return the frame to the box after inspecting it. Beekeeping in Northern ClimatesBeekeeping in Northern Climates What to Look for in the Hive Ɣ The presence of egJV RQHHJJSHUFHOO ZLOOLQGLFDWHWKHTXHHQLVWKHUHDQGOD\LQJ,I\RXVHHHJJV it is not necessary that you see the queen. Ɣ Move around the hive so the sun is behind you and shines into the cells to better observe eggs. .HHSWKHIUDPH\RXDUHLQVSHFWLQJRYHUWKHFRORQ\VRWKHTXHHQGRHVQRWLQDGYHUWHQWO\GURSWRWKH ground where she may be lost. Ɣ 1RWHKRZPXFKFRPEWKHEHHVKDYHFRQVWUXFWHGRU³GUDZQ´RQWKHIRXQGDWLRQWKHSUHVHQFHRIVWRUHG sugar syrup in some cells, and possibly some stored pollen. The colony may have larvae in cells. Ɣ )RUDQXFPRYHIXOOIUDPHVRIKRQH\DOOWKHZD\WRWKHRXWVLGHVRIWKHGHHSER[ RQHWRWKHULJKW DQGWKHRWKHUWRWKHOHIW EXWNHHSWKHIUDPHVZLWKEURRGLQWKHPLGGOH7KLVSODFHPHQWHQFRXUDJHV the bees to draw comb on the foundation. If there is brood on the honey frames that came with the nuc, leave those frames in the center. Remember, the brood frames always need to stay centered. If you move frames with brood to the edges of the box, the bees will not care for it. Ɣ Slowly and calmly replace the combs with brood in their original order. Ɣ ,IWKHVPRNHULVVWLOOOLWFRQJUDWXODWLRQVDUHLQRUGHU Feeding the New Colony &RQWLQXHIHHGLQJOLJKWVXJDUV\UXS  XQWLODFRQWLQXRXVVXSSO\RIQHFWDULVDYDLODEOHLQWKH¿HOGDQGWKHEHHV KDYHFRQVWUXFWHGRU³GUDZQ´ZD[FRPEVWKURXJKRXWPRVWRIWKH¿UVWGHHSKLYHERG\)HHGLQJVXJDUV\UXSLV especially important when starting with foundation since the bees need to produce comb to raise their young DQGVWRUHIRRG*HQHUDOO\DWRWDORIOERIJUDQXODWHGVXJDU JDOVRIVXJDUV\UXS LVUHTXLUHGSHU SDFNDJHDQGOHVVIRUDQXFVLQFHLWZLOOKDYHVRPHGUDZQFRPE%HVXUHWKHV\UXSLQWKHIHHGHULVQRWVSRLOHG ,IWKHV\UXSORRNVRUVPHOOVEDGWRVVWKHV\UXSDQGULQVHWKHIHHGHUDQGUH¿OOZLWKIUHVKV\UXS7KHFRORQ\ should have at least two full frames of syrup stored before you stop feeding. Buy ample sugar and err on feeding your bees longer. )LJXUH7KLVEHHLVVHFUHWLQJZD[ÀDNHVIURPJODQGVRQ WKHXQGHUVLGHRIKHUDEGRPHQ SKRWRE\-HVVLFD+HOJHQ  +RQH\EHHVKDYHJODQGVRQWKHXQGHUVLGHRI WKHDEGRPHQWKDWSURGXFHDQGVHFUHWHZD[ VHH )LJXUH (DFKJODQGSURGXFHVDWKLQZD[ÀDNH ZKLFKWKHEHHVLQVWLQFWLYHO\PROGÀDNHE\ÀDNH LQWREHDXWLIXOKH[DJRQDOFHOOV%HHNHHSHUVFDOOWKH process of the bees secreting wax and building out the wax comb, “drawing comb.” Wax is a complex carbohydrate, which means to produce it, bees must be consuming a ODUJHDPRXQWRIQHFWDURUVXJDUV\UXS VLPSOHU FDUERK\GUDWHV 7RHQFRXUDJH\RXUFRORQ\WR construct wax cells on foundation in spring and early summer, feed them lots of syrup. 'XULQJDJRRG³QHFWDUÀRZ´IHHGLQJWKHPZLOOQRW be necessary. By late July and early August in Minnesota, bees naturally stop drawing comb and feeding syrup will not convince them to start up again. Do not expect your colony to draw comb on foundation in late summer. Biology Box Wax Glands and “Drawing” Combs Beekeeping in Northern Climates INSPECTIONS 1HZO\KLYHGFRORQLHVVKRXOGQRWEHGLVWXUEHGXQQHFHVVDULO\8VHVPRNHGXULQJHDFKLQVSHFWLRQDQGDOZD\V move slowly and smoothly. <RXZLOOQHHGWRFKHFN\RXUEHHVHYHU\GD\VLQVSULQJDQGHDUO\VXPPHUDQGVLPLODUO\LQODWHVXPPHU PLG$XJXVWWR2FWREHU 'XULQJWKHVXPPHUPRQWKV\RXFDQFKHFNWKHPOHVVIUHTXHQWO\ Spring Inspections :KLOHEHHVDUHGUDZLQJFRPEKHUHLV\RXUFKHFNOLVWIRUKLYHLQVSHFWLRQV Ɣ &KHFNEHHVDQGEURRGHYHU\GD\V,I\RXVHHHJJVLWLVQRWQHFHVVDU\WRVHHWKHTXHHQVLQFH eggs mean she is present. Ɣ /RRNIRUXQVHDOHGDQGVHDOHGEURRG&KHFNIRUGLVHDVHG QRWKHDOWK\ EURRG Ɣ 7KHQXPEHURIEHHVZLOOGZLQGOHIRUWKH¿UVWGD\VDIWHUKLYLQJDSDFNDJHXQWLOQHZZRUNHUVHPHUJH A nuc will have less bee loss since older bees will be replaced with young bees that emerge from the brood. Ɣ /RRNIRUVWRUHGIRRG3ROOHQFDQEHYDULRXVFRORUVEDVHGRQWKHÀRUDOVRXUFH)UHVKSROOHQZLOOKDYHD VKLQ\ORRNZKLOHROGHUSROOHQZLOOORRNGXOOHU%HHVWHQGWRFRQVXPHWKHIUHVKHUSROOHQ¿UVW1HFWDULV VKLQ\DQGFOHDULQWKHFRPE8QOLNHKRQH\LWGRHVQRWKDYHDZD[FDS+RQH\LVQHFWDUWKDWKDVEHHQ GHK\GUDWHGGRZQE\WKHEHHVWRPRLVWXUHWRSUHYHQWIHUPHQWDWLRQ2QFHWKHQHFWDULVGULHG RXWWKHEHHVSXWDZD[FDSRYHUWKHFHOOOLNHSXWWLQJDOLGRQDMDUDOWKRXJKLQWKLVFDVHWKHZD[FDSLV porous. Ɣ /RRNIRUWKHSUHVHQFHRIGURQHEURRG7KHSURGXFWLRQRIGURQHEURRGPHDQVWKDWWKHFRORQ\KDV enough resources to spend on these relatively expensive bees and is a good sign that the colony is KHDOWK\$SURVSHULQJVXPPHUFRORQ\ZLOOEHDURXQGGURQHV$QH[FHVVRIGURQHVFDQPHDQWKDW WKHUHLVDQLVVXHZLWKWKHTXHHQ HLWKHUVKHLVIDLOLQJWROD\IHUWLOL]HG IHPDOH HJJVRULVQRWSUHVHQWLQ WKHFRORQ\  Ɣ /RRNIRUTXHHQFHOOV,WLVXQOLNHO\WKDWDFRORQ\VWDUWHGIURPSDFNDJHRUQXFZLOOVZDUPEXWLWLV possible. Bees swarm when they run out of room to grow in a hive. If a colony has many frames of foundation and little drawn comb, the bees may perceive that there is no room to grow, and may swarm. It is important to feed sugar syrup to help the bees produce wax, and to ensure they have ample combs to grow their population. ƔIf you see queen cells and suspect your colony might be trying to swarm, see the section called “Swarms” to learn about swarm management. ƔAnother reason you might see queen cells is if the colony is trying to replace or supersede the queen VHHWKHVHFWLRQFDOOHG³4XHHQ&HOOV´IRUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQ 'RQRWUHPRYHWKHTXHHQFHOOV7KHEHHV NQRZPRUHWKDQWKHEHHNHHSHUVRLWLVEHVWWRUHVSHFWWKHLUGHFLVLRQWRUDLVHDQHZTXHHQ6WXG\XSRQ KRZORQJLWZLOOWDNHEHIRUH\RXFDQH[SHFWDQHZOD\LQJTXHHQWREHSUHVHQWLQWKHFRORQ\ VHH)LJXUH   Ɣ ,I\RXVHHTXHHQFHOOVDQGQRHJJVLQWKHFRPEVLWPHDQVWKHFRORQ\KDVQRTXHHQ VKHZDVOLNHO\ NLOOHGLQDGYHUWHQWO\GXULQJDSUHYLRXVLQVSHFWLRQ $JDLQGRQRWUHPRYHWKHTXHHQFHOOV7KHEHHVDUH WU\LQJWRUHSODFHWKHTXHHQDQGWKH\NQRZH[DFWO\ZKDWWRGR/HDYHWKHPEH6WXG\XSRQKRZORQJLW ZLOOWDNHEHIRUHDQHZOD\LQJTXHHQZLOOEHSUHVHQWLQWKHFRORQ\ VHH)LJXUH  ƔRefer to Appendix B on troubleshooting queen problems for additional information about queen cells DQG¿QGLQJHJJV YEAR ONE: SPRING AND SUMMER MANAGEMENT Beekeeping in Northern Climates FEED FEED FEED! Ɣ Provide a continuousVXSSO\RIVXJDUV\UXSIRUDWOHDVWRQHPRQWKHVSHFLDOO\IRUDSDFNDJH 5HSOHQLVKWKHSROOHQSDWW\DVLWLVXVHG7KHFRORQ\VKRXOGKDYHDWOHDVWIXOOIUDPHVRIV\UXSRU nectar stored before you stop feeding. Provide Room for Expansion Ɣ $GGDQGGHHSKLYHERG\ WRWKHFRORQ\ZKHQRIWKHFRPEVXUIDFHLQWKHVWKLYHERG\LVGUDZQ RXWLHZD[FHOOVKDYHEHHQFRQVWUXFWHGRQWKHVXUIDFHVRIRIWKHIUDPHV DSSUR[ZHHNV IROORZLQJKLYLQJDSDFNDJHLIXVLQJIRXQGDWLRQRUZHHNVLIVWDUWLQJZLWKDQXF  Ɣ :KHQDGGLQJDQGKLYHERG\FRQWDLQLQJIUDPHVRIIRXQGDWLRQUHPRYHIUDPHZLWKGUDZQFRPE containing nectar, but QREURRGIURPWKHVWKLYHERG\ OHDYLQJIUDPHVVSDFHGRXWHTXDOO\ DQG SODFHWKHIUDPHLQWKHFHQWHURIWKHQGKLYHERG\WRHQFRXUDJHFRORQ\H[SDQVLRQ Ɣ $GMXVWWKHHQWUDQFHUHGXFHUWRWKHODUJHVWRSHQLQJDWWKLVWLPH0RYHWKHFRUNIURPWKHKROHLQWKH ERWWRPKLYHERG\WRWKHQGKLYHERG\ Ɣ $GGWKHUGGHHSER[DIWHURIWKHFRPEVXUIDFHKDVEHHQGUDZQLQWKHQGKLYHERG\LQWKH VDPHPDQQHUE\PRYLQJRQHGUDZQFRPEZLWKQHFWDULQWRWKHFHQWHURIWKHUGER[FRQWDLQLQJ IUDPHVRIIRXQGDWLRQ$GGLQJDUGGHHSER[LVXQLTXHWRRXUV\VWHPRIEHHNHHSLQJLQQRUWKHUQ FOLPDWHV7KHEHHVZLOO¿OOLWZLWKKRQH\WKDWWKH\QHHGWRVXUYLYHRXUORQJZLQWHUV Ɣ :KHQDOOIUDPHVRIIRXQGDWLRQKDYHEHHQFRPSOHWHO\GUDZQRXWZLWKZD[FHOOVLQWKH¿QDOGHHSER[ DGGHGUHPRYHRQHIUDPHDQGHTXDOO\VSDFHWKHUHPDLQLQJIUDPHV,IWKHEHHVDUHQRWSURGXFLQJ comb on the edge frames, move a food frame to the outermost edge position in the box and the undrawn foundation frame in one position to encourage the bees to draw out the comb. In the unusual case that the colony is moving up and not using the bottom box, do a reversal by switching the top DQGERWWRPER[ VHH³)XOO5HYHUVDOPLGVHDVRQ´LQ)LJXUH 8QOHVVWKHZHDWKHULVUHOLDEO\ZDUP and the population of bees is large enough to cover all frames, avoid putting an empty frame between frames of brood. Ɣ 5HYHUVDOVDUHVLPSO\DV\VWHPRIURWDWLQJWKHSRVLWLRQRIER[HVZKLOHNHHSLQJWKHEHHVDQGEURRGDV they are within the boxes. Reversals ensure the bees have mostly empty combs above the cluster, into which they can, and will, expand as temperatures increase and early pollen and nectar become DYDLODEOH+HUH¶VDQDQDORJ\WKHEHHVDUHOLNHDQHOHYDWRUWKDWRQO\PRYHVXS(YHQWXDOO\\RX¶OOQHHG WRPRYHWKHORZHUÀRRUVRIWKHEXLOGLQJRQWRSVRWKHHOHYDWRUZLOOKDYHVRPHZKHUHWRJR Swarm management in new package or nuc By the time swarm cells are present, it can be too late to prevent the colony IURPVZDUPLQJ,IVZDUPFHOOVDUHSUHVHQWWDNHQRWHRIWKHROGHVWFHOO$ FDSSHGVZDUPFHOOOLNHO\PHDQVWKHFRORQ\DOUHDG\VZDUPHG6RPHWLPHV EHHNHHSHUVJRIUDPHE\IUDPHORRNLQJIRUVZDUPFHOOVWRGHVWUR\WKHPZLWK DKLYHWRRO7KLVFDQEHDUHFLSHIRUGLVDVWHUHVSHFLDOO\IRUQHZEHHNHHSHUV ,WLVGLI¿FXOWWR¿QGDOOWKHFHOOVDQGWKHFRORQ\PD\VWLOOVZDUPHYHQLIDOORI Words of Wisdom the cells are found and removed. It is best to alleviate the urge to swarm by providing the colony with room to grow, adding another box and inserting empty combs between brood frames. If the colony has already swarmed and you remove all the cells, then the colony cannot raise a new queen. Beekeeping in Northern Climates )L J X U H      ' L D J U D P  R I  U H Y H U V D O V  Au g e r h o l e o p e n Au g e r h o l e c o r k e d Hi v e s t a n d n o t s h o w n ĨŽ ƌ  Đ ů Ă ƌ ŝ ƚ LJ 123 123 132 123 231 123 321 321 Au g er h o l e o p e n Au g er h o l e c o r k e d Hi v e s t a n d no t sh o wn ĨŽ ƌ  Đ ů Ă ƌ ŝ ƚ LJ Pa r t i a l R e v e r s a l &Ƶ ů ů  Z Ğ ǀ Ğ ƌ Ɛ Ă ů ͕  Ğ Ă ƌ ů LJ  Ɛ Ğ Ă Ɛ Ž Ŷ  Fu l l R e v e r s a l , m i d - s e a s o n Mo d i f i e d R e v e r s a l Beekeeping in Northern Climates Inspections from late summer through fall +HUHLV\RXUFKHFNOLVWIRUVXPPHUDQGIDOOLQVSHFWLRQV Ɣ /RRNIRUZRUNHUHJJVODUYDHDQGSXSDH<RXGRQRWQHHGWRVHHWKHTXHHQLI\RXVHHZRUNHUHJJV 5HPHPEHU\RXFDQGLIIHUHQWLDWHEHWZHHQHJJVWKDWZLOOEHZRUNHUVDQGWKRVHWKDWZLOOEHGURQHVE\WKH VL]HRIWKHZD[FHOOVGURQHHJJVDUHODLGLQVOLJKWO\ODUJHUFHOOV Ɣ Assess the quantity of stored pollen and honey. There should be pollen stored on the edges of the EURRGQHVW,IQRSROOHQLVVWRUHGLQWKHKHLJKWRIVXPPHUWKHQWKHDUHDSUREDEO\KDVYHU\SRRUÀRUDO resources. The colony should have lots of honey stored by the height of summer, far above the PLQLPXPRIWZRIUDPHVRIKRQH\,IWKLVLVQRWWKHFDVHIHHGVXJDUV\UXS6XPPHUFRORQLHVVKRXOG be heavy with food stores, or they will not be prepared to survive winter. Ɣ /RRNIRUTXHHQFHOOVEXWOHDYHWKHFHOOVDORQH7KHEHHVNQRZPRUHWKDQWKHEHHNHHSHUDERXWZK\ they might need a new queen; trust them. Ɣ /RRNIRUWKHSUHVHQFHRIDGXOWGURQHVDQGGURQHEURRG$VLQVSULQJEHRQWKHORRNRXWIRUDQH[FHVVRI GURQHV$IWHUWKHPDLQKRQH\ÀRZDQGDVIDOODSSURDFKHVIHZHUGURQHVZLOOEHSURGXFHG,QODWHIDOOWKH UHPDLQLQJGURQHVZLOOEHNLFNHGRXWRIWKHFRORQ\E\WKHZRUNHUEHHV Ɣ &KHFNWRVHHLIWKHEHHVKDYHHQRXJKURRPWRJURZ<RXVKRXOGDGGKLYHERGLHVZKHQWKHFXUUHQWWRS ER[LV¿OOHGDQGRFFXSLHGZLWKEHHV,I\RX¿QGQHFWDUVWRUHGLQWKHEURRGQHVWDUHDLWLVDVXUH sign that your bees are too crowded and the queen has run out of space to lay eggs. Ensuring your EHHVKDYHDPSOHVSDFHGXULQJQHFWDUÀRZVLVHVVHQWLDOWRDYRLGODWHVHDVRQVZDUPLQJ2QFH\RXUEHHV KDYH¿OOHGWKHWKUHHGHHSV\RXFDQEHJLQDGGLQJVXSHUVDVGHVFULEHGEHORZ Ɣ 0RQLWRU\RXUFRORQ\IRUYDUURDPLWHVHDFKPRQWKWRDVVHVVWKHLUSRSXODWLRQJURZWK&RQVXOW\RXU 'LVHDVHDQG3HVWPDQXDOIRUPLWHSRSXODWLRQWKUHVKROGVDQGPHWKRGVWRNHHSWKHLUSRSXODWLRQVEHORZ threshold. To Cork or Not to Cork, That is the Question Words of Wisdom :KHQHYHU,ZDVWDONLQJPDQDJHPHQWZLWKWKH0LQQHVRWD+REE\%HHNHHSHUV $VVRFLDWLRQ7RPZRXOGDOZD\VUDLVHKLVKDQGDQGDVN³*DU\ZKDWGRZHGR ZLWKWKHFRUNV"´7KHRWKHUTXHVWLRQZDV³:K\GULOODKROHLI\RXDUHMXVWJRLQJ WRFRUNLWXS"´ The main reason to drill the hole in the box is to give the colony an upper HQWUDQFHLQWKHWRSER[IRUZLQWHU6LQFHZHQHYHUNQRZIRUVXUHZKLFKER[ZLOO EHRQWRSIRUZLQWHUZHSXWKROHVLQDOOWKHER[HV,WVHHPVWKHEHHV³HQMR\´WKH holes in the other boxes during the summer but we do not want the lower holes open in winter because mice can enter them. For winter, the hole in the top box should be open and the remainder of the KROHVVKRXOGKDYHFRUNV )RUVSULQJDQGVXPPHUWKHKROHVFDQEHOHIWRSHQXQOHVV WKHEHHVDUH QRWRFFXS\LQJWKHER[RU WKHIUDPHVLQWKHER[FRQWDLQIRXQGDWLRQZLWKRXW beeswax comb. ,ILQGRXEWOHDYHWKHFRUNVLQWKHKROHVLQVSULQJDQGVXPPHU 44Beekeeping in Northern Climates )LJXUH)UDPHVRIKRQH\DVVHHQORRNLQJGRZQLQWRWKHFRPEV 7KHKRQH\FDQEHLGHQWL¿HGEHFDXVHRIWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFZD[ cappings 'XULQJHDFKLQVSHFWLRQWDNHQRWHRIWKHQXPEHU of full honey frames and carefully heft the colony up from the side using the box handle. Try not to separate the box from the bottom board to avoid XSVHWWLQJWKHEHHV+HIWLQJWKHER[FDQSURYLGHD context for understanding the weight of a colony. 7KLVVNLOOZLOOEHXVHIXOLQGHWHUPLQLQJLIDFRORQ\ is heavy or light for times when feeding can be LPSRUWDQWOLNHLQVSULQJDQGEHIRUHZLQWHU $QRWKHULPSRUWDQWVNLOOWRGHYHORSLVWKHDELOLW\WR WHOOZKDWLVRQWKHIUDPHVE\ORRNLQJGRZQLQWRWKH ER[DQGQRWSXOOLQJRXWDIUDPH )LJXUH $IWHUD IHZLQLWLDOLQVSHFWLRQVSUDFWLFHWKLVVNLOOE\JXHVVLQJ ZKDW\RXZLOO¿QGEHIRUHSXOOLQJDIUDPHRXW7DNLQJ DSHHNEHWZHHQWKHIUDPHVZLWKRXWSXOOLQJRXWWKH frame is not cheating; it is good practice. Use your hive tool to separate the frames a bit if it is hard to see down into the comb. Learn where frames the honey, pollen, and brood should be located and how to identify each from above. Words of Wisdom Hefting and Peeking Protein and Carbs – A Balanced Diet %HHVJHWDOOWKHLUQXWULWLRQIURPÀRZHUVQHFWDULVWKHLUFDUERK\GUDWHVRXUFHDQG pollen is their source of protein, fats, amino acids, sterols, and micronutrients. 7KHUHDUHDUWL¿FLDOGLHWVEHHNHHSHUVFDQIHHGWKHLUEHHVLQWLPHVRIGHDUWKEXW pollen in particular is hard to replicate. An ample quantity and diversity of pollen LVFULWLFDOIRUEHHKHDOWK,WKHOSVWKHPGHYHORSOLYHORQJHU¿JKWLQIHFWLRQVDQG pesticides, and feed their young. A healthy diet is a cornerstone of a health colony. Biology Box Beekeeping in Northern Climates SUPERING +RQH\VXSHUVVKRXOGEHDGGHGDVQHHGHGGXULQJWKH PDMRUQHFWDUÀRZ*HQHUDOO\VXSHUVDUHQHHGHGZKHQ WKHWRSGHHSER[LVDERXWXVHGE\WKHEHHV ,IXQFHUWDLQHUURQSURYLGLQJPRUHVSDFH+DYHWKH HTXLYDOHQWRIHPSW\VXSHUVRQWKHFRORQLHVGXULQJ WKHPDMRUQHFWDUÀRZ7KHVDPHSUDFWLFHDSSOLHVWR DGGLQJDGGLWLRQDOVXSHUVDIWHUWKH¿UVWKDYHEHHQ DGGHG:KHQWKHWRSVXSHULVIXOODGGDQRWKHU supers. Before supering, place a queen excluder over the top deep brood box. Supers containing foundation should JRRQWRSRIWKHTXHHQH[FOXGHU RUXQGHUDQ\VXSHUV DOUHDG\RQWKHFRORQ\ 6XSHUVFRQWDLQLQJDOUHDG\ drawn comb, if you have them, can go on top of the VWDFNRIRWKHUKRQH\VXSHUV Sometimes the bees are reluctant to move from the brood nest into supers with foundation. If that happens, try temporarily removing the queen excluder and spraying some sugar syrup or molten beeswax on the foundation so they are attracted to the new box. When the bees start to draw out comb in the )LJXUH$FRORQ\RQDKRWGD\ZLWKDODUJHEHDUGRIEHHV Beekeeping in Northern Climates On very hot days, sometimes you will see that a huge mass of bees is hanging outside the hive entrance and on the front panels of the hive ER[HV )LJXUH ,WORRNVOLNH\RXUFRORQ\KDV JURZQDEHDUG1HZEHHNHHSHUVZRUU\WKDWWKHLU bees are about to swarm, or that something has gone terribly wrong. But if your bees have plenty of space and it is a hot or muggy day, they DUHSUREDEO\MXVW³EHDUGLQJ´ZKLFKLVSHUIHFWO\ normal. Some bees “beard” outside the colony so that the bees in charge of temperature control have more room to circulate cool air by fanning their wings and evaporating tiny droplets of water throughout the hive. They need to maintain the correct temperature for the developing brood at all times DERXWƒ)  Biology Box Bearding VXSHUVPDNHVXUHWKHTXHHQGLGQRWDOVRPRYHXS DQGSXWWKHTXHHQH[FOXGHUEDFNRQ&KHFNIRUHJJV in the supers if you are worried you may have missed seeing her. If you see eggs above the queen excluder, WKHQ\RXZLOOQHHGWR¿QGWKHTXHHQDQGPRYHKHU EDFNLQWRWKHEURRGER[HV $IWHUWKHQHFWDUÀRZUHPRYH\RXUKRQH\VXSHUV IURPWKHFRORQLHV VHHVHFWLRQRQ+DUYHVWLQJ ,Q Minnesota, remove supers in mid to late August. This allows for the bees to store the remaining incoming nectar for winter and allows you to monitor and manage the varroa mite population. ,QWKH¿UVW\HDUDQHZFRORQ\PD\RUPD\QRW PDNHVXUSOXVKRQH\0XFKRIWKHLUUHVRXUFHV FDUERK\GUDWHVIURPQHFWDU DUHXVHGIRUSURGXFLQJ ZD[FRPEVUDWKHUWKDQKRQH\,QRXUGHHSV\VWHP the top box of honey will be left on the bees for the ZLQWHU<RXFDQUHVWHDV\WKDWWKHFRORQ\ZLOOKDYH VXI¿FLHQWKRQH\WRVXUYLYHWKHZLQWHUDQGORRNIRUZDUG WRKDUYHVWLQJKRQH\LQ\HDU Beekeeping in Northern Climates +RQH\EHHFRORQLHVFDQVXUYLYHORQJFROGDQGVQRZ\ZLQWHUVLQQRUWKHUQFOLPDWHVLIWKH\KDYHWKHIROORZLQJ  6XI¿FLHQWKRQH\VWRUHVWRVXUYLYHWKHZLQWHUWKURXJK0DUFK,Q0LQQHVRWDDFRORQ\QHHGVOERI stored honey.  $QXSSHUHQWUDQFHIRUEHHVWRWDNHFOHDQVLQJÀLJKWV A material over the inner cover that allows moisture to evaporate from the top portion of the hive, such as a moisture board. 4.$KHDOWK\TXHHQEHHDQGDODUJHDGXOWEHHSRSXODWLRQFRYHULQJIUDPHVZKHQWHPSHUDWXUHVDUH RYHUƒ)DQGDFOXVWHUFRYHULQJIXOOIUDPHVZKHQWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHEHORZƒ) )LJXUH  Low levels of mites and disease. Stay up to date on current information in the+RQH\%HH'LVHDVHVDQG 3HVWV manual. &RORQLHVZLWKDOO¿YHRIWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVKDYHDKLJKHUSUREDELOLW\RIVXUYLYDORYHUWKHZLQWHUFRPSDUHGWR FRORQLHVWKDWODFNHYHQRQHRIWKHP&RORQ\KHDOWKJRLQJLQWRZLQWHULVPXFKPRUHLPSRUWDQWWKDQKRZWKH FRORQLHVDUHZUDSSHG6HH)LJXUHIRUVHDVRQDOPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVWKDWKHOSHQVXUHDFRORQ\LVKHDOWK\ enough to overwinter. )LJXUH$JRRGZLQWHUFOXVWHU WINTERING HONEY BEE COLONIES IN NORTHERN CLIMATES Beekeeping in Northern Climates )L J X U H      & K D U W  I R U  P D Q D J L Q J  S D F N D J H V  R U  Q X F V Or d e r p a c k ĂŐ Ğ ; Ɛ Ϳ  Ž ƌ  nu Đ; Ɛ Ϳ In s t a l l p a c k ĂŐ Ğ ; Ɛ Ϳ In s t a l l n u c ;Ɛ Ϳ Fe e d ů ŝ Ő Ś ƚ  Ɛ LJ ƌ Ƶ Ɖ  ; ϭ ͗ ϭ Ϳ  Ă Ɛ  Ŷ Ğ Ğ Ě Ğ d Ś Ğ Đ Ŭ  Ĩ Ž ƌ  Ƌ Ƶ Ğ Ğ Ŷ  Ƌ Ƶ Ă ů ŝ ƚ LJ  Ă Ŷ Ě  Ě ŝ Ɛ Ğ Ă Ɛ Ğ Ύ Ch e c k f o o d r e s e r v e s Te s t f o r v a r r o Ă ŵ ŝ ƚ Ğ Ɛ Ύ Ad Ě ď Ž x a n d e n l a r g e e n t r a n c e Re v e r s e Ad d h o ŶĞ LJ  su p e r s a s n e e d e d Re m o ǀĞ  Ś Ž Ŷ Ğ LJ  Ɛ Ƶ Ɖ Ğ ƌ s Re d u c e e n t r a n c e Fe e d Ś Ğ Ă ǀ LJ  Ɛ LJ ƌ Ƶ Ɖ  ; Ϯ ͗ ϭ Ϳ  Ă Ɛ  Ŷ Ğ Ğ Ě Ğ Ě  Pa c k f o r w i n t e r  ^ LJ Ɛ ƚ Ğ ŵ  Ĩ Ž ƌ  D Ă Ŷ Ă Ő ŝ Ŷ Ő  W Ă Đ Ŭ Ă Ő Ğ  Ž ƌ  E Ƶ Đ   Ž ů Ž Ŷ ŝ Ğ s Te s t m o n t h ůLJ Ja n F e b M a r A p r M a y J u n J u l A u g S e p O c t 1R Y De c Beekeeping in Northern Climates FALL MANAGEMENT Fall management is important in preparing the colonies for successful overwintering. Remove any supers E\WKHHQGRI$XJXVWWKHEHHVZLOOXVHDQ\VXEVHTXHQWKRQH\WKH\SURGXFHWREXONXSIRUZLQWHU5HPRYLQJ supers in August allows for mite treatments to be applied in late August or early September, as needed. :KHWKHURUQRW\RXZLOOQHHGWRIHHG\RXUFRORQ\V\UXSLQWKHIDOOGHSHQGVRQPXOWLSOHIDFWRUVLQFOXGLQJKRZ ODUJHWKHLUIRUDJLQJSRSXODWLRQZDVGXULQJVXPPHUQHFWDUÀRZVDQGZKDWIRRGUHVRXUFHVZHUHDYDLODEOHWR WKHP$VVHVVFRORQ\ZHLJKWLQPLG6HSWHPEHUHDFKFRORQ\ZLOOQHHGDWPLQLPXPOERIKRQH\VWRUHGWRJHW through winter. Beekeeping in Northern Climates Beware of Robbers Biology Box Robbing is the behavior of bees when they steal honey from other colonies. *HQHUDOO\IRUDJHUEHHVIURPVWURQJFRORQLHVIRUFHWKHLUZD\LQWRZHDNHU colonies and steal their honey. Robbing behavior occurs most frequently when WKHUHDUHQRÀRZHUVSURGXFLQJQHFWDULQWKHHQYLURQPHQWFDOOHGDGHDUWK SHULRG)DOOLVWKHWLPHWKDWFRORQLHVDUHDWWKHELJJHVWULVNRIEHLQJUREEHG 2QFHUREELQJVWDUWVLWLVGLI¿FXOWWRVWRSWKHEHHV,WLVDZIXODQGVWUHVVIXOIRU WKHEHHVDQGWKHEHHNHHSHU ,W VDJRRGLGHDWROHDUQWRLGHQWLI\GLIIHUHQWDFWLYLWLHVWKDWWDNHSODFHLQIURQWRIWKHKLYHVRWKDW\RX FDQUHFRJQL]HUREELQJZKHQLWKDSSHQV7KHUHDUHWKUHHPDLQDFWLYLWLHVIRUDJLQJRULHQWDWLRQÀLJKWV and robbing. )RUDJLQJEHHVFDQEHLGHQWL¿HGE\WKHLUSXUSRVHIXO]LSSLQJLQDQGRXWRIWKHKLYH:KHQWKH\OHDYH WKHKLYHWKH\À\XSZDUGVOLNHVSDUNVEHIRUHWKH\PRYHRXWLQWRWKHODQGVFDSH%HFDXVHWKH\NQRZ H[DFWO\ZKHUHWKHLUKLYHHQWUDQFHLVWKH\DOZD\VÀ\GLUHFWO\WRWKHHQWUDQFH2IWHQ\RXZLOOVHH FRORUIXOSROOHQORDGVVHFXUHGRQWKHEDFNOHJVRIWKHIRUDJHUVDVWKH\UHWXUQ 2ULHQWDWLRQÀLJKWVDUHZKHQ\RXQJEHHVDUHRULHQWLQJWKHPVHOYHVWRWKHFRORQ\EHIRUHJRLQJRXW IRUDJLQJIRUWKH¿UVWWLPH,I\RXORRNFORVHO\\RXZLOOQRWLFHWKDWWKHQHZIRUDJHUVDUHIDFLQJWKHFRORQ\ DQGÀ\LQJEDFNDQGIRUWKLQVPDOODUFVOHDUQLQJWKHODQGPDUNVRIWKHLUSDUWLFXODUKRPH<RXZLOODOVR QRWLFHROGHUEHHVVWDQGLQJRQWKHODQGLQJERDUGSURGXFLQJWKH1DVRQRYSKHURPRQHZKLFKWHOOVWKH RULHQWLQJEHHVWKDWWKLVLVKRPH7KLVEHKDYLRULVQRWLFHDEOHGLUHFWO\DIWHUKLYLQJDFRORQ\PRYLQJD colony, or during midsummer when the colony population is at its height. <RXFDQUHFRJQL]HUREEHUVE\WKHLUVKLQ\KDLUOHVVERGLHV IURP¿JKWLQJ DQGWKHLUDJJUHVVLYHZD\ RIGDUWLQJWRZDUGDFRORQ\5REEHUEHHVDUHORRNLQJIRUFUDFNVRURSHQLQJVE\VFHQWWKH\DUHQRW RULHQWHGWRWKHKLYHHQWUDQFHOLNHWKHZRUNHUEHHVWKDWDFWXDOO\OLYHWKHUH %HFDXVHLWWDNHVWLPHWRUHFRJQL]HWKHVHGLIIHUHQWEHKDYLRUVZDWFKIRUEHHV¿JKWLQJ WZREHHVORFNHG WRJHWKHUWZLUOLQJLQIURQWRIWKHFRORQ\ )LJKWLQJLQGLFDWHVWKDW\RXUEHHVDUHLQIDFWEHLQJWKUHDWHQHG by robbers. There are a few ways you can help protect the colony from robbing. The main way is to reduce the QXPEHUDQGVL]HRIWKHFRORQ\HQWUDQFH V 5REELQJEHHV¿JKWZLWKWKHUHVLGHQWEHHVDWWKHHQWUDQFHV of the colony; decreasing the space the robbers can enter increases the ability of the robbed colony to GHIHQGLWVHOI&RUNDOOKROHVLQWKHER[HVDQGSODFHWKHHQWUDQFHUHGXFHURQWKHODUJHKROHWROLPLWWKH VL]HRIWKHERWWRPHQWUDQFH5REELQJEHHVDWWHPSWWRÀ\GLUHFWO\LQWRWKHFRORQ\XVLQJDZLUHPHVK DFURVVWKHIURQWRIWKHHQWUDQFHFDOOHGD³UREELQJVFUHHQ´ )LJXUH UHGXFHVWKHDELOLW\RIUREEHUVWR À\LQZKLOHVWLOODOORZLQJIRUDLUÀRZ,IUREELQJLVDFWLYHO\RFFXUULQJDQGWKHRWKHUPHWKRGVGRQ¶WDSSHDU to be helping, place a damp sheet completely over the colony and all of the entrances. Leave the VKHHWXQWLOGDUNDQGFRQVLGHUPRYLQJWKHFRORQ\WRDQHZORFDWLRQ 5REELQJLVDODUJHULVVXHLQORFDWLRQVZLWKDKLJKFRORQ\GHQVLW\<RXPD\QHYHUVHHEHHVUREELQJEXW be aware of the signs to be able to act. Beekeeping in Northern Climates )LJXUH$FRORQ\ZLWKDPHVK robbing screen in front of the bottom HQWUDQFH SKRWRE\-XG\*ULHVHGLHFN  Varroa Management TREAT or manage for VARROA MITES following the guidelines in the +RQH\%HH'LVHDVHVDQG3HVWVmanual. :HFDQQRWRYHUHPSKDVL]HKRZLPSRUWDQWFRQWUROOLQJPLWHVLVIRURYHUZLQWHULQJVXUYLYDO +LJKYDUURDPLWHORDGVIUHTXHQWO\OHDGWRFRORQ\GHDWKLQWKHIDOODQGZLQWHU6DPSOHDQGPDQDJHHDFKFRORQ\ for varroa mites as explained in the +RQH\%HH'LVHDVHVDQG3HVWVmanual. In particular, monitoring and managing mites in August and September is critical to colony health. If you detect that mite levels are above WKHUHFRPPHQGHGWKUHVKROGDIWHUPRQLWRULQJWDNLQJVZLIWDFWLRQLVFUXFLDOWRHQVXUHWKHVXUYLYDORI\RXUFRORQ\ into fall and over winter. See the latest version of the +RQH\%HH'LVHDVHVDQG3HVWVmanual=XPQHGX%HH0DQXDO and our web site =XPQHGX9DUURD for the most current information and resources for managing mites. Bk i iNth Cli t Preventing the Spread of Mites and Diseases Biology Box The health of your colony can affect the health of other colonies in the area. %HHVFDQPRYH%HHVIURPDVWURQJFRORQ\FDQÀ\WRZHDNFRORQLHVDQGFDQ UREKRQH\%HHVIURPDVLFNFRORQ\FDQDEVFRQGDQGRULQWHUDFWZLWKEHHVIURP a healthy colony. It is still extremely important to manage your colonies for YDUURDPLWHV)HZWKLQJVDUHPRUHIUXVWUDWLQJLQEHHNHHSLQJWKDQPRQLWRULQJIRU YDUURDPLWHVDOO\HDUWKHQVHHLQJDKXJHPLWHSRSXODWLRQVSLNHLQ6HSWHPEHU especially if the colony was treated for the mites in the spring. It is frustrating because the high mite levels means that your colony has a lower chance of surviving winter, even ZKHQ\RXZHUHFDUHIXODQGWRRNWKHFRUUHFWPDQDJHPHQWVWHSV7RSUHYHQWWKHVSUHDGRIPLWHVWUHDW colonies with high mite levels. 9DUURDPLWHVDUHRQHRIWKHPRVWVHULRXVSUREOHPVWKDW\RXZLOOUXQLQWRLQEHHNHHSLQJEXWWKHUHDUH RWKHUGLVHDVHLVVXHVWKDWFDQVSUHDGDPRQJFRORQLHVWRR,I\RX¿QGDGLVHDVHGFRORQ\VWHULOL]H\RXU KLYHWRROE\VWLFNLQJLWLQDKRWVPRNHUIRUDIHZPLQXWHVWKHQ XVLQJKHDWUHVLVWDQWJORYHV ÀLSLWWR VWHULOL]HWKHRWKHUVLGH:LSHGRZQDOOHTXLSPHQWDQGJORYHVXVHGWRORRNDWWKHFRORQ\ZLWKVDQLWL]LQJ wipes. To avoid transmitting diseases, don’tPRYHIUDPHVIURPDVLFNFRORQ\LQWRDKHDOWK\FRORQ\ Get help from an expert or mentor. Beekeeping in Northern Climates Food Reserves Estimating Food Reserves Ɣ Determine whether a colony has adequate food reserves for winter. This is a good time to practice the KHIWLQJVNLOOV\RXKDYHKRQHGRYHUWKHVXPPHUOERIKRQH\DUHUHTXLUHGDQGIUDPHVZLWK SROOHQDUHGHVLUDEOH WKHJURVVGHHSKLYHZHLJKWVKRXOGEHOE $VDGHHSIUDPHKROGVDERXW OERIKRQH\DFRORQ\VKRXOGKDYHWKHHTXLYDOHQWRIFRPSOHWHO\IXOOIUDPHVRIKRQH\VWRUHG,ID IUDPHLVQRWFRPSOHWHO\MDPSDFNHGIXOORIKRQH\GRQRWFRXQWLWDVDIXOOIUDPHVLQFHKDYLQJIXOO IUDPHVRIKRQH\LVQRWWKHVDPHDVKDYLQJSDUWLDOIUDPHVRIKRQH\)UDPHVWKDWDUHIXOORIKRQH\ are easier for the bees to winter on than frames that are partially full. Full frames mean the bees have a shorter distance move in order to reach food when it is very cold outside. Ɣ Determine whether the winter honey reserves are properly located in the hive. The top hive body should KDYHRUIUDPHVIXOORIKRQH\7KHPLGGOHKLYHERG\VKRXOGKDYHDQRWKHUWRIUDPHVIXOORIKRQH\ Ɣ ,WLVRIWHQGLI¿FXOWWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHUHDUHDGHTXDWHSROOHQUHVHUYHVEHFDXVHSROOHQFDQEH VWRUHGXQGHUKRQH\$QLQVXI¿FLHQWDPRXQWRISROOHQLVUHPHGLHGE\IHHGLQJSROOHQVXEVWLWXWHDQGRU supplement in early spring, when the queen begins laying eggs again after a winter hiatus. 'RQRWIHHG SROOHQLQODWHVXPPHURUIDOO when the bees are winding down their brood rearing for the season. It is LPSRUWDQWWRIROORZWKHEHHV¶OHDGWKH\VWRSUHDULQJEURRGLQWKHIDOOLQRUGHUWRUHWDLQSURWHLQDQGOLSLGV in their adult bodies to survive the long winter months. Pollen patties stimulate brood production; do not stimulate brood production in the fall. Feeding Colonies in Fall Ɣ ,IDFRORQ\GRHVQRWKDYHDGHTXDWHKRQH\VWRUHVE\PLG6HSWHPEHU OE \RXFDQIHHGWKHPWR WU\WREULQJWKHPXSWRZHLJKW)HHGKHDY\V\UXS VXJDUV\UXS 6WRSDOOIHHGLQJVE\PLG2FWREHU EHFDXVHWKHEHHVZLOOOLNHO\QRWKDYHWLPHWRFRQGHQVHDQGVWRUHWKHV\UXSDIWHUWKDWGDWH Ɣ 2QHJDOORQRIVXJDUV\UXSFRQWDLQVDERXWOERIVXJDU,I\RXUFRORQ\LVOEVKRUWRIWKHLGHDO ZLQWHUZHLJKWIHHGJDOORQVRIVXJDUV\UXS Ɣ 'RQ WIHHG\RXUEHHVEHWZHHQ1RYHPEHUDQG0DUFK2SHQLQJDFRORQ\DQGGLVWXUELQJLWZKHQWKH WHPSHUDWXUHVDUHFROGLVQRWDJRRGLGHD'U\VXJDURU³ZLQWHUSDWWLHV´DUHQRWDQHI¿FLHQWQRUHIIHFWLYH way to sustain colonies in northern climates. It is easier on you and healthier for the bees if the colony VWRUHVVXI¿FLHQWKRQH\GXULQJWKHVXPPHUPRQWKVRUREWDLQVVXI¿FLHQWZLQWHULQJZHLJKWWKRXJKVXJDU V\UXSIHHGLQJE\PLG2FWREHU Winter Cluster and Inspections +RQH\EHHVFOXVWHUWRPDLQWDLQKHDWLQWKHZLQWHU7KH\IRUPDFOXVWHUZKHQ RXWVLGHWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHEHORZƒ)8QOLNHKXPDQVWKH\GRQRWKHDWWKH ³KRPH´WKH\RQO\KHDWWKHFOXVWHUVSDFHWKH\RFFXS\7KH\KDYHDYHU\HI¿FLHQW V\VWHPRINHHSLQJKHDWZLWKLQWKHFOXVWHU7KHFOXVWHUH[SDQGVDQGFRQWUDFWDV outside temperatures increase and decrease. When expanded, the cluster will move as a unit to new frames in the hive in order to always have direct access to stored honey. Words of Wisdom ,WLVGLI¿FXOWIRULQGLYLGXDOEHHVWROHDYHWKHFOXVWHUWR¿QGVXJDUIHHGSODFHGRQWRSRIWKHFRORQ\$EHH VXUYLYHVRQO\DIHZPLQXWHVRQKHURZQDWWHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZƒ):HUHFRPPHQGWKDW\RXGRQRW IHHGRUFKHFN\RXUEHHVXQWLOWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHDWOHDVWƒ)LQODWHZLQWHURUHDUO\VSULQJ AVDUXOHRIWKXPEDYRLGUHPRYLQJIUDPHVIURPDFRORQ\LIWKHEHHVDUHQRWÀ\LQJ ƒ) $Q\EHHV WKDWIDOORIIDIUDPHRUFUDZORXWRIDER[PD\QRWPDNHLWEDFNLQWRWKHFRORQ\,ILWLVEHORZƒ)GRQ¶W RSHQDFRORQ\IRUPRUHWKDQDIHZPLQXWHVEHFDXVHLWGLVUXSWVWKHKHDWLQJV\VWHPLQWKHFOXVWHU1HYHU RSHQDFRORQ\RUUHPRYHIUDPHVLIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLVEHORZƒ) Beekeeping in Northern Climates Protecting Colonies from Winter Weather Ɣ 3URYLGHSURWHFWLRQIRUZLQWHUE\HDUO\WRPLG1RYHPEHURUZKHQGD\WLPHWHPSHUDWXUHVDYHUDJHEHORZ ƒ) Ɣ Position the entrance reducer using the larger opening facing up from the bottom board. This helps SUHYHQWPLFHIURPJHWWLQJLQDQGSUHYHQWVWKHHQWUDQFHIURPEHLQJEORFNHGZKHQEHHVGLHDQGIDOOWR the bottom board. Ɣ 3OXJWKHERWWRP´KROHLQWKHERWWRPWZRGHHSER[HVZLWKFRUNVEXWOHDYHWKHKROHLQWKHWRSER[RSHQ IRUYHQWLODWLRQDQGDVDZLQWHUH[LWIRUWKHEHHVWRWDNHFOHDQVLQJÀLJKWV Ɣ Place a moisture board over the inner cover. The board allows moisture to escape from the hive during winter, preventing moisture from collecting in the hive and above the bees. Bees produce water ZKLOHFOXVWHULQJZKLFKFDQIUHH]H:KHQWHPSHUDWXUHVULVHWKHWKDZHGZDWHUFDQGULSRQWRWKHEHHV SRVVLEO\NLOOLQJWKHP7KHPRLVWXUHERDUGDOVRSURYLGHVIRUGHDGDLUVSDFHRQWRSRIWKHFRORQ\ Ɣ 3ODFHDZLQWHUFDUWRQRYHUWKHKLYHZUDSLQWDUSDSHURUXVHDQLQVXODWHGZUDS )LJXUH ,IXVLQJD ZLQWHUFDUWRQIROGRQHRIWKHÀDSVWRWKHLQVLGHRUFXWLWRIIWRDOORZDLUWRÀRZRYHUWKHPRLVWXUHERDUG %ODFNZUDSVDEVRUEKHDWIURPWKHVXQ Ɣ Place the telescoping outer cover on top of the winter cover. The telescoping cover should not sit snugly over the winter carton; rather, let it sit loosely on top to allow moisture that is produced by the FRORQ\WRHYDSRUDWHRXWRIWKHKLYH3ODFHDURFNRUEULFNRQWKHWRSWRHQVXUHWKHWHOHVFRSLQJFRYHU does not blow off. Ɣ &XWDKROHLQWKHZLQWHUFDUWRQRUWDUSDSHUWKDWLVDOLJQHGZLWKWKH´KROHZKLFKZLOODFWDVWKHXSSHU HQWUDQFH$SXUFKDVHGZLQWHUZUDSOLNHD&R]\ZUDSZLOODOUHDG\KDYHDJDSDWWKHIURQWDOORZLQJEHHV to exit. Ɣ A hive stand that encloses the perimeter of the bottom board provides dead air space under the hive that acts as insulation; this is desirable in all seasons. Ɣ Protection from prevailing winds, good air drainage and full sunlight will help ensure successful ZLQWHULQJ*RRGWKLQJ\RXFKRVHDQH[FHOOHQWDSLDU\ORFDWLRQ )LJXUH  Ɣ +HDY\LQVXODWLRQLVUHFRPPHQGHGIRUFRORQLHVLQDUHDVZLWKYHU\FROGZLQWHUVWKDWUHDFKƒ)3HU &DQDGLDQUHVHDUFKXVHDPDWHULDOZLWK5RQWKHVLGHVRIWKHFRORQ\DQGDPDWHULDOZLWK5RQWKH WRSRIWKHFRORQ\ +LYHDQGWKH+RQH\%HHYHUVLRQ¶VFKDSWHURQ³:LQWHULQJ0DQDJHPHQWRI+RQH\ %HH&RORQLHV´-RH*UDKDP HG  6HHWKHSRVWHUV:UDSSLQJ+RQH\%HH&RORQ\IRUD1RUWKHUQZLQWHURQ=XPQHGX)UHH%HH for helpful visuals. )LJXUH:HOOSURWHFWHGZLQWHUHG FRORQLHV SKRWRE\%URRNH1LNNLOD )LJXUH,GHDOZLQWHUDSLDU\VLWH Beekeeping in Northern Climates FIRST INSPECTION: IS THE COLONY ALIVE? Ɣ ,QHDUO\0DUFKZKHQWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHDWOHDVWƒ)RSHQWKHZLQWHUHGFRORQ\E\UHPRYLQJWKH ZLQWHULQJFRYHUDQGLQQHUFRYHUWRVHHLIWKHFRORQ\LVDOLYH,WLVOLNHO\WKDWWKHEHHVZLOOEHFOXVWHUHG LQWKHWRSER[,IWKHEHHVDUHQRWLQWKHWRSER[WKHQORRNGRZQEHWZHHQWKHIUDPHVWRVHHLIWKH\ DUHLQWKHVHFRQGER[*HQWO\EORZDLUEHWZHHQWKHIUDPHV ZLWK\RXUYHLORQRIFRXUVH DQGOLVWHQIRU VRXQGVRIOLIH,IWKHEHHVDUHQRW\HWLQWKHWRSER[LWOLNHO\PHDQVWKH\VWLOOKDYHWKHKRQH\LQWKH middle box to eat. Do not remove any frames during this inspection unless temperatures are above ƒ) Ɣ ,IE\WKH0DUFKLQVSHFWLRQWKHFOXVWHULVVPDOOHUWKDQDIRRWEDOORUVSDQQLQJRQO\IUDPHVWKH FRORQ\ZLOOOLNHO\QRWVXUYLYHWKURXJKVSULQJ Ɣ $VVHVVFRORQ\ZHLJKWZKHQ\RXKHIWLWIURPWKHVLGHGRHVWKHFRORQ\IHHOOLJKWRUKHDY\"(VWLPDWH WKHQXPEHURIKRQH\IUDPHVOHIWE\ORRNLQJGRZQEHWZHHQWKHIUDPHVIRUUHVRXUFHV7RVXUYLYHWKH remaining cold weather, the colony needs a minimum of two honey frames. It is best not to feed your FRORQ\EHIRUHLWJHWVZDUPEXWLI\RXWKLQNWKH\DUHVWDUYLQJRQO\IHHGZLWKFDQG\ERDUGVRU VXJDUV\UXS5HDGPRUHDERXWXVLQJFDQG\ERDUGVKHUH=XPQHGX*DU\&DQG\. Ɣ If alive, provide your bees with pollen substitute on top of the frames at the edge of the cluster. If the EHHVDUHLQWKHVHFRQGER[FUDFNWKHWRSER[DQGVOLSWKHSDWW\RQWRWKHIUDPHWRSVLQWKHVHFRQG ER[DQGJHQWO\ORZHUWKHWRSER[EDFNGRZQ Ɣ &RYHUWKHFRORQ\EDFNXSZLWKWKHZLQWHUFRYHUDQGPRLVWXUHERDUG Ɣ 7ZRZHHNVDIWHUWKH¿UVWYLVLWFKHFNLIWKHFRORQ\QHHGVDGGLWLRQDOSROOHQVXEVWLWXWHDQGVXJDU syrup. YEAR TWO: MANAGEMENT FOR SUCCESSFULLY WINTERED COLONIES Spring Feeding Biology Box /LNHDQHFWDUÀRZVXJDUV\UXSVWLPXODWHVWKHFRORQ\WRJURZ3ROOHQKHOSV them feed the little brood they are rearing naturally in early spring but does not stimulate them unnecessarily. Receiving sugar syrup too early in spring FRXOGVWLPXODWHWKHEHHVWRUHDUPRUHEURRGWKDQWKH\FDQWDNHFDUHRI,IWKH temperatures drop for a period of time, the cluster of adult bees needs to fully HQFRPSDVVWKHEURRGWRNHHSLWZDUP$VEURRGQHHGVWHPSHUDWXUHVRIƒ) to develop, cold exposure can lead to the death of brood at the edges of the cluster. It is always best to follow the bees’ lead, rather than push them. Beekeeping in Northern Climates COLONY DEATH $FFRUGLQJWRWKHDQQXDOEHHNHHSHUORVVVXUYH\ FRQGXFWHGE\WKHQRQSUR¿WWKH%HH,QIRUPHG 3DUWQHUVKLS UHVHDUFKEHHLQIRUPHGRUJORVVPDS  KREE\EHHNHHSHUVLQ0LQQHVRWDKDYHRQDYHUDJHD ZLQWHUPRUWDOLW\HDFK\HDU/RVVHVFDQRFFXU RYHUWKHVXPPHUEXWDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRKDSSHQGXULQJ winter. In the summer, a colony may be able to raise HQRXJKQHZEHHVWRUHSODFHVLFNDQGG\LQJEHHV Little brood is reared over winter, so the population dwindles when individual bees die. Winter is a true WHVWRIZKHWKHUEHHVDUHKHDOWK\RUQRW<RXFDQ LQFUHDVHWKHOLNHOLKRRGWKDW\RXUEHHVZLOOVXUYLYHE\ IROORZLQJWKH¿YHSULQFLSOHVRXWOLQHGDWWKHVWDUWRIWKLV chapter. ,WLVGLVFRXUDJLQJZKHQDFRORQ\GLHV<RXDUHQRW alone. Although sad, use the loss as an opportunity to OHDUQ7U\WRGLDJQRVHZK\WKHFRORQ\GLHGE\WKLQNLQJ WKURXJKZKDWWKHFRORQ\ORRNHGOLNHWKURXJKRXWWKH year, before it died, and when you found it dead. Was WKHUHDQ\IRRGOHIWLQWKHFRORQ\"6SULQJWLPHZHDWKHU LVXQSUHGLFWDEOH\RXFDQQRWFRQWUROLIGXULQJDFROG snap, the bees will be able to reach honey frames located away from the cluster and they may starve ZLWKIRRGSUHVHQW'LGWKHEURRGORRNVLFNGXULQJ VXPPHURUIDOO":HUHWKHUHLVVXHVZLWKWKHTXHHQDW DQ\WLPH"'LG\RXVDPSOHDQGPDQDJHIRUPLWHV" Did you sample your colony after mite management WRGHWHUPLQHLI\RXUPLWHPDQDJHPHQWZDVHIIHFWLYH" Beekeeping in Northern Climates The “Ick” Test Biology Box If you are trying to decide whether to reuse or replace old combs, we recommend \RXXVHWKH³LFN´WHVW,I\RXDUHORRNLQJDWDFRPEDQGWKLQN³LFN´WRVVLW0ROG\ IUDPHVDUHRND\WRUHXVHVLQFHWKHEHHVDUHJRRGDWFOHDQLQJXSPROG$Q\ comb with signs of brood disease should be tossed. Reducing the exposure to pathogens in the colony is worth the extra cost of replacing the frames. Frames with chilled, dead brood can be reused because it is not infectious. If in doubt, WDNHDSKRWRRUVKRZLWWRDQH[SHULHQFHGEHHNHHSHUIRUDGYLFH,I\RXWKLQN\RX have diseased comb on your hands, double bag the frames and put them in a dumpster. Replace them with brand new frames and foundation. :DVWKHFOXVWHUVL]HFRYHULQJIUDPHVLQ2FWREHU 1RYHPEHU":KHQ\RXGLVFRYHUHGWKHFRORQ\GHDWK ZHUHWKHEHHVGHFRPSRVLQJRUGLGLWORRNOLNHDUHFHQW GHDWK":HUHWKHGHDGEHHVFOXVWHUHGSLOHGRQWKH ERWWRPERDUGRUPLVVLQJDOWRJHWKHU" :ULWHGRZQQRWHVDQGWDNHSLFWXUHV7KHORQJHU\RX NHHSEHHVWKHPRUH\RXFDQOHDUQIURPWKHP&RPLQJ EDFNWR\RXUROGQRWHVFDQKHOS\RXOHDUQDWDODWHU GDWHHYHQLIDWWKHWLPHRI\RXUQRWHWDNLQJ\RXZHUH P\VWL¿HG ,IWKHFRORQ\LVGHDGWDNHWKHHTXLSPHQWWR\RXUVKRS or garage to clean it out, or close all holes to prevent UREELQJE\RWKHUFRORQLHVDQGWRNHHSPLFHRXWXQWLO weather permits you to clean the equipment outside. The boxes, frame and combs with remaining honey DUH¿QHWRJLYHWRDGLIIHUHQWFRORQ\ GRQRWH[WUDFWRU HDWKRQH\IURPDGHDGRXW &XOORXWROGFRPEVDQG UHSODFHWKHPZLWKQHZRQHV7KHRQO\KDUGDQGIDVW UXOHLVQHYHUUHXVHHTXLSPHQWIURPDFRORQ\WKDWGLHG IURP$PHULFDQIRXOEURRGGLVHDVH VHHWKHHoney Bee 'LVHDVHVDQG3HVWV manual, =XPQHGX%HH0DQXDO  AFB is relatively rare but highly contagious to other bee colonies. In general, tossing out any comb that KDVVLJQVRIEURRGGLVHDVHLVEHVWIRUWKHORQJWHUP health of your new bees. If you aren’t certain whether WRNHHSRUWRVVXVHGFRPEHUURQWKHVLGHRIWRVVLQJLW Beekeeping in Northern Climates EARLY SPRING MANAGEMENT Ɣ 3HUIRUPDIXOOLQVSHFWLRQRIHDFKFRORQ\LQPLG$SULOZKHQWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHDWOHDVWƒ)&OHDQWKH bottom board by scraping off debris with your hive tool. Ɣ ,IWKHUHDUHQREHHVLQWKHERWWRPER[GRWKH³LFN´WHVWDQGUHSODFHXQZDQWHGIUDPHVDQGFRPEV Ɣ &KHFNWRVHHLIWKHUHDUHIUDPHVRIEURRG FRPEVFRQWDLQLQJHJJVODUYDHDQGSXSDH ,IVRFRQGXFWD ³SDUWLDOUHYHUVDO´ )LJXUH $SDUWLDOUHYHUVDOLQYROYHVVZLWFKLQJWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHWRSDQGPLGGOHKLYH box to encourage the bees to expand. If there are brood frames in both the top and middle box, move WKHHPSW\ERWWRPER[WRWKHWRSSRVLWLRQDERYHWKHEURRGIROORZLQJWKH³PRGL¿HGUHYHUVDO´ )LJXUH  Always avoid splitting the brood nest. If the temperatures drop, the bees need to cluster around the EURRGWRNHHSLWZDUPLI\RXVHSDUDWHWKHEURRGVRPHZLOOGLHRIFROGH[SRVXUH Ɣ Replenish the pollen patty if the bees have consumed most of the previous one. Ɣ :KHQWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHFRQVLVWHQWO\DERYHƒ)PRQLWRUWKHOHYHORIYDUURDPLWHV6HHWKHODWHVW version of the +RQH\%HH'LVHDVHVDQG3HVWVPDQXDO =XPQHGX%HH0DQXDO DQGRXUZHEVLWHRQ YDUURDPDQDJHPHQW =XPQHGX9DUURD IRUWKHPRVWFXUUHQWLQIRUPDWLRQ6SULQJPDQDJHPHQWRIPLWH levels can save heartache and problems in the middle of summer when the supers are on and the mite OHYHOVDUHKDUGWRFRQWURO0DQDJLQJWRNHHSPLWHOHYHOVEHORZWKUHVKROGLQWKHVSULQJLQFUHDVHVWKH colony’s chance of surviving the season. Ɣ ,QVSHFWHDFKFRORQ\WHQGD\VDIWHUWKHPLG$SULOLQVSHFWLRQ:KHQWKHUHDUHIUDPHVRIEURRG FRQGXFWDIXOOUHYHUVDO VHH³)XOO5HYHUVDOHDUO\VHDVRQ´LQ)LJXUH DQGUHSOHQLVKWKHSROOHQSDWW\LI necessary. The Whys and Wherefores of Reversals Words of Wisdom Over the winter, the cluster of bees will naturally move toward the top box, where honey is stored. Sometime in late winter, the queen will start laying eggs in the WRSER[ HV DQGWKDWLVZKHUHWKHFRORQ\ZLOOVHWWOHLWVHOIWRIHHGDQGLQFXEDWHWKH GHYHORSLQJEURRG'XULQJWKH¿FNOHWHPSHUDWXUHVZLQJVRIVSULQJLWLVLPSRUWDQWWR NHHSWKHEURRGDUHDZLWKVXUURXQGLQJKRQH\LQWDFW 5HYHUVDOVDUHVLPSO\DV\VWHPRIURWDWLQJWKHSRVLWLRQRIER[HVZKLOHNHHSLQJ the bees and brood as they are within the boxes. Reversals ensure the bees have mostly empty combs above the cluster, into which they can expand as WHPSHUDWXUHVLQFUHDVHDQGHDUO\SROOHQDQGQHFWDUEHFRPHDYDLODEOH+HUH¶V DQDQDORJ\WKHEHHVDUHOLNHDQHOHYDWRUWKDWRQO\PRYHVXS(YHQWXDOO\\RX¶OO QHHGWRPRYHWKHORZHUÀRRUVRIWKHEXLOGLQJRQWRSVRWKHHOHYDWRUZLOOKDYH somewhere to go. :KHQGR\RXGRUHYHUVDOV"5HYHUVDOVVKRXOGEHGRQHZKHQWKHERWWRPER[ HV  EHORZWKHFOXVWHURIEHHVDUHQRWEHLQJXVHG EHHVW\SLFDOO\GRQ¶WPRYHGRZQ  The timing depends solely on the placement and population of bees in the nest, which will vary colony by colony, and year by year. Welcome to the vagaries of EHHNHHSLQJ Beekeeping in Northern Climates THE GREAT DIVIDE $VWURQJKHDOWK\FRORQ\WKDWVXUYLYHVWKHZLQWHUZLOOOLNHO\VZDUPLQODWHVSULQJRUHDUO\VXPPHU6ZDUPLQJLV WKHEHHV¶QDWXUDOIRUPRIFRORQ\UHSURGXFWLRQ+RZHYHUDOORZLQJDFRORQ\WRVZDUPLQXUEDQDUHDVSUHVHQWVD ULVNLIWKHEHHVQHVWLQDQHDUE\KRPHRURXWEXLOGLQJDQGEHFRPHDQXLVDQFHSRVVLEO\HQGLQJLQH[WHUPLQDWLRQ ,QUXUDODUHDVDOORZLQJDFRORQ\WRVZDUPPD\QRWSUHVHQWWKHVDPHULVNWRWKHQHLJKERUVEXWLWPD\ PHDQUHGXFHGKRQH\SURGXFWLRQDVWKHUHPDLQLQJFRORQ\ WKHEHHVWKDWGLGQRWWDNHRII ZLOOKDYHDVPDOOHU SRSXODWLRQRIIRUDJHUVZKHQWKHPDLQKRQH\ÀRZVWDUWV 7RSUHYHQWVZDUPLQJ\RXVKRXOGGLYLGH DOVRFDOOHG³VSOLWWLQJ´ WKHVWURQJFRORQ\LQHDUO\WRPLG0D\EHIRUH EHHVKDYHWKHQDWXUDOWHQGHQF\WRVZDUP EHIRUH³VZDUPLQJVHDVRQ´ 6SLOWWKHVWURQJZLQWHUHGFRORQ\LQWR WZR WKHVHDUHFDOOHGGLYLGHV 7RPDNH\RXUGLYLGHVWUDQVIHUKDOIRIWKHEHHVEURRGDQGIRRGUHVRXUFHV RIWKHRULJLQDOFRORQ\LQWRDVHFRQGKLYHVHWXSDQGLQWURGXFHDQHZTXHHQLQWRWKHQHZFRORQ\\RXKDYH engineered. 5HPHPEHUWKH3ULQFLSOHVRI3URGXFWLYH%HHNHHSLQJ Every colony must be protected in equipment with removable frames and located in a good apiary site.  (YHU\FRORQ\PXVWKDYHD\RXQJSUROL¿FTXHHQ Every colony must have adequate honey and pollen reserves at all times. 4. Every colony must be monitored and managed for diseases and mites, and treated only when necessary. Beekeeping in Northern Climates Swarming is colony reproduction; the VXSHURUJDQLVP¶VZD\RIPDNLQJWZRIURPRQH VHH VHFWLRQFDOOHG³6ZDUPV´ 0DNLQJGLYLGHVIROORZV WKHVDPHFRQFHSWEXWDOORZVWKHEHHNHHSHUWR NHHSERWKKDOYHVUDWKHUWKDQOHWWLQJWKHVZDUP À\RIIWR¿QGDQHZQHVWVLWHWDNLQJWKHTXHHQ with them. Dividing strong colonies provides an RSSRUWXQLW\WRLQWURGXFH\RXQJSUROL¿FTXHHQV which is one of the four principles of productive EHHNHHSLQJWRHQVXUHFRORQ\VXUYLYDO. 2QHPDMRUGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQDVZDUPand a GLYLGHLVWKLVLQDVZDUPWKHPDWHGTXHHQOHDYHV with the swarm, while the half of the colony that remains in the box raises a new queen. In a GLYLGHWKHEHHNHHSHUFDQOHDYHWKHPDWHGTXHHQ with the original “parent” colony, and introduce a new queen into the new box containing brood and food combs transferred from the parent. 2WKHUEHHNHHSHUVSUHIHUWRXVHWKLVRSSRUWXQLW\WR introduce a new queen into both colonies, getting rid of the old queen altogether. Biology Box Swarms and Divides  ,QEHHNHHSLQJVRPHWLPHVZHDUHIDFHGZLWK³JRRG SUREOHPV´$QH[DPSOHLIDOO\RXUFRORQLHVVXUYLYH winter, then your number of colonies may grow EH\RQG\RXUVSDFHWLPHRU¿QDQFLDOFDSDFLWLHV 5HPHPEHUWKDWKREE\EHHNHHSHUVLQ0LQQHVRWD KDYHRQDYHUDJHDFRORQ\PRUWDOLW\RYHU ZLQWHUHDFK\HDU UHIHUWRVHFWLRQRQ³&RORQ\ 'HDWK´ 7KHUHDOLW\LVWKDWRQHRI\RXUFRORQLHV may die over the winter, especially while you are OHDUQLQJ&RORQ\PRUWDOLW\LVDQXQIRUWXQDWHSDUWRI EHHNHHSLQJEXWZLWKDWWHQWLRQDQGH[SHULHQFHWKH ULVNRIORVLQJFRORQLHVFDQEHORZHUHG If you do end up with too many colonies, contact DORFDOEHHNHHSLQJFOXEWRVHHLIDEHHNHHSHULV interested in purchasing the colony. In particular, DQ\EHHNHHSHUVRQWKHORFDOEHHJURXS¶VVZDUP FRQWDFWOLVWDUHOLNHO\WREHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHEHHV Words of Wisdom Too Many Colonies Beekeeping in Northern Climates Preparation 7RGLVFRXUDJHVWURQJFRORQLHVIURPVZDUPLQJPDNHGLYLGHVDERXWZHHNVEHIRUHWKHPDLQQHFWDUÀRZ GXULQJWKHGDQGHOLRQEORRPWKDWRFFXUVHDUO\WRPLG0D\LQ0LQQHVRWD¶V7ZLQ&LWLHVDUHD 'LYLGHVVKRXOGEH PDGHEHIRUHVZDUPVHDVRQ XVXDOO\ODWH0D\WRHDUO\-XQHLQ0LQQHVRWD¶V7ZLQ&LWLHVDUHD $GLYLGHPDGH DWWKLVWLPHZLOOEXLOGXSLQSRSXODWLRQDQGZLOOOLNHO\PDNHVXI¿FLHQWKRQH\WRKDUYHVW 7KHFRORQ\WKDWLVWREHGLYLGHGVKRXOGKDYHDODUJHDGXOWEHHSRSXODWLRQDQGIUDPHVRIEURRG,IWKH FRORQ\KDVIHZHUWKDQIUDPHVRIEURRGLWLVWRRZHDNWRPDNHDGLYLGH(DFKGLYLGHVKRXOGKDYHDPLQLPXP RIIUDPHVRIEURRGDQGIUDPHVRIEHHV ,IDFRORQ\LVQRWVWURQJHQRXJKLWVKRXOGQRWEHGLYLGHG6NLSWKHGLYLGHVHFWLRQDQGPDQDJHWKHFRORQ\DV described starting with the section called “Summer Management.” %HIRUHPDNLQJWKHGLYLGH\RXZLOOQHHGWRSXUFKDVHDQGSUHSDUHWKHIROORZLQJLWHPV Ɣ Purchase a mated queen from a queen producer. The queen you purchase will have already mated DQGZLOOEHUHDG\WROD\HJJV,WLVEHVWWRRUGHUDTXHHQWRDUULYHWKHGD\RIRUGD\EHIRUH\RXPDNH WKHGLYLGH,I\RXFDQ¶WPDNH\RXUGLYLGHLPPHGLDWHO\DIWHU\RXUTXHHQDUULYHVNHHS\RXUTXHHQDQG KHUZRUNHUEHHDWWHQGDQWVLQDFRRO ƒ) GDUNDQGTXLHWSODFH3URYLGHWKHFDJHGEHHVZLWKD VPDOOGURSRIZDWHURQFHGDLO\XQWLO\RXFDQPDNH\RXUGLYLGHDQGLQWURGXFHWKHQHZTXHHQ$TXHHQ FDQEHNHSWFDJHGLQWKLVFRQGLWLRQIRUVHYHUDOGD\V Ɣ Prepare an additional hive stand, a bottom board, inner cover, telescoping cover, one deep hive body ZLWKIUDPHVRIGUDZQFRPEDQGRUIRXQGDWLRQDQGDJUDYLW\IHHGHU IHHGHUSDLO ZLWKVXJDUV\UXS  3ODFHDOOHTXLSPHQWLQWKHVDPHDSLDU\ZLWKWKHFRORQ\\RXDUHGLYLGLQJ Words of Wisdom Purchasing Mated, Virgin, or Cell Queen Bees We recommend purchasing and using mated queen bees to requeen colonies in WKH¿UVWFRXSOH\HDUVRIEHHNHHSLQJ0DWHGTXHHQVZKLOHPRUHH[SHQVLYHDUH WKHOHDVWULVN\ Some queen producers sell unmated, virgin queens. We do not recommend using virgin queens as the bees do not accept these queens as readily compared WRPDWHGTXHHQV$OVRYLUJLQVQHHGWRÀ\RXWIURPWKHFRORQ\WRPDWHDQGVDIHO\UHWXUQWRWKHFRORQ\ Virgin queens require an adequate mature drone population in order to mate, which your area may not KDYHLQVSULQJZKHQ\RXPDNHGLYLGHV0DWHGTXHHQVFDQMXVWJHWWRZRUNULJKWDZD\ Queen cells may also be purchased for requeening. They are a good option for purchasing locally UDLVHGVWRFNLIDYDLODEOHLQ\RXUDUHD(DFKTXHHQWKDWHPHUJHVIURPDFHOOQHHGVDQDGHTXDWHGURQH population in the area in order to mate successfully. We do not recommend using queen cells in the ¿UVWWZR\HDUVRIEHHNHHSLQJDVWKH\UHTXLUHDJRRGJUDVSRQEHHELRORJ\,WFDQWDNHGD\VIRU WKHQHZTXHHQWRPDWXUHPDWHDQGVWDUWOD\LQJHJJVZKLFKFDQEHFRQIXVLQJWRQHZEHHNHHSHUV VLQFHWKH\PD\ODFNWKHFRQ¿GHQFHLQDVVHVVLQJZKHWKHUDFRORQ\LVTXHHQULJKWDQGZKHQWR LQWHUYHQH+RZHYHUTXHHQFHOOVFDQEHDJRRGFKRLFHDIWHUDIHZ\HDUVRIEHHNHHSLQJH[SHULHQFH &RQVLGHUUHDULQJ\RXURZQTXHHQEHHVLQWKHIXWXUHLIEHHNHHSLQJEHFRPHVDSDVVLRQ4XHHQUHDULQJ is an excellent way to learn more about bee biology. Beekeeping in Northern Climates Dividing 7KHJRDORIGLYLGLQJLVWRUHGXFHWKHOLNHOLKRRGRIVZDUPLQJ'LYLGLQJFRORQLHVZLOOHQKDQFH\RXUEHHNHHSLQJ VNLOOV,WLVQRWDVLPSOHSURFHVVVRPDNHVXUH\RXKDYHSOHQW\RIWLPH0DNHDSODQRUJDQL]H\RXUVHOIDQGWKH equipment you will need, and move slowly. 7KHIROORZLQJVWHSVZLOOKHOS\RXORFDWHWKHOD\LQJTXHHQZKLFKRIWHQFDQEHGLI¿FXOWHYHQIRUWKHPRVW H[SHULHQFHGEHHNHHSHUV)RUDSLFWRULDOGLDJUDPRIGLYLGLQJVHH)LJXUH ƔAt least 4 days SULRU to the expected arrival of your queen, the brood should be divided into two DSSUR[LPDWHO\HTXDOSRUWLRQV+DOIRIWKHIUDPHVFRQWDLQLQJEURRG IUDPHV VKRXOGEHLQWKHWRS KLYHERG\DQGWKHRWKHUKDOI IUDPHV VKRXOGEHLQWKHPLGGOHKLYHERG\7KHRXWHUIUDPHVVKRXOG FRQWDLQHTXDOL]HGDPRXQWVRIIRRG,I\RXKDYHPRUHWKDQIUDPHVRIEURRGWKHUHPDLQGHUVKRXOGJR in the bottom hive body. Ɣ 6WDFNWKHER[HVLQWKHIROORZLQJRUGHUSODFHWKHER[ZLWKWKHOHDVWEURRGLQWKHERWWRPSRVLWLRQDGG RQHRIWKHER[HVZLWKIUDPHVRIEURRGLQWKHPLGGOHSRVLWLRQSODFHDTXHHQH[FOXGHURQWRSRIWKH PLGGOHER[WKHQSODFHWKHRWKHUER[ZLWKIUDPHVRIEURRGRQWRSRIWKHTXHHQH[FOXGHULQWKHWRS position. The queen excluder will isolate the queen in one of these two brood units. Ɣ )RXUGD\VODWHULQVSHFWWKHKLYHERGLHVWR¿QGHJJVThe section that contains eggs will also contain the queen,IHJJVDUHIRXQGLQWKHKLYHERG\DERYHWKHH[FOXGHU\RXNQRZWKHTXHHQLVLQ the top box. If eggs are found in a box below the excluder, then the queen is the bottom two boxes. The ER[ZLWKEURRGWKDWGRHVQRWKDYHHJJVZLOOEHXVHGWRPDNHWKHGLYLGHDQGUHFHLYHDQHZTXHHQ ƔPlace the box that contains about half of the brood but noHJJV DQGQRTXHHQ RQWKHERWWRPERDUGDW a new location within the apiary. This colony is called the “divide.” Ɣ 7KHXQLWWKDWFRQWDLQVWKHTXHHQ DVLQGLFDWHGE\WKHSUHVHQFHRIHJJV DQGWKHRWKHUKDOIRIWKH brood remains on the original hive stand. Put the box with brood in the bottom position and place the UHPDLQLQJGHHSER[ZLWKQRRUOLWWOHEURRGRQWRS WKLVPRVWO\HPSW\ER[ZLOOEHWKHLUURRPWRJURZ 7KLV colony is called the “parent.” /HWWKHGLYLGHVLWTXHHQOHVVIRUKRXUVEHIRUHDGGLQJDFDJHGQHZTXHHQXVLQJWKH³VORZUHOHDVHPHWKRG´ as described next. Beekeeping in Northern Climates )L J X U H      ' L D J U D P  R I  G L Y L G L Q J  D    G H H S  F R O R Q \  132 1 Q 3 1 2 Q D1 q 2 3 D1 q D2 Eg g s in 3 OR Eg g s i n 1 o r 2 Wi n t e r e d pa r e n t ĐŽ ů Ž Ŷ LJ WĂ ƌ Ğ Ŷ ƚ  Đ Ž ů Ž Ŷ LJ ͗ ŝ Ɛ ƚ ƌ ŝ ď Ƶ ƚ Ğ 4- 6 f r a m e s o f ďƌ Ž Ž Ě  ŝ Ŷ  Ğ Ă Đ Ś  ďŽ dž  Ϯ Θ ϯ Pa r e n t : H a s ol d q u e e n Di v i d e : Q u e e n l e s s on n e w s t a n d Pa r e n t : H a s ol d q u e e n Di v i d e : Q u e e n l e s s on n e w s t a n d Pa r e n t : A d d 3 rd de e p Pa r e n t : I n s p e c t an d r e v e r s e ;Ƶ Ŷ ů Ğ Ɛ Ɛ  W ϯ  х ϱ Ϭ й  ĨƵ ů ů  Ž Ĩ  Ś Ž Ŷ Ğ LJ Ϳ Di v i d e : In t r o d u c e ne w q u e e n in 2 4 h o u r s Di v i d e : C h e c k qu e e n ac c e p t a n c e , ad d 2 nd de e p P2 Q P1P3 P3 Q P2P1 s ZĞ Ŷ Ƶ ŵ ď Ğ ƌ  Ă Ɛ   ϭ ZĞ Ŷ Ƶ ŵ ď Ğ ƌ  Ă Ɛ P1 a n d P 2 132 Ž dž  ǁ ŝ ƚ Ś  Ğ dž ƚ ƌ Ă  ď ƌ Ž Ž Ě   Ĩ ƌ Ă ŵ Ğ Ɛ Bo x w i t h 4 - ϲ Ĩ ƌ Ă ŵ Ğ Ɛ  Ž Ĩ  ď ƌ Ž Ž Ě EĞ ǁ  ď Ž dž  ; Ğ ŵ Ɖ ƚ LJ Ϳ Qu e e n e x c l u d e r Op e n h o l e Co r k e d h o l e Or i g i n a l q u e e n Ne w q u e e n Pa r e n t Di v i d e Q q ,ŝ ǀ Ğ  Ɛ ƚ Ă Ŷ Ě  Ă Ŷ Ě  ď Ž dž  ƚ Ž  Đ Ž ǀ Ğ ƌ  ĨĞ Ğ Ě Ğ ƌ  Ŷ Ž ƚ  Ɛ Ś Ž ǁ Ŷ  Ĩ Ž ƌ  Đ ů Ă ƌ ŝ ƚ LJ Ž dž ǁ ŝ ƚ Ś  Ğ džƚ ƌ Ă ď ƌ ŽŽ Ě  Ĩ ƌ Ă ŵ ĞƐ Bo x w i t h 4 -ϲ Ĩ ƌ Ă ŵ ĞƐ Ž Ĩ ď ƌ ŽŽ Ě E Ğǁ  ď Ž dž  ; Ğ ŵ Ɖ ƚ LJ Ϳ Qu ee n e x c l ud e r Op en h o le Co r ke d ho l e Or i g in a l q u e e n N ew q u e e n Pa r e n t D iv i de Q q ,ŝǀ Ğ Ɛ ƚ Ă Ŷ Ě Ă Ŷ Ě ďŽ dž ƚ Ž ĐŽ ǀ Ğ ƌ ĨĞ Ğ Ě Ğ ƌ  Ŷ Ž ƚ  Ɛ Ś Ž ǁ Ŷ  Ĩ Ž ƌ  Đ ů Ă ƌ ŝ ƚ LJ P D Beekeeping in Northern Climates “Slow Release Method” for Introducing a New Queen to a Queenless Colony Follow these steps to introduce a queen to a queenless colony. Purchase a new, mated queen7KHQHZTXHHQZLOODUULYHLQDVPDOOFDJHZLWKDIHZDWWHQGDQWZRUNHU bees inside. Alternatively, the new queen will be in a cage alone, and the attendants will be in a small, screened container surrounding her. Feed the colony. The probability of queen acceptance is greater if the colony is fed sugar syrup to VLPXODWHDQHFWDUÀRZDQGLIWKH\DUHNHSWTXHHQOHVVIRUKRXUV7KHUHIRUHSURYLGHDWOHDVWRQH SDLORIVXJDUV\UXSDQGZDLWIRUWRKRXUVWRLQVWDOOWKHQHZTXHHQ Introduce the new queen into a queenless colony. The colony you introduce the new queen into VKRXOGVLWTXHHQOHVVIRUKRXUVDOORZLQJWKHROGTXHHQ¶VSKHURPRQHERXTXHWWRGLVVLSDWHZKLFK SUHSDUHVWKHZRUNHUVWREHUHFHSWLYHWRWKHRGRUVRIWKHQHZTXHHQ([SRVHWKHFDQG\SOXJRIWKH TXHHQFDJHE\UHPRYLQJWKHFRUNRUFRYHUIURPWKHFDQG\:LWKRXWUHPRYLQJDQ\DWWHQGDQWVIURP inside the cage, introduce the cage, screen side down, between two frames in the center of the brood QHVW EXWQRWGLUHFWO\XQGHUWKHLQQHUFRYHURSHQLQJ MXVWEHORZWKHWRSEDUVRIWKHIUDPH3XVKWKH IUDPHVWRJHWKHUJHQWO\PDNLQJVXUHWKHUHLVURRPIRUWKHZRUNHUVWRFOXVWHUDURXQGWKHFDJHWRIHHG WKHTXHHQ%HFDUHIXOQRWWRNLOOWKHTXHHQE\FUXVKLQJKRQH\FHOOVDQG¿OOLQJWKHFDJHZLWKKRQH\ 5H¿OOWKHSDLORIVXJDUV\UXSLIQHFHVVDU\DQGFORVHXSWKHKLYH 4. Releasing the queen:LWKLQGD\V EXWVRPHWLPHVVRRQHU WKHZRUNHUVHDWWKURXJKWKHFDQG\SOXJ DQGWKHTXHHQZLOOZDONRXWRIWKHFDJH6KHZLOOEHJLQOD\LQJHJJVZLWKLQDIHZGD\VDIWHUWKDW/HDYH WKHFRORQ\DORQHIRUGD\VDIWHULQWURGXFLQJWKHQHZTXHHQDOORZLQJKHUWR³PRYHLQ´XQGLVWXUEHG Important notes on releasing the queen from the cage To install the queen using the VORZUHOHDVHPHWKRGHQVXUHWKHZRUNHUVKDYHDFFHVVWRWKHFDQG\ SOXJZKLFKWKH\ZLOOHDWWKURXJKWRUHOHDVHWKHTXHHQ Ɣ )RUKROHZRRGHQFDJHVUHPRYHWKHFRUNRQWKHFDQG\HQG Ɣ )RU&DOLIRUQLDFDJHV VPDOOZRRGHQFDJHVQRWGLYLGHGLQWRVHFWLRQV EHVXUHWKHFRUNLV removed and install a plastic tube with a candy plug. ƔFor plastic cages, remove the cap over the candy plug. 7RVORZWKHUHOHDVHSXWDVPDOOSLHFHRIPDVNLQJRUSDLQWHUVWDSHRYHUWKHZRUNHUEHHV¶DFFHVVWRWKH TXHHQFDQG\DQGSRNHDVPDOOKROHLQWKHWDSHMXVWDERYHWKHFDQG\7KLVWDSHKHOSVVORZWKHZRUNHU bees from chewing the candy down before the colony gets used to the new queen. 6RPHWLPHVWKHZRUNHUVHDWWKURXJKWKHFDQG\SOXJRIWKHTXHHQFDJHZLWKLQGD\VUHOHDVLQJ WKHTXHHQEHIRUHWKHZRUNHUVEHFRPHUHFHSWLYHWRWKHQHZTXHHQ¶VSKHURPRQHV,QWKLVFDVHWKH ZRUNHUVPD\NLOOWKHQHZTXHHQUDWKHUWKDQDFFHSWKHURGGDVWKLVVHHPV$VDIHUVWUDWHJ\LVWRNHHS WKHFDQG\HQGRIWKHFDJHGFRUNHGZKHQ\RXLQWURGXFHWKHQHZTXHHQLQWRWKHFRORQ\5HWXUQDIWHU WKUHHGD\VUHPRYHDFHQWHUEURRGFRPEJHQWO\RSHQWKHFDJHDQGDOORZWKHTXHHQWRZDONRXWRQ WKHFRPE,IVKHZDONVDZD\RUVWDUWVIHHGLQJRQQHFWDULWLVDVLJQVKHKDVEHHQDFFHSWHG,IWKH ZRUNHUVMXPSRQKHULQDWLJKWFOXVWHU FDOOHG³EDOOLQJ´ LWLVQHUYHZUDFNLQJEXW\RXQHHGWRVFRRSKHU EDFNLQWRWKHFDJHEHIRUHWKH\NLOOKHU&KDQFHVDUHWKHUHLVDQRWKHUTXHHQLQWKHFRORQ\RQHWKHEHHV reared despite your careful watch. Beekeeping in Northern Climates After the Divide ,QVSHFWERWKFRORQLHVDIWHUGD\V,I\RXGLGQRWUHOHDVHWKHTXHHQ\RXUVHOIFKHFNWKHFDJHWREHVXUHWKH bees have let her out. If she was not released and is still alive, open the cage and release her onto a frame. 5HPRYHWKHFDJH7KHSUHVHQFHRIHJJVDQGRUODUYDHLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHFRORQ\LVTXHHQULJKW$GGDGHHSKLYH ERG\ )LJXUH RQWRSRIWKHFRORQLHVDVQHHGHGWRDOORZIRUH[SDQVLRQ ,I\RXWKLQNWKHFRORQ\GRHVQRWKDYHDOD\LQJTXHHQ DIWHUGD\VWKHUHDUHQRHJJV)LJXUH WKHQVHH $SSHQGL[%RQTXHHQWURXEOHVKRRWLQJ%XWWKHVPDUWHVWWKLQJ\RXFDQGRLVWR¿QGDQH[SHULHQFHGPHQWRU to help you to navigate any issues with queens that occur. Dealing with queen “issues” is one of the most FRPPRQDQGGLI¿FXOWSUREOHPVQHZEHHNHHSHUVKDYH )LJXUH$IUDPHZLWKHPHUJHQF\TXHHQFHOOVKDQJLQJRQWKHIDFHRIWKHFRPEVXUURXQGHGE\ZRUNHUEURRG,QFRORQLHVWKDWDUH GLYLGHGDQGGRQRWKDYHDTXHHQRUWKHTXHHQLVQRWDFFHSWHGWKHZRUNHUEHHVZLOOUDLVHQHZTXHHQVDVVKRZQKHUH7KHFRUQSXII VKDSHGEURRGLQWKHXSSHUULJKWKDQGFRUQHULVGURQHEURRG Biology Box Requeening the Divides +RQH\EHHVDUHSURVDWUHPHPEHULQJWKHLUKLYHORFDWLRQ,IDFRORQ\LVPRYHG older foraging bees will tend to return to any colony in their original location, but the \RXQJHUQXUVHEHHVZLOOVWD\ZLWKWKHEURRGLQVLGHWKHLUFRORQ\:KHQ\RXPDNHD divide, it is important to remember that any colony in the original location will catch the PDMRULW\RIWKHUHWXUQLQJIRUDJLQJEHHV <RXQJEHHVUHDGLO\DFFHSWDQHZTXHHQZKLOHROGHUEHHVDUHQRWDVDFFHSWLQJ,WLV LPSRUWDQWWRNHHSWKHQHZTXHHQFDJHGIRUGD\VLQWKHGLYLGHZKLOHWKHEHHVDQG queen become accustomed to each other’s odors. Beekeeping in Northern Climates SUMMER MANAGEMENT Ɣ $V\RXGLGLQ\HDURQHZLWKSDFNDJHVDQGQXFVHQFRXUDJH\RXUFRORQLHVWR¿OOWKHLUWKUHHGHHSKLYH ERGLHV )LJXUH :KHQWKHEHHVKDYH¿OOHGRYHUIUDPHVLQWKHWRSER[LWLVWLPHWRDGGWKHQH[W box. Ɣ 'XULQJWKHLQVSHFWLRQVFKHFNIRUVZDUPFHOOVDQGDGGVXSHUVLIQHFHVVDU\7KHHTXLYDOHQWRIWZR HPSW\VXSHUVVKRXOGDOZD\VEHDYDLODEOHIRUWKHEHHVWKURXJKRXWWKHPDLQQHFWDUÀRZ,IWKHVXSHUV FRQWDLQGUDZQFRPEWKH\FDQEHDGGHGWRWKHWRSRIWKHVWDFN )LJXUH 6XSHUVZLWKIRXQGDWLRQ VKRXOGEHSXWGLUHFWO\DERYHWKHTXHHQH[FOXGHUZLWKWKHSUHYLRXVVXSHUVDERYHWKHP ERWWRP VXSHULQJ WRHQFRXUDJHWKHEHHVWRGUDZRXWQHZFRPE ƔIf the bees are reluctant to move from the brood nest into supers with foundation, try temporarily removing the queen excluder and spraying some sugar syrup or painting molten beeswax on the foundation so they are attracted to the new box. After the bees start to draw out comb in the supers, FKHFNWRPDNHVXUHWKHTXHHQGLGQRWDOVRPRYHXSDQGSXWWKHTXHHQH[FOXGHUEDFNRQ,QWHUPL[LQJ foundation frames between frames with drawn comb can also encourage bees to draw out comb on the foundation. Ɣ $IWHUWKHQHFWDUÀRZUHPRYHDOOKRQH\VXSHUVIURPWKHFRORQLHV VHHVHFWLRQRQ³+DUYHVWLQJWKH +RQH\´ ,Q0LQQHVRWDUHPRYHVXSHUVE\WKHHQGRI$XJXVW7KLVDOORZVIRUWKHEHHVWRVWRUHWKH remaining incoming nectar for winter and allows for monitoring and managing the varroa mite population. ƔTREAT for VARROA MITES in all colonies following the guidelines in the +RQH\%HH'LVHDVHVDQG 3HVWVPDQXDO:HFDQQRWRYHUHPSKDVL]HKRZLPSRUWDQWFRQWUROOLQJPLWHVLVIRURYHUZLQWHULQJVXUYLYDO )LJXUH'LDJUDPRIVXPPHUPDQDJHPHQWRISDUHQWVDQGGLYLGHV Beekeeping in Northern Climates )LJXUH$GHHSFRORQ\ZLWKKRQH\VXSHUV FALL MANAGEMENT Ɣ In the fall, the colonies should consist of three deep hive bodies and should be prepared for winter IROORZLQJWKHVDPHPHWKRGV\RXXVHGLQWKH¿UVW\HDU5HYLVLWWKHVHFWLRQFDOOHG³:LQWHULQJ+RQH\%HH &RORQLHVLQ1RUWKHUQ&OLPDWHV´ Ɣ If at any point a colony dies, equipment from it should be cleaned, repaired and properly stored in an unheated building protected from mice. )DOOLVDQH[FLWLQJDQGDQ[LRXVWLPHIRUDEHHNHHSHU:UDSSLQJWKRVHFRORQLHVXSDQGVD\LQJJRRGE\HXQWLOWKH VSULQJLVELWWHUVZHHW<RX¶YHKDGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WROHDUQDQGZRUNZLWKWKHPDOOVXPPHUDQGQRZLWLVGRQH The only things left to do are hope the bees are healthy and prepared enough for the winter in order to survive XQWLOWKHQH[WVSULQJ7DNHVWRFNRIDOOWKDW\RX¶YHOHDUQHGRYHUWKHVXPPHU,I\RXPLVVWKHEHHVORRNWKURXJK ROGSLFWXUHVDQGQRWHV3LFNRXWDJRRGEHHNHHSLQJERRNWROHDUQQHZWKLQJV'HFLGHZKDWÀRZHUV\RXZLOO plant for your bees next year, and order seeds. Spring will come soon. The health of your colony can affect the health of other colonies in the area. Bees can move. Bees IURPDVWURQJFRORQ\FDQÀ\WRZHDNFRORQLHV DQGFDQUREKRQH\%HHVIURPDVLFNFRORQ\FDQ DEVFRQGDQGRULQWHUDFWZLWKEHHVIURPDKHDOWK\ colony. It is extremely important to manage your colonies for varroa mites. Few things are more IUXVWUDWLQJLQEHHNHHSLQJWKDQPRQLWRULQJIRUYDUURD mites all year, then seeing a huge mite population VSLNHLQ6HSWHPEHUHVSHFLDOO\LIWKHFRORQ\ZDV treated for the mites in the spring. It is frustrating because the high mite levels means that your colony has a lower chance of surviving winter, HYHQZKHQ\RXZHUHFDUHIXODQGWRRNWKHFRUUHFW management steps. To prevent the spread of mites, treat colonies with high mite levels. Varroa mites are one of the most serious problems WKDW\RXZLOOUXQLQWRLQEHHNHHSLQJEXWWKHUH are other disease issues that can spread among FRORQLHVWRR,I\RX¿QGDGLVHDVHGFRORQ\VWHULOL]H \RXUKLYHWRROE\VWLFNLQJLWLQDKRWVPRNHUIRUD IHZPLQXWHVWKHQ XVLQJKHDWUHVLVWDQWJORYHV  ÀLSLWWRVWHULOL]HWKHRWKHUVLGH:LSHGRZQDOO HTXLSPHQWDQGJORYHVXVHGWRORRNDWWKHFRORQ\ ZLWKVDQLWL]LQJZLSHV7RDYRLGWUDQVPLWWLQJ GLVHDVHVGRQ¶WPRYHIUDPHVIURPDVLFNFRORQ\ into a healthy colony. Get help from an expert or mentor. Biology Box Preventing the Spread of Mites and Diseases Beekeeping in Northern Climates Ja n F e b M a r A p r M a y J u n J u l A u g S e p O c t N o v D e c Ch e c k f o o d r e s e r v e s Ch e c k f o r q u e e n q u a l i t y a n d d i s e a s e * Fe e d p o l l e n s u b s Ɵ tu t e p a Ʃ y Fe e d l i g h t s y r u p ( 1 : 1 ) a s n e e d e d Te s t f o r v a r r o a m i t e s * En l a r g e e n t r a n c e Re v e r s e a s n e e d e d Ch e c k f o r s w a r m c e l l s Di v i d e Ad d h o n e y s u p e r s i f n e e d e d Re m o v e h o n e y s u p e r s Re d u c e e n t r a n c e Fe e d h e a v y s y r u p ( 2 : 1 ) a s n e e d e d Pa c k f o r w i n t e r Ma i n Ň ow He a l t h i n s p e c Ɵ on s , e v e r y 7 - 1 0 d a y s *F o r i n f o r m a Ɵ on o n d i s e a s e s & v a r r o a m i t e s s e e c u r r e n t H o n e y B e e D i s e a s e s a n d P e s t s . Z . u m n . e d u / m a n u a l A S y s t e m f o r M a n a g i n g W i n t e r e d C o l o n i e s Te s t m o n t h l y Beekeeping in Northern Climates HARVESTING THE HONEY +DUYHVWDQ\6853/86RIKRQH\IURPWKHKRQH\VXSHUVQHYHUIURPEURRGFKDPEHUV VHHVXPPHU PDQDJHPHQWVHFWLRQ :LQWHULQJFRORQLHVPXVWKDYHDERXWOE IXOOIUDPHV RIKRQH\RUHTXLYDOHQW VXJDUV\UXSVWRUHGWRJHWWKURXJKWKHFROGPRQWKV VHHWKHVHFWLRQFDOOHG³:,17(5,1*+21(<%(( &2/21,(6,11257+(51&/,0$7(6´  First, you need to remove all the bees from the supers. There are several methods to do this. Whichever PHWKRG\RXXVHWKHIUDPHVDQGVXSHUVVKRXOGEHLPPHGLDWHO\FRYHUHGWRSUHYHQWWKHEHHVIURPJHWWLQJEDFN into the supers and to prevent other colonies from robbing the honey. A drip tray on the bottom of the supers ZLWKDVROLGFRYHURQWRSLVDJRRGZD\WRNHHSXQZDQWHGEHHVRXW 0HWKRGVRIUHPRYLQJWKHEHHVIURPWKHKRQH\VXSHUV Ɣ 6KDNHWKHEHHVIURPHDFKIUDPHDIWHUUHPRYLQJLWIURPWKHVXSHU:LWKDVKDUSVKDNHWKHEHHVZLOOIDOO LQIURQWRIWKHKLYHHQWUDQFH3ODFLQJWKHVKDNHQIUDPHVLQWRDQHPSW\ER[PDNHVWKLVSURFHVVPRUH HIIHFWLYHDWUHPRYLQJDQGNHHSLQJWKHEHHVRIIWKHIUDPHV Ɣ %UXVKWKHEHHVRIIHDFKIUDPHDIWHUUHPRYLQJLWIURPWKHVXSHU8VLQJDEHHEUXVKJHQWO\ÀLFNWKHEHHV LQIURQWRIWKHKLYHHQWUDQFH7KLVLVPRUHHIIHFWLYHWKDQVKDNLQJWKHIUDPHVDQGFDQJHWDOORIWKHEHHV RIIWKHIUDPHV'HWDLOZRUN Ɣ $SSO\DFKHPLFDOUHSHOOHQW HJSURGXFWVVXFKDV%HH*R EHQ]DOGHK\GH +RQH\5REEHU EXW\ULF DQK\GULGH 1DWXUDO+RQH\+DUYHVWHURU)LVFKHU¶V%HH4XLFN5HSHOODQW WRDIXPHERDUGRQWRSRI the super to drive the bees out of the honey supers. Move the fume board to the next super after the WRSRQHLVSXOOHGRII7KLVPHWKRGZRUNVEHVWRQZDUPHUGD\VDQGLQWKHVXQ3URGXFWVPDGHZLWK EHQ]DOGHK\GHRUEXW\ULFDQK\GULGHDUHKLJKO\HIIHFWLYHEXWVPHOOWHUULEOH WKHVPHOOGRHVnot stay in the VXSHURUKRQH\ 2WKHUSURGXFWVDUHVOLJKWO\OHVVHIIHFWLYHEXWVPHOOPXFKPXFKEHWWHUWKDQYRPLW ƔInstall a bee escape. A bee escape can be installed in the inner cover hole and placed between the EURRGFKDPEHUDQGWKHVXSHUV7KLVLVDRQHZD\GRRUWKDWDOORZVWKHEHHVWRHQWHUWKHEURRGFKDPEHU IURPWKHVXSHUEXWSUHYHQWVWKHPIURPUHWXUQLQJXSLQWRWKHVXSHU,QDERXWKRXUVPRVWRIWKHEHHV will be out of the supers. Be sure you do not have any holes above the bee escape that will allow other EHHVWRJHWLQDQGUREWKHKRQH\7KLVPHWKRGZRUNVEHVWZKHQQLJKWVDUHFRROHUDQGWKHEHHVPRYH down into the brood boxes. Ɣ 8VHDEHHEORZHUWREORZWKHEHHVIURPWKHVXSHUV7KHEORZHULVDKLJKYROXPHORZSUHVVXUHEORZHU ZLWKDKRVHDQGQR]]OHWRIRUFHDLUEHWZHHQWKHIUDPHV$OHDIEORZHURUKHDY\GXW\VKRSYDFXXPVHWWR ³EORZ´ZLOOZRUNIRUWKLVPHWKRG HARVESTING, EXTRACTING, AND BOTTLING HONEY Beekeeping in Northern Climates PROPERTIES OF HONEY Ɣ (YHU\KRQH\KDVDGHOLFLRXVXQLTXHÀDYRUWKDWUHÀHFWVWKHWLPHRI\HDUDQGÀRUDOODQGVFDSHLQZKLFKLW was produced. Ɣ +RQH\LVYLVFRXV9LVFRXVLVDIDQF\ZRUGWKDWEDVLFDOO\PHDQVWKLFNZKHQFROGDQGUXQQ\ZKHQZDUP This property is important to remember when extracting and handling honey. Warm honey will be easier to extract and strain than cold honey. Ɣ +RQH\FRQWDLQVOHVVWKDQPRLVWXUH,I\RXUHPRYHVRPHWKLQJWKDWORRNVOLNHKRQH\IHHOVOLNH KRQH\DQGWDVWHVOLNHKRQH\EXWKDVPRUHWKDQPRLVWXUHLWZLOOPRVWOLNHO\IHUPHQWLQDVKRUW time. If left on the bee colony, the bees will lower the moisture content for you. If it is not possible to OHDYHWKHVXSHUVRQDFRORQ\ORZHUWKHPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWE\XVLQJDGHKXPLGL¿HUDQGIDQLQDVPDOO room with the supers. Interestingly, bees change the chemical properties of nectar themselves as they GHK\GUDWHQHFWDULQWRKRQH\$GYDQFHGKRQH\WHVWLQJFDQGHWHFWZKHQDSHUVRQXVHVDGHKXPLGL¿HU FRPSDUHGWRZKHQWKHEHHVWKHPVHOYHVUHGXFHWKHPRLVWXUHOHYHO%HHNHHSLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG suppliers may have a refractometer available to measure honey moisture content. Ɣ +RQH\LVK\JURVFRSLF+\JURVFRSLFPHDQVWKDWKRQH\ZLOODEVRUEPRLVWXUHIURPWKHVXUURXQGLQJDLULI left uncovered. If the honey absorbs too much moisture it may ferment. Ɣ +RQH\ZLOOJUDQXODWHRUFU\VWDOOL]H+RQH\JUDQXODWHVDWGLIIHUHQWUDWHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHSODQWVIURP ZKLFKWKHQHFWDUKDVEHHQFROOHFWHG5HIULJHUDWLRQDFFHOHUDWHVWKHFU\VWDOOL]DWLRQSURFHVV7KHUHDUH ZD\VWRVORZGRZQRUVSHHGXSWKHSURFHVVRIJUDQXODWLRQEXWLWLVLQHYLWDEOH+RQH\GRHVQRWJR EDGZKHQLWJUDQXODWHV7ROLTXHI\KRQH\ZDUP GRQ WKHDW WRDERXWƒ)+RQH\LVPDGHXSRI GLIIHUHQWVXJDUV0RVWFDQOLTXLI\DWƒ)KRZHYHUVRPHZLOOUHTXLUHKHDWLQJWRƒ)2YHUKHDWLQJRU IHUPHQWDWLRQFDQGDPDJHWKHKRQH\¶VÀDYRU7RSURWHFWÀDYRUZHKLJKO\UHFRPPHQGWKDW\RXGRQRW heat honey over 120°F. EXTRACTING HONEY Equipment Ɣ 8QFDSSLQJWKHKRQH\LVWKH¿UVWVWHSLQH[WUDFWLQJ<RXQHHGDWOHDVWRQHRIWKHIROORZLQJFDSSLQJ VFUDWFKHUXQFDSSLQJNQLIHXQFDSSLQJSODQHRUDXWRPDWLFXQFDSSHU<RXZLOODOVRQHHGDQXQFDSSLQJ tray to catch the wax cappings. Ɣ <RXZLOOQHHGDQH[WUDFWRUHLWKHUSRZHURUKDQGFUDQNWRH[WUDFWWKHKRQH\7KLVFHQWULIXJDOGHYLFH spins out the honey from the wax cells without destroying the comb structure. Extractors come in radial or tangential types. The radial type will extract both sides of the comb at the same time. The tangential type will require that frames be manually turned around to get both sides extracted. Ɣ $VWKHKRQH\FRPHVRXWRIWKHH[WUDFWRUVWUDLQLWLQWRDEXFNHWRURWKHUUHFHSWDFOH<RXUVWUDLQHUFDQEH DFRDUVHVFUHHQWRJHWWKHODUJHSLHFHVRIZD[DQ\ORQFORWKWRVWUDLQDOOWKHZD[RUDGRXEOHVFUHHQ D FRXUVHVFUHHQZLWKD¿QHUVFUHHQEHORZ 6WUDLQLQJSURGXFHVDFOHDQSURGXFWE\UHPRYLQJGHEULVDQG wax pieces. Ɣ )LOWHULQJKRQH\LVDGLIIHUHQWSURFHVVWKDWUHPRYHVSROOHQJUDLQVDQGRWKHUSDUWLFOHVWKDWDUH PLFURQDQGODUJHU)LOWHULQJLVQRUPDOO\GRQHE\ODUJHVFDOHKRQH\SDFNHUVDQGLVQRWQHFHVVDU\RU UHFRPPHQGHGIRUVPDOOVFDOHEHHNHHSHUV Ɣ <RXZLOOQHHGWRVWRUH\RXUKRQH\VRPHZKHUHXQWLO\RXERWWOHLW'HSHQGLQJRQ\RXUKRQH\KDUYHVWWKLV PD\EHTXDUWMDUVJDOORQMXJVJDOORQSDLOVJDOORQEDUUHOVRUDWDQNHU<RXPD\¿QGLWLVHDVLHUWR OLTXHI\FU\VWDOOL]HGKRQH\VWRUHGLQJODVVUDWKHUWKDQSODVWLF Beekeeping in Northern Climates Extraction Procedure Ɣ ,GHDOO\H[WUDFWWKHKRQH\WKHVDPHGD\LWLVUHPRYHGIURPWKHKLYH:LWKLQDIHZGD\VLV¿QH7KH KRQH\ZLOOVWLOOEHZDUPIURPWKHFRORQ\LILWLVH[WUDFWHGULJKWDZD\+RQH\VWRUHGLQWKHFRPEUHDGLO\ absorbs moisture. Ɣ $Q\KRQH\KHOGIRUH[WUDFWLRQVKRXOGEHNHSWLQDZDUPGU\URRP!ƒ)DQGKXPLGLW\0DNHVXUH \RXUKRQH\VXSHUVDUHLQDEHHWLJKWDUHDRWKHUZLVHQHDUE\EHHVPD\¿QGDQGUREWKHKRQH\ Ɣ ,I\RXUFRORQLHVKDYHKLYHEHHWOHVH[WUDFWWKHKRQH\ZLWKLQGD\VRIKDUYHVWLQJLWWRDYRLGDGLVJXVWLQJ PHVVHVSHFLDOO\LIWKHUHLVDQ\SROOHQRUEURRGLQWKHVXSHUV+LYHEHHWOHVDUHDWWUDFWHGWRSROOHQDQG brood and may lay eggs in them. Without the bees to patrol, the hive beetle eggs may hatch into larvae that can destroy the honey. Ɣ 7KHURRP\RXDUHH[WUDFWLQJLQVKRXOGEHZDUP LGHDOO\!ƒ) VRWKDWWKHKRQH\VWD\VZDUP:DUP honey will spin out of the comb and go through the strainer easily. Ɣ )LUVWUHPRYHWKHZD[FDSSLQJVIURPWKHFRPEVWKHQSXWWKHIUDPHVLQWRWKHH[WUDFWRU<RXPXVWXQFDS DOORIWKHKRQH\FHOOV,IWKHNQLIHGRHVQRWRSHQDOORIWKHFHOOVXVHDFDSSLQJVFUDWFKHUWRRSHQWKHP Ɣ :KHQWKHH[WUDFWRULVIXOOVWDUWLWXS<RXZDQWWKHEDVNHWWRWXUQVORZO\DW¿UVWWKHQSLFNXSVSHHGDV the frames empty. If you are using a tangential extractor, partially extract one side of the frames, turn WKHPDURXQGH[WUDFWWKHRWKHUVLGHWKHQWXUQWKHPDURXQGDJDLQDQG¿QLVKWKH¿UVWVLGH'HSHQGLQJ on the temperature, moisture content of the honey, and the spinning speed, the frames may need to be VSXQIRURUXSWRPLQXWHVSHUVLGH,I\RXWU\WRKXUU\E\VSLQQLQJIDVW\RXPD\GDPDJHWKHFRPEV ƔWhen honey has accumulated in the bottom of the extractor, open the honey gate and strain the honey LQWR\RXUFRQWDLQHU7KLVFRQWDLQHUPD\EH\RXUVHWWOLQJWDQNIRUERWWOLQJ VHHEHORZ RUDVWRUDJHEXFNHW for bottling later. If honey gets too high in the bottom of the extractor, the spinning frames may whip the honey and change its consistency by adding air bubbles. Ɣ $IWHUWKHKRQH\LVH[WUDFWHGUHWXUQWKHIUDPHVWRWKHLUVXSHUV7KH\FDQEHVWRUHGZHWRUWKH\FDQEH put on the colony above the inner cover for a couple of days for the bees to clean out any remaining honey. Supers should not be left exposed in the apiary, as this will incite robbing. Ɣ 6WRUHWKHVXSHUVLQDQXQKHDWHGEXLOGLQJWRSUHYHQWZD[PRWKGDPDJH3UHFDXWLRQVVKRXOGEHWDNHQWR SUHYHQWPRXVHGDPDJHE\PDNLQJVXUHWKHUHDUHQRKROHVIRUPLFHWRJHWLQ ,I\RXDUHSODQQLQJWRVHOO\RXUKRQH\FKHFNRQFXUUHQWVWDWHODEHOLQJUHTXLUHPHQWV$WDPLQLPXPWKHODEHO VKRXOGKDYH\RXUQDPHDQGDGGUHVVRUSKRQHQXPEHUWKHJUDGH $ WKHTXDQWLW\ KRQH\LVQRUPDOO\VROGE\ WKHSRXQG DQGWKHZRUG³+21(<´$SSO\WKHODEHODQGVHOO Beekeeping in Northern Climates )LJXUH%RWWOLQJKRQH\ SKRWRE\-HII+DKQ  MARKET YOUR HONEY 6HOO\RXUKRQH\DWDSULFHWKDWUHÀHFWVWKHZRUNWKDW\RXDQGWKHEHHVSXWLQWRSURGXFLQJLW )RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQVHHWKH1DWLRQDO+RQH\%RDUGZHEVLWHDWwww.honey.com7KH1DWLRQDO+RQH\%RDUG LVDIHGHUDOUHVHDUFKDQGSURPRWLRQERDUGXQGHU86'$RYHUVLJKWWKDWFRQGXFWVUHVHDUFKPDUNHWLQJDQG SURPRWLRQSURJUDPVWRKHOSPDLQWDLQDQGH[SDQGPDUNHWVIRUKRQH\ Bottling Honey Equipment Needed Ɣ $VHWWOLQJWDQNRUEXFNHWZLWKDKRQH\JDWHZLOOEHXVHGLQWKH¿UVWVWHSRIERWWOLQJKRQH\7KHVHWDQNV UDQJHIURPJDOORQVWRVHYHUDOWKRXVDQGJDOORQV Ɣ $VWUDLQHUPDGHRI¿QHPHVK VWDLQOHVVVWHHOQ\ORQRUFKHHVHFORWK  Ɣ %RWWOHVRUMDUVTXHHQOLQHVTXHH]HTXDUWMDUVVTXHH]HEHDUVHWF Ɣ Labels Procedure Ɣ The honey should be warm and strained DVLWLVSXWLQWRWKHVHWWOLQJWDQN,I\RXDUH using nylon cloth, moisten it with water ¿UVW Ɣ The strained honey should be left to settle LQWKHVHWWOLQJWDQNIRUKRXUVEHIRUH bottling. During this time the bits of wax and air bubbles migrate to the top and can EHVNLPPHGRII7KHURRPVKRXOGEHNHSW ZDUP !ƒ) WRDOORZIRUDOOLPSXULWLHVWR ÀRDWDQGWRPDNHERWWOLQJHDVLHU Ɣ 6WHULOL]HDQGDLUGU\DOOERWWOHVDQGFDSV Ɣ )LOOHDFKERWWOHRUMDUWRWKHSURSHUOHYHO by letting the honey run down the inside VXUIDFHRIWKHERWWOHRUMDU )LJXUH  This method will help prevent bubbles IURPIRUPLQJZKHQ¿OOLQJWKHERWWOH7LJKWO\ seal the cap. Beekeeping in Northern Climates 2-deep Method Equipment )LUVW<HDUAdditionalSecond<HDU +LYHVWDQG   Bottom board  Deep hive bodies  Deep frames   )RXQGDWLRQ GHHS   Inner cover  Telescoping cover  Queen excluder  Moisture board  Winter cover  Feed pail  +LYHERG\IRUIHHGSDLOFRYHU   +RQH\VXSHUV   Frames for supers   Foundation for supers   APPENDIX A: THE TWO-DEEP SYSTEM 7DEOH$GYDQWDJHVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRINHHSLQJEHHVLQWZRGHHSDQGWKUHHGHHSKLYHV )RUEHJLQQLQJEHHNHHSHUVLQQRUWKHUQFOLPDWHVZHUHFRPPHQGNHHSLQJEHHVLQWKUHHGHHSEURRGER[HV EHFDXVHLWKHOSVHQVXUHWKHEHHVKDYHVXI¿FLHQWKRQH\VWRUHVWRODVWWKURXJKRXWWKHORQJZLQWHU,WLVHQWLUHO\ SRVVLEOHWRNHHSFRORQLHVLQWZRGHHSEURRGER[HVEXWLWLQYROYHVVRPHGLIIHUHQWPDQDJHPHQWVWHSVLQFOXGLQJ OLNHO\KDYLQJWRIHHGVXJDUV\UXSLQWKHIDOOWRSUHYHQWVWDUYDWLRQGXULQJWKHZLQWHU 7DEOH 7KLV³GHHS´ V\VWHPDOVRUHTXLUHVDGLIIHUHQWDPRXQWRIHTXLSPHQW 7DEOH  ,I\RXDUHULVNDYHUVHNHHS\RXUFRORQLHVLQWKUHHGHHSVZKLOH\RXOHDUQPRUHDERXWWKHÀRUDOUHVRXUFHV around your apiary and while you develop a good sense of what your colony needs to survive winter. After a FRXSOH\HDUVRIVXFFHVVIXOEHHNHHSLQJ\RXPLJKWWU\NHHSLQJEHHVLQWZRGHHSV$OOPDQDJHPHQWSURFHGXUHV LQWKLVPDQXDOFDQEHDGDSWHGWRFRORQLHVNHSWLQWZRGHHSV 7KHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKLVDSSHQGL[OLVWRQO\WKHPRGL¿FDWLRQVRIWKHWKUHHGHHSV\VWHPQHHGHGIRUWKH WZRGHHSV\VWHP 7DEOH4XDQWLW\RIKLYHHTXLSPHQWQHHGHGIRUHDFKFRORQ\NHSWLQWZRGHHSER[HV 2-Deep System 3-Deep System )HZHUEURRGER[HVWRKDQGOHIRU routine inspections 0RUHKRQH\IRUWKHEHHNHHSHU )HZHUER[HVDQGIUDPHVWRSXUFKDVH +HOSVUHGXFHVZDUPLQJSUREOHPV because provides more space for brood +HOSVHQVXUHFRORQ\KDVHQRXJKKRQH\IRU winter; more honey for the bees (DVLHUWRUHSODFHROGIUDPHV 0D\QHHGWREHIHGVXJDUV\UXSLQWKH fall to get to proper wintering weight +HDY\WROLIWWKHWRSER[DWHQGRIWKH VHDVRQDIXOOGHHSFDQZHLJKXSWROE PROS &216 Beekeeping in Northern Climates YEAR 1: 2-DEEP SYSTEM Summer 7KHRQO\PDQDJHPHQWGLIIHUHQFHGXULQJ\RXU¿UVWVXPPHULVLQVWHDGRIDGGLQJDWKLUGGHHSEURRGER[DGG KRQH\VXSHUVRYHUDTXHHQH[FOXGHUDIWHUWKHVHFRQGGHHSEURRGER[LVRFFXSLHGE\WKHEHHV6HHWKH UHOHYDQW¿JXUHVRQKRZWRKLYHDSDFNDJH )LJXUH RULQVWDOODQXF )LJXUH DQGPDQDJHWKHFRORQ\XVLQJ DGHHSV\VWHPWKURXJKRXWWKHVXPPHU )L J X U H      ' L D J U D P  R I  K L Y L Q J  D Q G  P D Q D J L Q J  D  F R O R Q \  V W D U W H G  D V  D S D F N D J H  D Q G  N H S W  X V L Q J  D    G H H S  V \ V W H P   < R X U  J R D O  W K L V  ¿ U V W  \ H DU  L V  W R  E X L O G  D  V W U R Q J    G H H S  F R O R Q \  I R U  Z L Q W H U L Q J  Beekeeping in Northern Climates )L J X U H      ' L D J U D P  R I  K L Y L Q J  D Q G  P D Q D J L Q J  D  F R O R Q \  V W D U W H G  D V  D Q X F  D Q G  N H S W  X V L Q J  D    G H H S  V \ V W H P   < R X U  J R D O  W K L V  ¿ U V W  \ H D U  L V W R  E X L O G  D  V W U R Q J     G H H S  F R O R Q \  I R U  Z L Q W H U L Q J  Beekeeping in Northern Climates Fall :KHWKHUNHSWLQWZRRUWKUHHGHHSER[HVFRORQLHVZLOOQHHGOERIKRQH\DVZHOODVIUDPHVZLWK SROOHQ$GHHSKLYHVKRXOGKDYHDJURVVZHLJKWRIOE Ɣ &RORQLHVNHSWLQGHHSVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRQHHGIDOOVXJDUV\UXSWKDQFRORQLHVNHSWLQGHHSV,I\RXU GHHSFRORQ\GRHVQRWKDYHDGHTXDWHKRQH\VWRUHVE\PLG6HSWHPEHU OE \RXFDQIHHGWKHP WRWU\WREULQJWKHPXSWRZHLJKW)HHGKHDY\V\UXS VXJDUV\UXS 6WRSDOOIHHGLQJVE\PLG2FWREHU EHFDXVHWKHEHHVZLOOOLNHO\QRWKDYHWLPHDIWHUWKDWGDWHWRFRQGHQVHDQGVWRUHWKHV\UXS ƔInstead of feeding syrup, it may be tempting to leave a super of honey on the colony for the winter for the bees. The problem with this is that the queen may start laying in the super come spring, and then WKDWER[ZLOOEHFRPHSDUWRIWKHEURRGQHVW$OVRKDYLQJGLIIHUHQWVL]HGER[HVLQWKHEURRGQHVWPHDQV WKDWIUDPHVFDQQRWEHLQWHUFKDQJHGDPRQJWKHER[HVZKLFKFDQOHDGWRPDQDJHPHQWGLI¿FXOWLHV 6HH WKH:RUGVRI:LVGRPRQ6XSHUVDUHIRU+RQH\2QO\RQSDJH  Ɣ $VZLWKGHHSFRORQLHVDYRLGIHHGLQJ\RXUEHHVEHWZHHQ1RYHPEHUDQG0DUFK2SHQLQJDFRORQ\ and disturbing it when temperatures are cold is not a good idea. Dry sugar or “winter patties” are not an HI¿FLHQWQRUHIIHFWLYHZD\WRVXVWDLQFRORQLHVLQQRUWKHUQFOLPDWHV,WLVHDVLHURQ\RXDQGKHDOWKLHUIRU WKHEHHVLIWKHFRORQ\VWRUHVVXI¿FLHQWKRQH\GXULQJWKHVXPPHUPRQWKVRUREWDLQVVXI¿FLHQWZLQWHULQJ ZHLJKWWKRXJKVXJDUV\UXSIHHGLQJE\PLG2FWREHU Ɣ :UDSFRORQLHVLQDEODFNSURWHFWLYHFRYHUPDGHRIFRUUXJDWHGSODVWLFWDUSDSHU )LJXUH RUD SXUFKDVHGVW\OHOLNHD&R]\<RXUDSLDU\VKRXOGEHZHOOSURWHFWHGIURPVWURQJZLQGV )LJXUH  )LJXUH:HOOSURWHFWHGZLQWHUHG FRORQLHVZUDSSHGZLWKEHH&R]\V SKRWRE\%URRNH1LNNLOD )LJXUH,GHDOZLQWHUDSLDU\VLWH Beekeeping in Northern Climates YEAR 2: 2-DEEP SYSTEM Spring &KHFNWRVHHLIWKHUHDUHIUDPHVRIEURRG FRPEVFRQWDLQLQJHJJVODUYDHDQGSXSDHRUERWKRSHQDQGVHDOHG EURRG LQWKHWRSER[,IVRFRQGXFWDUHYHUVDO VHH)LJXUH E\VZLWFKLQJWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHWZRKLYHER[HV WRHQFRXUDJHWKHEHHVWRH[SDQG,IWKHVHFRQGER[LV!VWRUHGKRQH\RULIWKHUHDUHEURRGIUDPHVLQ ERWKWKHWRSDQGERWWRPER[HVVNLSWKLVUHYHUVDO$OZD\VDYRLGVSOLWWLQJWKHEURRGQHVWZKLFKFRXOGOHDGWR the death of some brood from cold exposure if the temperatures drop and bees cannot cluster over brood in separate areas. Dividing a 2-Deep Colony Ɣ At least 4 days prior to the expected arrival of your queen, the brood should be divided into two DSSUR[LPDWHO\HTXDOSRUWLRQV+DOIRIWKHIUDPHVFRQWDLQLQJEURRGVKRXOGEHLQWKHWRSKLYHERG\DQG WKHRWKHUKDOIVKRXOGEHLQWKHERWWRPKLYHERG\ )LJXUH 7KHRXWHUIUDPHVVKRXOGFRQWDLQHTXDOL]HG amounts of food. Ɣ Place a queen excluder on the bottom box, then place the second brood box on top of the queen excluder. The queen excluder will isolate the queen in one of these two brood units. Ɣ )RXUGD\VODWHULQVSHFWWKHKLYHERGLHVWR¿QGHJJVThe box that contains eggs will also contain the queen,IHJJVDUHIRXQGLQWKHER[DERYHWKHH[FOXGHU\RXNQRZWKHTXHHQLVWKHWRSER[DQG WKHERWWRPER[LVXVHGWRPDNHDQHZGLYLGH,IHJJVDUHIRXQGLQWKHER[EHORZWKHH[FOXGHUWKHQWKH queen is in the bottom box and the top hive box is used for the divide. Ɣ Place the hive body that contains about half of the brood but noHJJV DQGQRTXHHQ RQDERWWRP board and hive stand at a new location within the apiary. This colony is called the “divide.” Ɣ 7KHER[WKDWFRQWDLQVWKHTXHHQ DVLQGLFDWHGE\WKHSUHVHQFHRIHJJV DQGWKHRWKHUKDOIRIWKHEURRG remains on the original bottom board and hive stand. This colony is called the “parent.” Ɣ /HWWKHGLYLGHVLWTXHHQOHVVIRUKRXUVEHIRUHDGGLQJDQHZFDJHGTXHHQXVLQJWKH³VORZUHOHDVH method.” )LJXUH'LDJUDPRIDGHHSV\VWHPUHYHUVDO'RQRWUHYHUVHLIWKHVHFRQGER[LV!VWRUHG honey or if there is brood in both boxes. Beekeeping in Northern Climates )L J X U H      ' L D J U D P  R I  G L Y L G L Q J  D  F R O R Q \  N H S W  X V L Q J  W K H    G H H S  V \V W H P   Beekeeping in Northern Climates Summer 7KHFRORQLHVVKRXOGEHEXLOWXSWR¿OOWKHLUWZRGHHSKLYHERGLHVDV\RXGLGZLWKSDFNDJHVDQGQXFVLQ<HDU $GGKRQH\VXSHUVRYHUDTXHHQH[FOXGHUZKHQWKHVHFRQGGHHSER[LVRFFXSLHGZLWKEHHV )LJXUH  )LJXUH6XPPHUPDQDJHPHQWRIFRORQLHVNHSWLQWKHGHHSV\VWHP Fall In the fall, the colonies should consist of two deep hive bodies and should be prepared for winter following WKHVDPHPHWKRGV\RXXVHGLQWKH¿UVW\HDU$VLQ<HDUWKHFRORQLHVPD\QRWEHKHDY\HQRXJKZLWKRXW DGGLWLRQDOIHHGLQJLQWKHIDOOHVSHFLDOO\LIWKH\DUHLQDGHHSFRQ¿JXUDWLRQMonitor the level of varroa mites. 0DQDJLQJWRNHHSPLWHOHYHOVEHORZWKUHVKROGLQWKHIDOOLQFUHDVHVWKHFRORQ\¶VFKDQFHRIVXUYLYLQJWKHZLQWHU Beekeeping in Northern Climates The queen bee is the most important member of a colony. If something happens to her and she is not VXFFHVVIXOO\UHSODFHGE\WKHEHHVRUEHHNHHSHUWKHFRORQ\ZLOOIDLO$VDEHHNHHSHULWLVLPSRUWDQWWR UHFRJQL]HZKHQWRLQWHUYHQHDQGZKHQLWLVEHWWHUWROHWWKHEHHV¿[WKHSUREOHPZLWKRXWLQWHUYHQWLRQ)LJXULQJ WKLVRXWFDQEHGLI¿FXOWHYHQIRUH[SHULHQFHGEHHNHHSHUVZKLFKLVZK\LWLVFRPPRQIRUEHHNHHSHUVWRWDON DERXWTXHHQ³SUREOHPV´³LVVXHV´RUTXHHQV³IDLOLQJ´+DYLQJDPHQWRULVLQYDOXDEOHDV\RXOHDUQWRLGHQWLI\ and resolve queen problems. 4XHHQEHHSUREOHPVFDQFRPHLQDQXPEHURIIRUPV<RXPD\KDYHSXUFKDVHGDSDFNDJHRIEHHV LQWURGXFHGWKHTXHHQDQGREVHUYHGKHUOD\LQJHJJVEHDXWLIXOO\IRUDIHZZHHNVEXWWKHQ³DOORIWKHVXGGHQ´ \RXVHHTXHHQFHOOVDQGQRHJJV<RXPD\KDYHDVWURQJFRORQ\WKDWVXUYLYHGZLQWHUDQG³DOORIWKHVXGGHQ´ WKH\VZDUP<RXPD\KDYHDTXHHQWKDWRYHUWLPHOD\VRQO\GURQHGHVWLQHGHJJV2U\RXPD\KDYHDFRORQ\ WKDWKDVEHHQZLWKRXWDTXHHQ ³TXHHQOHVV´ VRORQJWKDWVRPHRIWKHZRUNHUVVWDUWOD\LQJXQIHUWLOL]HGHJJV 7KHKDUGWUXWKLVWKDWTXHHQLVVXHVDFWXDOO\PD\EHGXHWRDQLQDGYHUWHQWDFWLRQE\WKHEHHNHHSHURUWRVRPH other problem within the colony. Queens often get blamed for circumstances out of their control. There are also issues that stem from the physiology and health of the queen herself. It used to be that many TXHHQEHHVOLYHG\HDUV,IDTXHHQZDVPDUNHGZLWKDGDERISDLQWRQKHUWKRUD[VKHFRXOGEHIRXQG ZLWKWKHVDPHPDUNDIWHUVHYHUDO\HDUV+RZHYHUPDQ\EHHNHHSHUVVD\WKDWWKLVLVQRORQJHUFRPPRQDV TXHHQVDUHQRWOLYLQJDVORQJDVWKH\XVHGWRDQGQRRQHNQRZVZK\5HVHDUFKHUVDUHWU\LQJWRVROYHWKH P\VWHU\E\LQYHVWLJDWLQJWKHHIIHFWVRISDWKRJHQVSHVWLFLGHUHVLGXHV IURPWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGSURGXFWV XVHGE\EHHNHHSHUVWRFRQWUROYDUURDPLWHV DQGRWKHUVWUHVVRUVOLNHH[SRVXUHWRH[WUHPHWHPSHUDWXUHV8QWLO ZHXQGHUVWDQGWKHURRWRIWKHSUREOHPLW¶VEHVWIRUHYHU\EHHNHHSHUWREHFRPHIDPLOLDUZLWKZD\VWRSURYLGH tender loving care to the most important female in your colony. IS YOUR COLONY QUEENRIGHT? Checklist QueenrightLVWKHEHHNHHSLQJWHUPIRUDFRORQ\WKDWKDVDQDSSDUHQWO\KHDOWK\TXHHQ7R¿JXUHRXWLI\RXU FRORQ\LVTXHHQULJKWLWLVEHVWWRWKLQNWKURXJKWKLVFKHFNOLVW :KDWVHDVRQLVLW"4XHHQVVWDUWOD\LQJHJJVLQODWHZLQWHUDQGUDPSXSHJJOD\LQJZKHQÀRZHUV bloom in late April and May. They continue to lay eggs all summer, but beginning in late September and into October, queens stop laying eggs for the winter. The colony will still be queenright but you PD\QRW¿QGDQ\HJJVLQODWHIDOO $UHWKHUHHJJV",IDFRPEZLWKLQWKHEURRGQHVWORRNVHPSW\XSRQ¿UVWJODQFHFKHFNDOLWWOHFORVHUWR VHHLIWKHUHDUHDFWXDOO\HJJVLQWKHFHOOV$GMXVWWKHIUDPHVRWKHVXQVKLQHVGRZQLQWRWKHFHOOV7KLV LVHDVLHVWLIWKHVXQLVVKLQLQJRQ\RXUEDFN,I\RXVHHRQHHJJSHUFHOOLQZRUNHUGLDPHWHUFHOOVWKHQ WKHTXHHQLVVRPHZKHUHLQWKHFRORQ\6RPHWLPHVLWWDNHVDZKLOHWRVHHWKHVPDOOHJJDWWKHERWWRP RIWKHFHOOEXWRQFH\RXVHHHJJV\RXZLOODOZD\VUHFRJQL]HWKHP2QHZD\WR¿QGHJJVLVWROHW\RXU eye scan over cells that contain small larvae. As your eye moves toward the edge of the comb, when \RXVWRSVHHLQJODUYDHWKHFHOOVQH[WWRWKHPZLOOOLNHO\FRQWDLQHJJV$QRWKHUWULHGDQGWUXHZD\WR¿QG HJJVLVWRKDYHDNHHQH\HGSHUVRQ FKLOGUHQDUHJUHDWDWWKLV ORRNIRU\RX,I\RXVHHROGHUODUYDHDQG pupae, but no eggs, the colony may not be queenright. Search other combs within the brood nest for HJJVWRFRQ¿UP ,I\RXFDQ¶W¿QGHJJVDQGWKLQN\RXUFRORQ\LVTXHHQOHVV\RXPD\RUPD\QRWEHULJKW%HIRUH\RX APPENDIX B: TROUBLESHOOTING QUEEN PROBLEMS Beekeeping in Northern Climates panic and buy a new queen, try placing a frame of eggs from another colony into the potentially queenless one. If the bees start building queen cells, then you were right. If they don't build queen cells, PD\EHWKHUHLVDYLUJLQLQWKHUHRUPD\EHWKHUHDUHHJJVWKDW\RXMXVWPLVVHGGXULQJ\RXUSUHYLRXV inspection. Sometimes young queens are “overly enthusiastic” and temporarily may lay more than one egg in a cell. These multiple eggs will be laid at the very bottom of the cell. In time, and as more comb is drawn JLYLQJKHUPRUHVSDFHWROD\VKHZLOOVWRSGRLQJWKLV+RZHYHULI\RXSHUVLVWHQWO\VHHPDQ\FHOOVZLWK PXOWLSOHHJJVDQGLIWKHHJJVDUHVFDWWHUHGDURXQGWKHFHOO VRPHWLPHVODLGRQWKHFHOOZDOOVLQVWHDGRI DWWKHERWWRPRIWKHFHOO WKHQLWLVOLNHO\WKHUHDUHOD\LQJZRUNHUVLQWKHFRORQ\,IVRVHHWKHVHFWLRQRQ ³/D\LQJZRUNHUV´EHORZ Are there queen cells"7KHSUHVHQFHRITXHHQFXSVRUTXHHQFHOOVGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\PHDQWKH colony is queenless. If you see queen cells, go to the “Queen cells” section below. 4.'RHVWKHEURRGORRN³ULJKW´"2QHFULWLFDOVNLOOWRGHYHORSDVDEHHNHHSHULVWRXQGHUVWDQGZKDW KHDOWK\EHHVDQGEURRGORRNOLNHLQRUGHUWRNQRZZKHQWKHEHHVRUEURRGGRQ¶WORRN³ULJKW´6HDOHG ZRUNHUEURRGORRNV³ULJKW´ZKHQWKHZD[FDSVDUHIDLUO\XQLIRUPDQGÀXVKZLWKWKHFRPE2QHFOHDUVLJQ WKDWWKHUHLVDSUREOHPLQWKHFRORQ\LVZKHQGURQHEURRGLVUHDUHGLQZRUNHUVL]HGFHOOV )LJXUH  6HHLQJGRPHVKDSHGZD[FDSSLQJVRYHUSXSDHLQZRUNHUVL]HFHOOVPHDQVWKHTXHHQLVDGURQHOD\HU RUWKDWWKHFRORQ\KDVOD\LQJZRUNHUV,IWKLVLVWKHFDVHVHHWKHVHFWLRQVEHORZFDOOHG³'URQHOD\HUV´ DQG³/D\LQJZRUNHUV´ )LJXUH+HDOWK\VHDOHGEURRGZLWK ZD[FDSVÀXVKZLWKWKHFRPEZLWKD VPDOOSDWFKRISHUIHFWO\¿QHGURQHEURRG LQGURQHEURRGVL]HGFHOOVLQWKHPLGGOH ULJKWVLGHRIWKHZRUNHUEURRG WRS DQG FRUQSXIIVKDSHGGRPHVRIGURQHEURRG LQZRUNHUVL]HGFHOOV ERWWRP  Beekeeping in Northern Climates Queen cells 2XUEHVWDGYLFHIRUQHZEHHNHHSHUVFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHDSSHDUDQFHRITXHHQFHOOVLV:KHQLQGRXEWGR nothing+RQH\EHHVNQRZEHVWKRZWRWDNHFDUHRIWKHLUTXHHQDQGFRORQ\LVVXHVVRRIWHQLWLVEHVWWROHW WKHPZRUNWKLQJVRXWRQWKHLURZQ2XUQH[WEHVWDGYLFHLVWR¿QGDQH[SHULHQFHGEHHNHHSHUWRKHOS\RX $FRORQ\PD\UHDUDQHZTXHHQXQGHURQHRIWKUHHLPSXOVHV3OHDVHUHIHUWRWKHVHFWLRQRQ³4XHHQ&HOOV´LQ WKHPDLQERG\RIWKLVPDQXDOIRUPRUHGHWDLOVWKHIROORZLQJLVDTXLFNVXPPDU\ Swarming is usually a sign of hive congestion and in nature is the mechanism by which a colony UHSURGXFHV1XPHURXVTXHHQFHOOVDUHIRXQGRIWHQRQWKHHGJHVRIWKHEURRGQHVWLQ0D\RU-XQHDQG WKHFRORQ\ZLOOEHFURZGHGZLWKEHHV<RXPD\RUPD\QRWREVHUYHHJJVEHFDXVHULJKWEHIRUHVZDUPLQJ the queen stops laying eggs. When colonies have the impulse to swarm and many queen cells are observed, destroying queen cells will only delay them from swarming, as the bees simply rear more queens. If a colony has already swarmed, destroying the queen cells leaves them without a new queen. SupersedureRFFXUVZKHQWKHTXHHQLVIDLOLQJWKHVSHUPLQKHUVSHUPDWKHFDLVGHSOHWHGDQG or dead, or she is damaged or diseased. The bees sense that the queen is failing and start raising queens. Supersedure queen cells can be found both on the face and lower edge of the combs. A supersedure event can happen any time from April through September. The original queen is usually SUHVHQWDQGOD\LQJHJJVZKLOHWKHEHHVUHDUDQHZTXHHQ6RPHWLPHVWKHHJJOD\LQJSDWWHUQRIDQROG TXHHQLVKDSKD]DUGDQGWKHFRORQ\PD\EHZHDN2WKHUWLPHVKHUHJJOD\LQJSDWWHUQVHHPVDGHTXDWH WRWKHEHHNHHSHUEXWDSSDUHQWO\QRWWRWKHEHHV EmergencyTXHHQUHDULQJRFFXUVZKHQWKHTXHHQLVVXGGHQO\UHPRYHGRUNLOOHG RIWHQDFFLGHQWDOO\ E\WKHEHHNHHSHU :KHQWKHZRUNHUVVHQVHWKDWWKHLUTXHHQLVPLVVLQJWKH\EHJLQUHDULQJQHZ TXHHQV%HFDXVHLWZLOOEHDIHZGD\VDIWHUWKHLUTXHHQZDVNLOOHGWKDWWKHZRUNHUVVWDUWUHDULQJQHZ TXHHQVWKH\ZLOOXVHWKH\RXQJHVWODUYDHDYDLODEOH DVRSSRVHGWRIUHVKO\ODLGHJJV  1HZEHHNHHSHUVRIWHQGHVWUR\TXHHQFHOOVEHIRUHWKH\NQRZWKHUHDVRQIRUWKHLUSUHVHQFHLQWKHKLYH,Q SDUWLFXODUQHZEHHNHHSHUVRIWHQIUHWRYHUWKHSUHVHQFHRITXHHQFXSV VHH)LJXUH 7KHSUHVHQFHRIWKHVH “play cups” do not indicate that the colony is trying to replace the queen. If a colony is rearing queens to supersede or replace an old or deceased queen, it is best to let the colony FRUUHFWLWVHOIXQWLO\RXDUHPRUHH[SHULHQFHG5HPHPEHUWKDWLWPD\WDNHZHHNVIRUDQHZTXHHQWR GHYHORSPDWHDQGEHJLQOD\LQJHJJV )LJXUH 3DWLHQFHLVUHTXLUHG)LQGDQH[SHULHQFHGEHHNHHSHUDQG DVNIRUKHOS Drone layers A drone layer is a queen that has run out of live sperm in her spermatheca. She lays eggs but, as they are QRWIHUWLOL]HGZLWKLQKHUWKH\DUHKDSORLGDQGGHYHORSLQWRGURQHV$GURQHOD\LQJTXHHQPD\OD\KHUGURQH GHVWLQHGHJJVLQZRUNHUFHOOVRQHHJJSHUFHOOEXWWKHGURQHODUYDRXWJURZVWKHFHOODVKHGHYHORSV7KH bees increase the length of the cells to accommodate the large drone larvae, and when the cells are sealed ZLWKZD[WKH\DUHSXII\UDWKHUWKDQÀXVKZLWKWKHFRPE$OVRWKHEURRGSDWWHUQPD\EHKDSKD]DUGZLWKGURQH EURRGVFDWWHUHGKHOWHUVNHOWHUDURXQGWKHFRPEV There are several remedies for this situation. ,IWKHFRORQ\LVSRSXORXVORFDWHDQGUHPRYHWKHGURQHOD\LQJTXHHQDQGLQWURGXFHDQHZTXHHQ XVLQJWKHVORZUHOHDVHPHWKRGGHVFULEHGLQWKHVHFWLRQFDOOHGµ³6ORZ5HOHDVH0HWKRG´IRU,QWURGXFLQJD 1HZ4XHHQWRD4XHHQOHVV&RORQ\¶ ,IWKHFRORQ\LVZHDNDQGKDVQRVLJQVRIGLVHDVHUHPRYHWKHGURQHOD\LQJTXHHQDQGFRPELQHLWRQ WRSRIDVWURQJTXHHQULJKWFRORQ\XVLQJWKHEHORZPHWKRGRIFRPELQLQJFRORQLHVZLWKQHZVSDSHU VHH EHORZIRULQVWUXFWLRQV  /HWWKHFRORQ\JR7KHGURQHVZLOOPDWXUHDQGSRVVLEO\PDWHZLWKDYLUJLQTXHHQIURPDQRWKHUFRORQ\ VHQGLQJWKHLUJHQHVLQWRDQHZJHQHUDWLRQ(YHQWXDOO\WKHFRORQ\ZLOOGLHZLWKQRZRUNHUVWRIHHGWKH GHYHORSLQJGURQHV<RXPD\VHHGURQHEURRGWKDWORRNVGLVHDVHGEXWWKH\DUHRIWHQG\LQJRIQHJOHFW Beekeeping in Northern Climates Combining colonies with newspaper 7KHUHLVDVLPSOHZD\WRFRPELQHDTXHHQOHVVDQGTXHHQULJKWFRORQ\WRJHWKHUQHZVSDSHU<RXFDQUHPRYH any queen cells from the queenless colony, and combine two colonies together, resulting in one colony rather WKDQWZR1HZVSDSHUDFWVDVDEDUULHUEHWZHHQWKHWZRFRORQLHVWROHWWKHZRUNHUVEHFRPHDFFXVWRPHGWR each other’s scent before being able to intermix. This reduces aggression between the two colonies. Before FRPELQLQJPDNHDEVROXWHO\VXUHWKDWWKHTXHHQOHVVFRORQ\GLGQRWEHFRPHZHDNHQHGGXHWRGLVHDVH,I\RX are unsure, do not combine the colonies or you could lose both. To combine using newspaper, remove the cover and inner cover of the queenright colony and place a sheet of newspaper directly on top of the frames, such that it covers the entire top of the colony. Use your hive tool to PDNHWKUHHVPDOOVOLWV VRVPDOODEHHFDQQRWJRWKURXJK LQWKHQHZVSDSHULQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHER[3ODFHWKH deep box containing the queenless colony on top of the newspaper, being careful that the newspaper doesn’t VKLIWRUWHDU3ODFHWKHLQQHUFRYHUDQGFRYHURYHUWKHWRSGHHSER[0DNHVXUHWKDWWKHTXHHQOHVVGHHSER[ KDVDQXQFRUNHGRSHQLQJVRWKDWWKHEHHVLQVLGHGRQRWVXIIRFDWH7KHEHHVZLOOVORZO\FKHZWKURXJKWKH QHZVSDSHUDQGPLQJOH'RQRWGLVWXUEWKHFRORQ\IRUGD\VWKHQSHUIRUPDQLQVSHFWLRQ Laying workers /D\LQJZRUNHUVDUHIRXQGLQD³KRSHOHVVO\TXHHQOHVV´FRORQ\WKDWLVRQHZLWKQRTXHHQDQGQR\RXQJODUYDH IURPZKLFKWKHZRUNHUVFDQUHDUDQHZTXHHQ)UHHIURPWKHSKHURPRQHLQÀXHQFHRIWKHTXHHQWKHUHVLGXDO RYDULHVLQVRPHZRUNHUVEHJLQWRGHYHORSHJJV7KHVHHJJVDUHXQIHUWLOL]HGDQGZLOOGHYHORSLQWRGURQHV /D\LQJZRUNHUVRIWHQOD\PXOWLSOHHJJVLQDVLQJOHFHOODQGEHFDXVHWKH\KDYHVKRUWHUDEGRPHQVWKH\RIWHQ OD\HJJVRQWKHFHOOZDOOVLQVWHDGRIRQWKHERWWRPRIDFHOOOLNHDTXHHQZRXOG )LJXUH /D\LQJZRUNHUVWDNH RQTXHHQDLUHVWKH\HPLWVRPHTXHHQSKHURPRQHVDQGZLOONLOODUHDOTXHHQLILQWURGXFHGLQWRWKHFRORQ\DV WKH\SHUFHLYHDUHDOTXHHQDVDULYDO,WLVVRPHWLPHVSRVVLEOHWKRXJKH[WUHPHO\GLI¿FXOWWRUHTXHHQDOD\LQJ ZRUNHUFRORQ\2XUEHVWDGYLFHLVWROHWWKHZRUNHUODLGGURQHVWU\WRVHQGWKHLUJHQHVLQWRWKHQH[WJHQHUDWLRQ %LRORJLFDOO\VSHDNLQJZRUNHUVVWDUWOD\LQJHJJVLQD³KRSHOHVVO\TXHHQOHVVFRORQ\´DVDODVWGLWFKHIIRUWWR perpetuate their genes. Eventually, the colony will die off and the combs can be reused. )LJXUH(JJVODLGE\DTXHHQORRNOLNHOLWWOHULFHJUDLQVVWXFNWRWKHERWWRPRIWKHFHOO OHIWSKRWRE\-XG\*ULHVHGLHFN DQGPXOWLSOH HJJVLQVLQJOHFHOOVODLGE\OD\LQJZRUNHUV ULJKW  Beekeeping in Northern Climates HOW TO FIND THE QUEEN IN YOUR COLONY 7DNH\RXUWLPH)LQGLQJWKHTXHHQLVOLNHDWUHDVXUHKXQW3ODQRQLWWDNLQJVRPHWLPH Be systematic to avoid a “goose chase.” Separate each box of your colony and place each on an LQGLYLGXDOVWDQG ERWWRPERDUGLQYHUWHGWHOHVFRSLQJFRYHUHPSW\ER[RUDKLYHVWDQG)LJXUH 7KLV way, as you search through one box, the queen can’t move into another box, leading you on a wild goose chase. Remove the end frame from one box and inspect both sides of the frame carefully for the TXHHQ,IVKHLVQRWIRXQGSODFHWKHIUDPHRQHQGRXWVLGHRIWKHER[ )LJXUH ,QVSHFWWKHVHFRQG IUDPHDQGLIVKHLVQRWIRXQGWKHUHHLWKHUSODFHLWRXWVLGHWKHER[QH[WWRWKH¿UVWIUDPH3URFHHGWR search the remaining frames, one by one, but rather than setting them outside the box when done, VOLGHWKHPRYHUWRZKHUHWKH¿UVWWZRIUDPHVZHUHORFDWHG7KLVHI¿FLHQWSURFHGXUHJLYHV\RXURRPWR remove each frame without damaging the bees and limits your chances of having to inspect the same frames twice. An alternative is to move each frame, one by one, into an entirely different brood box. 7KLVLVDSDUWLFXODUO\JRRGLGHDLI\RXQHHGWRUHSODFHRUUHSDLQWDZRUQER[$OZD\VORRNIRUWKHTXHHQ on the sides of the box, bottom board, and inner cover. .HHSDWDOO\DQGWUDLQ\RXUH\H3D\DWWHQWLRQWRWKHFRQWHQWVRIHDFKFRPEDV\RXVHDUFKNHHSLQJ DWDOO\LQ\RXUPLQG5HPHPEHUWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQRIWKHFRORQ\*HQHUDOO\WKHTXHHQZLOOEHVRPHZKHUH in the brood nest, often on a comb that has emerging brood and empty cells for her to lay eggs into. If a comb is full of honey, sealed brood, or older larvae she may not be there because there are no places WROD\HJJV%XWGRQ¶WFRXQWRQKHUIROORZLQJWKHVHUXOHVVKHKDVOHJVDQGPD\VFXUU\WRWKHRXWHUPRVW IUDPHVRUKLGGHQFRUQHUVZKHQWKHFRORQ\LVGLVWXUEHG7UDLQ\RXUH\HWRORRNIRUVRPHWKLQJGLIIHUHQW e.g., a difference in the type of movement or pattern of bees on the comb; a small clearing of bees with RQHUR\DOEHHSURXGO\ZDONLQJWKURXJKLW/HW\RXUH\HVVFDQRYHUHDFKFRPEZLWKRXWWU\LQJWRIRFXVRQ each and every bee. It’s always great to have another set of eyes, so after you scan a frame you can KDQGLWWR\RXUEXGG\IRUDQRWKHUORRN 4. Stop while you're ahead:HKDYHDUXOHVWRSORRNLQJDIWHU\RXKDYHVHDUFKHGHYHU\IUDPHDQG VXUIDFHLQWKHFRORQ\WZLFH&DUHIXOO\UHDVVHPEOHWKHFRORQ\DQGWU\DJDLQDQRWKHUGD\%\WKHWKLUG search the queen has often moved to a hidden location where she might get accidently smashed. We NQRZWKLVIURPWKHVFKRRORIKDUGNQRFNV 7KHUHVKHLV1RZZKDW":KHQ\RX¿QGKHUFHOHEUDWHEXWGRQ¶WWDNH\RXUH\HVRIIRIKHU6RPH TXHHQVSUHIHUWRVFDPSHUDQGKLGHLQDGDUNFRUQHUUDWKHUWKDQEHLQWKHVSRWOLJKW$WWKLVSRLQW\RXFDQ VLPSO\DGPLUHKHUSDW\RXUVHOIRQWKHEDFNDQGFDUHIXOO\UHDVVHPEOHWKHFRORQ\<RXFDQPDUNKHUZLWK DGDERISDLQWPDNLQJLWDELWHDVLHUWRVHHKHU\RXUQH[WWLPHWKURXJK2UUHPRYHKHULI\RXUJRDOLVWR LQWURGXFHDQHZTXHHQ'RQRWEHGLVFRXUDJHGLI\RXGRQ¶W¿QGKHU)LQGLQJWKHTXHHQLVDKDUGWDVN 7KHPRUH\RXSUDFWLFH¿QGLQJKHUWKHHDVLHUVKHLVWRVSRW )LJXUH7RVHDUFKIRUWKHTXHHQVHW RQHER[RQDGLIIHUHQWVWDQGDQGORRN through each box individually. Set the ¿UVWRQHRUWZRIUDPHV\RXUHPRYHIURP a brood box on their ends outside the colony in order to create more room to pull out subsequent frames when going WKURXJKWKHKLYHOLNHWKHIUDPHQH[WWR WKHOHIWNQHHRIWKHZRPDQLQMHDQV Beekeeping in Northern Climates MARKING YOUR QUEEN Purchase enamel paint(QDPHOEDVHGSDLQWVGU\TXLFNO\KDYHUHODWLYHO\OLWWOHRGRUDQGFDQODVWRQ WKHTXHHQIRUDORQJWLPH3XUFKDVHDSDLQWSHQ VROGE\EHHNHHSLQJVXSSO\FRPSDQLHV WKDWFRQWDLQV HQDPHOEDVHGSDLQWRU7HVWRU¶VHQDPHOSDLQWVWKDWFRPHLQVPDOOERWWOHVIRUSDLQWLQJPRGHODLUSODQHV &RORUVWKDWVKRZXSEHVW DQGORRNJUHDWRQWKHTXHHQ DUHZKLWHJUHHQEOXHUHGRU\HOORZ7RDLGLQ NHHSLQJWUDFNRITXHHQDJHWKHUHLVDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOV\VWHPRIPDUNLQJTXHHQVE\WKHODVWGLJLWRIWKH \HDU\HDUVHQGLQJLQRUDUHZKLWH\HDUVHQGLQJLQRUDUH\HOORZ\HDUVHQGLQJLQRUDUHUHG \HDUVHQGLQJLQRUDUHJUHHQDQG\HDUVHQGLQJLQRUDUHEOXH Practice painting drones. Remember, drones don’t sting. Remove a frame from your colony that has adult drone bees on it and get comfortable. Without gloves, lift a drone from the comb by placing your ¿QJHUVJHQWO\DURXQGWKHWKRUD[ PLGGOHVHFWLRQRIWKHEHHZKHUHWKHZLQJVDQGOHJVDWWDFK 'RQRW JUDEWKHDEGRPHQWKHVRIWSDUWRIWKHERG\DVWKLVFDQGDPDJHWKHEHH3UDFWLFHRUJDQL]LQJ\RXUVHOI so you can apply a dab of paint on the center of the drone’s thorax with one hand while holding him with WKHRWKHU:KHQ\RXKDYHSHUIHFWHGWKLVWHFKQLTXHPRYHWRWKHQH[WSUDFWLFHVWHSSDLQWLQJZRUNHUV 7U\SDLQWLQJZRUNHUV7U\SLFNLQJXSDZRUNHUE\WKHWKRUD[SDLQWLQJKHUDQGUHSODFLQJKHUEDFNRQ WKHFRPE,WLVWRWDOO\SRVVLEOHWROLIWDQGKDQGOHZRUNHUEHHVZLWKRXWJHWWLQJVWXQJ,WPDNHVIRUDJUHDW SDUW\WULFN:LWKSUDFWLFHLWLVHDV\DQGLVDQH[FHOOHQWZD\WRJDLQFRQ¿GHQFHLQ\RXUEHHNHHSLQJVNLOOV 4. Paint the queen:KHQ\RXKDYHSHUIHFWHGWKHDUWRIPDUNLQJGURQHVDQGDIHZZRUNHUV\RXZLOO¿QG WKDWPDUNLQJWKHTXHHQLVDSLHFHRIFDNH5HPHPEHUWRKROGKHUZLWKRXWVTXHH]LQJDQGRQO\DURXQG WKHWKRUD[QRWWKHDEGRPHQ$YRLGSDLQWLQJKHUZLQJVRUH\HV,I\RXUKDQGVDUHWUHPEOLQJWDNHDGHHS EUHDWKDQGVORZGRZQ<RXFDQGRLW INTRODUCING A NEW QUEEN To introduce a new queen to a queenless colony, see the instructions in the section called “Slow Release 0HWKRGIRU,QWURGXFLQJD1HZ4XHHQWRD4XHHQOHVV&RORQ\´ Beekeeping in Northern Climates CLASSES 7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWDRIIHUVDGGLWLRQDOFODVVHVRQEHHVDQGEHHNHHSLQJLQFOXGLQJKDQGVRQEHHNHHSHU mentoring. The list of offerings is on our website www.BeeLab.umn.edu, where updated information will be listed. COMPANION VIDEO 9LHZWKHFRPSDQLRQYLGHRIRU%HHNHHSLQJLQ1RUWKHUQ&OLPDWHV)LUVW(GLWLRQDW=XPQHGXEQFYLGHR BEEKEEPING BOOKS 7KLVOLVWRIERRNVLVDOVRRQRXUZHEVLWHZKHUHQHZERRNVZLOOEHOLVWHGDW=XPQHGXEHHUHDG Beginning Books 7KHIROORZLQJWKUHHERRNVFRQWDLQEDVLFLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWLVODUJHO\GXSOLFDWHGIURPERRNWRERRN7KXVRQH RIWKHVHERRNVZLOOFRYHUPXFKRIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLQDOORIWKHP,I\RXSXUFKDVHDEHJLQQHU VNLWRQHRIWKHVH ERRNVLVXVXDOO\LQFOXGHG1RQHSURYLGHLQGHSWKPDQDJHPHQWSURFHGXUHV 'DGDQW&3)LUVW/HVVRQVLQ%HHNHHSLQJ.'DGDQWDQG6RQV,QF+DPLOWRQ,OOSS .HOO\:7+RZWR.HHS%HHVDQG6HOO+RQH\.:DOWHU7.HOO\&R&ODUNVRQ.\ 5RRW$&6WDUWLQJ5LJKWZLWK%HHV.WK(G$&5RRW&R0HGLQD2KLRSS Popular Books %ODFNLVWRQ+%HHNHHSLQJIRU'XPPLHV. 2QG(G.:LOH\3XEOLVKLQJ+RERNHQ1-5HYLHZVWKHWRROVRI the WUDGHLQFOXGLQJFRPSOHWHLQVWUXFWLRQVIRUEXLOGLQJDQGPDLQWDLQLQJEHHKLYHVRIIHUVGHWDLOHGDQGHDV\WR IROORZJXLGHOLQHVIRUDOOSKDVHVRIKRQH\SURGXFWLRQLQFOXGLQJKDUYHVWLQJERWWOLQJSDFNDJLQJDQGPDUNHWLQJ your honey and much more. &RQUDG5RVV1DWXUDO%HHNHHSLQJ2UJDQLF$SSURDFKHVWR0RGHUQ$SLFXOWXUH&KHOVHD*UHHQ 3XEOLVKLQJ:KLWH5LYHU-XQFWLRQ9HUPRQW7KLVLVDWKRURXJKERRNWKDWSURPRWHVVRXQGPDQDJHPHQW practices, not too different from our own. *UDKDP-0 HG 7KH+LYHDQGWKH+RQH\%HH'DGDQWDQG6RQV,QFSS(DFKFKDSWHULV ZULWWHQE\DVSHFLDOLVW7KHERRNZDVFRPSOHWHO\UHYLVHGLQDQGUHYLVHGDJDLQLQ,WKDVYDOXHERWK DVDWH[WDQGDUHIHUHQFHERRN7KHFKDSWHUVRQDQDWRP\DQGSK\VLRORJ\DUHSUHWW\KHDY\UHDGLQJIRUWKH OD\PDQ%HDZDUHWKDWROGHUHGLWLRQVDUHRXWRIGDWHIRUFRQWURORIEHHGLVHDVHV,I\RXZDQWDVLQJOHERRNWKDW provides widely usable information, this may be the best available. +XEEHOO6XHA Book of Bees5DQGRP+RXVH1HZ<RUNSS7KLVERRNKDVLQVSLUHGPDQ\SHRSOH WREHFRPHEHHNHHSHUV+XEEHOO VZRQGHUIXOQDUUDWLYHLVHGXFDWLRQDODQGHQWHUWDLQLQJ7KLVLVDERRN\RXKDQG WR\RXUIULHQGVDQGQHLJKERUVZKHQWKH\DVNDERXW\RXUEHHV 1RUGKDXV+7KH%HHNHHSHU¶V/DPHQW+RZ2QH0DQDQG+DOID%LOOLRQ+RQH\%HHV+HOS)HHG America.+DUSHU1HZ<RUN+LJKO\UHFRPPHQGHGIRUDQLQGHSWKIXQQ\DQGSRLJQDQWYLHZRIFRPPHUFLDO EHHNHHSLQJLQWKH86$PXVWUHDG APPENDIX C: ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Beekeeping in Northern Climates 5RRW$,+DUPRQ$6KLPDQXNL+)ORWWXP.&ROOLVRQ&7HZ-%HUU\-'HODSODQH. HGV 7KH$%&  ;<=RI%HH&XOWXUH (G $,5RRW&RPSDQ\0HGLQD2+SS$%&¶V is a compendium of information DUUDQJHGLQDOSKDEHWLFDORUGHUIRUTXLFNUHIHUHQFH,WLVDOLWWOHGLI¿FXOWWRXVHLIRQHLVLQWHUHVWHGLQPDQDJHPHQW RQO\+RZHYHULWLVDWUHDVXUHER[RIROGDQGKLVWRULFDOLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWEHHNHHSLQJ 6DPPDWDUR'$YLWDELOH$7KH%HHNHHSHU¶V+DQGERRN. 4th(G.&RPVWRFN3XEOLVKLQJ$VVRFLDWHV &RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV,WKDFD1</RWVRIJRRGDQGXVHUIULHQGO\LQIRUPDWLRQWKDWZLOOEHPRVWXVHIXOWR H[SHULHQFHGEHHNHHSHUV 6HHOH\7'Honeybee Democracy3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV3ULQFHWRQ$QDPD]LQJUHDGDERXWKRZ KRQH\EHHFRORQLHVPDNHFROOHFWLYHGHFLVLRQVZLWKQRFHQWUDODXWKRULW\$PXVWUHDG :LQVWRQ07KH%LRORJ\RIWKH+RQH\%HH.+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJH7KLVLVDZRQGHUIXO UHIHUHQFHRQWKHELRORJ\RIKRQH\EHHV7KLVLVQRWDVRXUFHRIEHHNHHSLQJLQIRUPDWLRQUDWKHULWLVDQ H[WHQVLYH\HWYHU\UHDGDEOHDFFRXQWRIWKHQDWXUDOKLVWRU\RIKRQH\EHHV/D\PHQDQGVFLHQWLVWVDOLNHZLOO appreciate Winston's comfortable writing style. Older Texts of Interest to Beekeepers &UDQH(7KH:RUOG+LVWRU\RI%HHNHHSLQJDQG+RQH\+XQWLQJ5RXWOHGJH1HZ<RUNSS )UHH-%,QVHFW3ROOLQDWLRQRI&URSV$FDGHPLF3UHVVSS )ULVFK.DUOYRQ7KH'DQFH/DQJXDJHDQG2ULHQWDWLRQRI%HHV.7KH%HONQDS3UHVVRI+RZDUG83UHVV SS )ULVFK.DUOYRQUHYBees7KHLU9LVLRQ&KHPLFDO6HQVHVDQG/DQJXDJH.&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV pp. /DLGODZ+/3DJH5(-U4XHHQ5HDULQJDQG%HH%UHHGLQJ:LFZDV3UHVV&RQQHFWLFXWSS /RYHOO+DUYH\%+RQH\3ODQWV0DQXDO.$&5RRW&RSS 0F*UHJRU6(,QVHFW3ROOLQDWLRQRI&XOWLYDWHG&URS3ODQWV.$J+DQGERRN1R6XSWRI'RFXPHQWV SS 0RUVH5$+RRSHU77KH,OOXVWUDWHG(QF\FORSHGLDRI%HHNHHSLQJ.(3'XWWRQ,QFSS 3HOOHW)&$PHULFDQ+RQH\3ODQWV'DGDQWDQG6RQV,QFSS 5LEEDQGV5%HKDYLRUDQG6RFLDO/LIHRI+RQH\%HHV. Bee Research Assoc., Ltd. 6SLYDN0)OHWFKHU'-&%UHHG0' HGV The "African" Honey Bee:HVWYLHZ3UHVV%RXOGHU :LQVWRQ0.LOOHU%HHV7KH$IULFDQL]HG+RQH\%HHLQWKH$PHULFDV+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV &DPEULGJH BEEKEEPING ASSOCIATIONS 7KHOLVWRIDVVRFLDWLRQVLVDOVRRQRXUZHEVLWHZKHUHXSGDWHGLQIRUPDWLRQZLOOEHOLVWHG ]XPQHGXEHHNHHSLQJDVVRFLDWLRQV Beekeeping in Northern Climates 7KHVHDUHWHUPVWKDWDUHFRPPRQO\XVHGLQEHHNHHSLQJ7KH\PD\RUPD\QRWEHIRXQGLQWKLVPDQXDO AIWHUVZDUPDVHFRQGVZDUP RIWHQVPDOOHU WKDWOHDYHVDFRORQ\IROORZLQJWKHLQLWLDOVZDUP7KHDIWHUVZDUP often contains a recently emerged virgin queen. $PHULFDQIRXOEURRG $)% DQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHRILPPDWXUHKRQH\EHHVFDXVHGE\WKHEDFWHULXP 3DHQLEDFLOOXVODUYDH. $SLDU\DSODFHZKHUHEHHVDUHNHSWDOVRFDOOHGD³\DUG´ $SLFXOWXUHEHHNHHSLQJ BDOOLQJWKHFOXVWHULQJRIEHHVWLJKWO\DURXQGDTXHHQEHHXVXDOO\LQDQDWWHPSWWRNLOOKHU %DFLOOXVODUYDHROGQDPHIRU3DHQLEDFLOOXVODUYDH, the causative agent of American Foulbrood. %HHEUXVKDVRIWEULVWOHGEUXVKXVHGIRUUHPRYLQJEHHVIURPFRPEV %HHHVFDSHDPHWDORUSODVWLFWXEHWKURXJKZKLFKEHHVFDQPRYHLQRQO\RQHGLUHFWLRQ %HHVSDFHDó´WRǪ´VSDFHWKURXJKZKLFKDEHHFDQPRYHIUHHO\WKHVSDFHEHWZHHQWKHIUDPHVDQG exterior parts of a hive. Bees will not build comb in it or seal it with propolis, thereby allowing the frames to be removed easily. %HHYHLODZLUHVFUHHQRUFORWKHQFORVXUHZRUQRYHUWKHKHDGDQGQHFNDVSURWHFWLRQIURPEHHVWLQJV %HHVZD[DVXEVWDQFHVHFUHWHGIURPJODQGVRQWKHEHH VDEGRPHQWKDWLVXVHGWRFRQVWUXFWFRPE %RDUGPDQIHHGHUVHHHQWUDQFHIHHGHU %RWWRPERDUGWKHÀRRURIDKLYH %UDFHFRPEFRPEEXLOWEHWZHHQFRPEVDQGRUEHWZHHQFRPEVDQGZDOOVRIKLYHERGLHVDQGKRQH\VXSHUV %URRGFKDPEHUWKHSDUWRIWKHKLYHLQZKLFK\RXQJEHHVDUHUHDUHG,WPD\LQFOXGHRQO\SDUWRIRQHFRPERU many combs. %XUUFRPEVPDOOSLHFHVRIFRPEEXLOWDORQJWKHHGJHVRIIUDPHVDQGRWKHUSDUWVRIWKHKLYH CDSSLQJVWKHWKLQZD[FDSVEHHVVHDORYHUFHOOVRIEURRGRUKRQH\ZLWK &DUQLRODQEHHDGDUNKRQH\EHHVXEVSHFLHVRULJLQDWLQJLQVRXWKHDVWHUQ(XURSH$SLVPHOOLIHUDFDUQLFD. &DVWHVWKHGLIIHUHQWIRUPVRIDGXOWIHPDOHEHHVLQDFRORQ\ZRUNHUVDQGTXHHQV GLOSSARY OF COMMONLY USED WORDS IN BEEKEEPING Beekeeping in Northern Climates &DXFDVLDQEHHDGDUNKRQH\EHHVXEVSHFLHVRULJLQDWLQJLQWKH&DXFDVXV$SLVPHOOLIHUDFDXFDVLFD &HOODVLQJOHKH[DJRQVKDSHGFRPSDUWPHQWLQDKRQH\FRPE &KXQNKRQH\DSLHFHRUSLHFHVRIFRPEKRQH\SDFNHGLQDMDUZLWKH[WUDFWHGOLTXLGKRQH\ &OHDQVLQJÀLJKWEHHÀLJKWDIWHUDSHULRGRIFRQ¿QHPHQWWRGLVSRVHRIIHFHVRUERG\ZDVWHV &RORQ\DQHQWLUHKRQH\EHHIDPLO\RUVRFLDOXQLWOLYLQJWRJHWKHULQDKLYHRURWKHUVKHOWHU &RPEDEHHVZD[VWUXFWXUHFRPSRVHGRIWZROD\HUVRIKRUL]RQWDOFHOOVVKDULQJWKHLUEDVHV,QPDQDJHG FRORQLHVWKHHZRUGVFRPEDQGIUDPHDUHRIWHQXVHGLQWHUFKDQJHDEO\)RUH[DPSOHDIUDPHRIEURRGLVWKH same as a comb of brood. &RPEIRXQGDWLRQDVKHHWRIEHHVZD[HPERVVHGRQHDFKVLGHZLWKWKHFHOOSDWWHUQ6RPHIRXQGDWLRQVDUH plastic or with a plastic base. &RPEKRQH\KRQH\VHDOHGLQWKHFRPELQZKLFKLWZDVSURGXFHGDOVRFDOOHGVHFWLRQFRPEKRQH\ZKHQ SURGXFHGLQWKLQZRRGHQRUSODVWLFIUDPHVFDOOHGVHFWLRQVDQGEXONFRPEKRQH\ZKHQSURGXFHGLQVKDOORZ IUDPHV³&XWFRPEKRQH\´LVZKHQDSRUWLRQRIFRPEKRQH\LVFXWIURPDODUJHUFRPE &RXPDSKRVDQRUJDQRSKRVSKDWHSHVWLFLGH PLWLFLGH XVHGWRWUHDWFRORQLHVIRUYDUURDPLWHVDQGVPDOOKLYH EHHWOHVDFWLYHLQJUHGLHQWLQ&KHFN0LWHŠ &UHDPHGKRQH\¿QHO\JUDQXODWHGKRQH\WKDWKDVKDGWKHFU\VWDOOL]DWLRQSURFHVVFDUHIXOO\FRQWUROOHGVRWKDW the product has the texture of creamy butter. DHDGRXWDFRORQ\WKDWKDVGLHG. 'LYLGHVSOLWWLQJDFRORQ\LQWRWZRRUPRUHFRORQLHVDOVRFDOOHG³VSOLWWLQJ´ 'LYLVLRQERDUGIHHGHUDZDWHUSURRISODVWLFRUZRRGHQV\UXSFRQWDLQHUWKHVL]HRIDIUDPHXVHGWRIHHGEHHV ZLWKLQWKHKLYH QRWUHFRPPHQGHG  'UDZWRVKDSHDQGEXLOGDVWRGUDZFRPE 'UDZQFRPEDFRPERIZD[FRQVWUXFWHGRQDVKHHWRIIRXQGDWLRQ 'ULSWUD\DZRRGHQWUD\XVHGIRUVWDFNLQJVXSHUVDIWHUWKH\DUHSXOOHGRIIDFRORQ\,WFROOHFWVKRQH\GULSVDQG can help prevent robbing. 'ULIWLQJWKHUHWXUQRI¿HOGEHHVWRFRORQLHVRWKHUWKDQWKHLURZQ 'URQHOD\HUDTXHHQWKDWLVXQDEOHWROD\IHUWLOL]HGHJJVEHFDXVHRIDIDLOXUHWRPDWHRUODFNRIVXI¿FLHQWYLDEOH VSHUPDWR]RDDTXHHQZKRVHHJJVSURGXFHGURQHVLQZRUNHUFHOOV '\VHQWHU\DPDODG\RIDGXOWEHHVPDUNHGE\DQDFFXPXODWLRQRIH[FHVVIHFHVRUZDVWHSURGXFWVDQGE\LWV release in and near the hive. Beekeeping in Northern Climates EQWUDQFHIHHGHUDZRRGHQUXQZD\WKDW¿WVLQWRWKHKLYHHQWUDQFHVRWKDWEHHVPD\REWDLQV\UXSIURPDMDU LQYHUWHGLQWRLW QRWUHFRPPHQGHG  (SLJHQHWLFFKDQJHVWKDWDULVHIURPWKHLQÀXHQFHRIHQYLURQPHQWDOIDFWRUVRQJHQHH[SUHVVLRQ (XURSHDQIRXOEURRG ()% DQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHRILPPDWXUHKRQH\EHHVFDXVHGE\WKHEDFWHULXP 0HOLVRFRFFXVSOXWRQLRXV. ([FOXGHU TXHHQH[FOXGHU DWKLQJULGRIZLUHZRRGDQGZLUHVKHHWSODVWLFRUVKHHW]LQFZLWKVSDFHVRUKROHV ODUJHHQRXJKIRUZRUNHUVWRSDVVWKURXJKEXWQRWTXHHQVRUGURQHV,WLVXVHGEHWZHHQKLYHERGLHVWRFRQ¿QH queens to one part of a hive. ([WHQGHUSDWW\DFRPELQDWLRQRIYHJHWDEOHVKRUWHQLQJVXJDUDQGR[\WHWUDF\FOLQHXVHGDVDVORZUHOHDVH formulation for prevention and treatment of AFB. Also used to treat tracheal mites. The grease disrupts the DELOLW\RIWKHWUDFKHDOPLWHVWRHQWHUWKHWUDFKHDOWXEHV 1RWUHFRPPHQGHGZLWKR[\WHWUDF\FOLQHIRU$)% FRQWURO $OVRVHHJUHDVHSDWW\ ([WUDFWHGKRQH\OLTXLGKRQH\UHPRYHGIURPWKHFRPEE\PHDQVRIDQH[WUDFWRURURWKHUPHWKRGVRI separation. ([WUDFWRU KRQH\H[WUDFWRU DKDQGRUSRZHUGULYHQGHYLFHWKDWUHPRYHVKRQH\IURPWKHFRPEE\FHQWULIXJDO force. FLHOGEHH IRUDJHU ZRUNHUEHHWKDWFROOHFWVQHFWDUSROOHQZDWHUDQGRUSURSROLVDWORFDWLRQVRXWVLGHWKHKLYH )OXYDOLQDWHDS\UHWKURLGSHVWLFLGH PLWLFLGH XVHGWRWUHDWIRUYDUURDPLWHVDFWLYHLQJUHGLHQWLQ$SLVWDQŠ )O\ZD\EDUULHUDVWUXFWXUH ZDOOIHQFHVKUXEHWF WKDWEHHVZLOOÀ\XSDQGRYHUUHGXFLQJWKHOLNHOLKRRGRIWKH EHHVÀ\LQJLQWRSHRSOHRUDQLPDOVRQWKHRWKHUVLGH )RUPLFDFLGDSHVWLFLGH PLWLFLGH XVHGWRWUHDWFRORQLHVIRUYDUURDPLWHVDFWLYHLQJUHGLHQWLQ0LWH$ZD\4XLFN 6WULSVŠDQG)RUPLF3URŠ )RXOEURRGDJHQHUDOQDPHIRULQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHVRILPPDWXUHEHHVWKDWFDXVHWKHPWRGLHDQGWKHLUUHPDLQV to smell bad. The term most often refers to American foulbrood. See also American foulbrood and European foulbrood. )RXQGDWLRQVHHFRPEIRXQGDWLRQ )UDPHDZRRGHQUHFWDQJOHWKDWVXUURXQGVWKHFRPEDQGKDQJVZLWKLQWKHKLYH,WPD\EHUHIHUUHGWRDVD +RIIPDQ/DQJVWURWKRUVHOIVSDFLQJIUDPHEHFDXVHRIVL]HGLIIHUHQFHVDQGZLGWKRIHQGEDUVWKDWSURYLGHD EHHVSDFHEHWZHHQWKHFRPEV7KHZRUGVIUDPHDQGFRPEDUHRIWHQXVHGLQWHUFKDQJHDEO\IRUH[DPSOHD comb of brood is the same as a frame of brood. GUDQXODWHGKRQH\KRQH\LQZKLFKFU\VWDOVRIDVXJDU GH[WURVH KDYHIRUPHG *UDQXODWLRQWKHIRUPDWLRQRIVXJDU GH[WURVH FU\VWDOVLQKRQH\ *UHDVHSDWW\$FRPELQDWLRQRIYHJHWDEOHVKRUWHQLQJDQGVXJDUXVHGWRWUHDWWUDFKHDOPLWHV7KHJUHDVH disrupts the ability of the tracheal mites to enter the tracheal tubes. See also extender patty. Beekeeping in Northern Climates HLYHDZRRGHQRURWKHUFRQWDLQHULQZKLFKDKRQH\EHHFRORQ\OLYHV +LYHERG\DVLQJOHZRRGHQER[RUVKHOOWKDWKROGVDVHWRIIUDPHV:KHQXVHGIRUWKHEURRGQHVWLWLVFDOOHGD brood chamber; when used above the brood nest for honey storage, it is called a super. +LYHFRYHUWKHURRIRUOLGRIDKLYH +LYHWRRODPHWDOEDUXVHGWRORRVHQIUDPHVDQGWRVHSDUDWHWKHSDUWVRIDKLYH +LYHGSDFNDJHVDSDFNDJHRIEHHVWKDWKDVEHHQLQVWDOOHGLQDKLYHER[ZLWKIUDPHV +RQH\DVZHHWYLVFRXVÀXLGSURGXFHGE\KRQH\EHHVIURPQHFWDUFROOHFWHGIURPÀRZHUVHYDSRUDWHGDQG stored as food. +RQH\ÀRZ,QDFFXUDWHEXWFRPPRQWHUPIRUQHFWDUÀRZVHHQHFWDUÀRZ +RSEHWDDFLGVDSHVWLFLGH PLWLFLGH XVHGWRWUHDWFRORQLHVIRUYDUURDPLWHVDFWLYHLQJUHGLHQWLQ+RS*XDUGŠ products. +RXVHEHHD\RXQJZRUNHUEHHGD\WRZHHNVROGWKDWZRUNVRQO\LQVLGHWKHKLYH +\EULGEHHVWKHRIIVSULQJUHVXOWLQJIURPFURVVHVRIWZRRUPRUHVHOHFWHGLQEUHGOLQHV VWUDLQV RIEHHVWKH offspring of crosses between subspecies of bees. IQQHUFRYHUDWKLQZRRGHQKLYHOLGXVHGEHQHDWKDWHOHVFRSLQJFRYHU ,WDOLDQEHHDVXEVSHFLHVRI\HOORZKRQH\EHHRULJLQDWLQJLQ,WDO\$SLVPHOOLIHUDOLJXVWLFD. LDQJVWURWKKLYHDKLYHZLWKUHPRYDEOHIUDPHVPDGHSRVVLEOHE\WKHEHHVSDFHDURXQGWKHP,WZDVLQYHQWHG by L.L. Langstroth. /DUYDODUYDH SO WKHJUXEOLNHRUZRUPOLNHLPPDWXUHIRUPRIDQLQVHFWWKHVHFRQGVWDJHLQPHWDPRUSKRVLV /D\LQJZRUNHUDZRUNHUEHHWKDWSURGXFHVHJJVWKDWGHYHORSLQWRGURQHV /LSRSKLOLFDELOLW\WRDWWDFKWRRUGLVVROYHLQIDW MHWDPRUSKRVLVWKHVHULHVRIFKDQJHVWKURXJKZKLFKDQLQVHFWSDVVHVIURPWKHHJJWRODUYDSXSDDQGDGXOW 0LWLFLGHFKHPLFDOSHVWLFLGHXVHGWRFRQWUROWUDFKHDODQGYDUURDPLWHVLQEHHFRORQLHV HJ)OXYDOLQDWH  NHFWDUDVZHHWOLTXLGVHFUHWHGE\SODQWJODQGV QHFWDULHV XVXDOO\ORFDWHGLQÀRZHUVEXWDOVRIRXQGRQRWKHU parts of plants. 1HFWDUÀRZWKHSHULRGZKHQDEXQGDQWQHFWDULVDYDLODEOHIRUEHHVWRFROOHFW%HHVSURGXFHKRQH\IURPQHFWDU and store it in the combs of the hive. 1RVHPDGLVHDVHDQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHRIDGXOWEHHVFDXVHGE\WKHPLFURVSRULGLDQV1RVHPDDSLVand Nosema ceranae0D\DOVREHFDOOHG1RVHPRVLV Beekeeping in Northern Climates 1XFRU1XFOHXVQXFOHL SO DVPDOOFRORQ\WKDWFRQWDLQVIUDPHVRIGUDZQFRPE PRVWFRPPRQO\ IUDPHV EHHVEURRGIRRGDQGDPDWHGTXHHQ 1XUVHEHHD\RXQJEHHXVXDOO\WRGD\VROGWKDWIHHGVDQGFDUHVIRULPPDWXUHEHHV EURRG  O[DOLFDFLGDSHVWLFLGH PLWLFLGH XVHGWRWUHDWFRORQLHVIRUYDUURDPLWHV PDFNDJHEHHVWROEVRIZRUNHUEHHVXVXDOO\ZLWKDTXHHQLQDJULGGHGSODVWLFFDJHRUVFUHHQVLGHG wooden cage with a can of sugar syrup for food. 3DUDO\VLVDGLVHDVHRIDGXOWEHHVFDXVHGE\DYLUXV 3DUHQWFRORQ\DSDUWRIDGLYLGHGFRORQ\WKDWNHHSVWKHROGTXHHQ 3DUWKHQRJHQHVLVUHSURGXFWLRQZLWKRXWIHUWLOL]DWLRQ:KHQWKHTXHHQOD\VXQIHUWLOL]HGHJJVWKH\ZLOOEHFRPH PDOH GURQH EHHV 3HVWLFLGHDJHQHUDOQDPHIRUPDWHULDOVXVHGWRNLOOXQGHVLUDEOHLQVHFWVSODQWVURGHQWVDQGRWKHUSHVWV 3KHURPRQHFKHPLFDOVWKDWDIIHFWEHKDYLRUEHWZHHQDQLPDOVRIWKHVDPHVSHFLHV3KHURPRQHVDUHDQ important part of honey bee communication within the hive. 3ROOHQPDOHVH[FHOOVXVXDOO\YHU\VPDOODQGSRZGHU\SURGXFHGLQWKHDQWKHUVRIDÀRZHU 3ROOHQEDVNHWDQDUHDRQDEHH VKLQGOHJZKHUHSROOHQLVSDFNHGDQGFDUULHGZLWKKHOSIURPDFHQWUDOVSLQH and surrounding hairs. 3ROOHQVXEVWLWXWHDPL[WXUHRILQJUHGLHQWVVXFKDVVR\ÀRXUEUHZHU V\HDVWDQGGULHGPLONWKDWLVIHGWREHHV to stimulate brood rearing. 3ROOHQVXSSOHPHQWDPL[WXUHRISROOHQVXEVWLWXWHDQGSROOHQIHGWREHHVWRVWLPXODWHEURRGUHDULQJ 3ROOLQDWLRQWKHWUDQVIHURIYLDEOHSROOHQIURPWKHDQWKHUWKHPDOHRUJDQRIDÀRZHUWRDUHFHSWLYHVWLJPD WKHIHPDOHRUJDQRIDÀRZHU,QEHHNHHSLQJWHUPVSROOLQDWLRQRIWHQUHIHUVWRWKHVHUYLFHRISURYLGLQJEHHVIRU pollination of crop plants. 3ROOLQDWLRQVHUYLFHVWKHXVHRIPDQDJHGEHHVWRSROOLQDWHFURSV 3ROOLQDWRUDQDQLPDOVXFKDVDQLQVHFWWKDWWUDQVIHUVSROOHQUHVXOWLQJLQSROOLQDWLRQ 3URERVFLVDEHHV¶VWUDZOLNHWRQJXH 3URSROLVSODQWUHVLQVFROOHFWHGIURPSODQWVE\EHHVWRXVHLQVHDOLQJFUDFNVDQGFUHYLFHVLQKLYHVEHHJOXH 3XSDSXSDH SO WKHLQDFWLYHWKLUGVWDJHRIDQLQVHFWWKDWJRHVWKURXJKFRPSOHWHPHWDPRUSKRVLV QXHHQFDJHFDQG\D¿UPPL[WXUHRISRZGHUHGVXJDUDQGOLTXLGLQYHUWVXJDUXVHGLQTXHHQFDJHVDVIRRGIRU the queen and her attendant bees. Also used as an automatic release mechanism for the bees to eat through, DXWRPDWLFDOO\UHOHDVLQJWKHTXHHQIURPKHUFDJHZLWKRXWWKHDLGRIWKHEHHNHHSHU Beekeeping in Northern Climates 4XHHQFHOODODUJHYHUWLFDOFHOOLQZKLFKWKHTXHHQEHHGHYHORSVPD\EHIRXQGRQWKHHGJHVRUWKHPLGGOHRI brood combs. 4XHHQH[FOXGHUVHHH[FOXGHU 4XHHQOHVVFRORQ\DKRQH\EHHFRORQ\ZLWKRXWDTXHHQ 4XHHQULJKWFRORQ\DKRQH\EHHFRORQ\ZLWKDTXHHQ RDEEHWDSLHFHRIZRRGRUPHWDORQZKLFKWKHIUDPHHQGVKDQJLQWKHKLYHDFXWRXWDUHDXVHGDVDIUDPH rest. 5HTXHHQLQJUHPRYDORIDTXHHQIURPDFRORQ\DQGLQWURGXFWLRQRIDQHZRQH 5REEHUEHHD¿HOGEHHIURPRQHFRORQ\WKDWWDNHVRUWULHVWRWDNHKRQH\IURPDQRWKHUFRORQ\ 5REELQJWKHVWHDOLQJRIKRQH\IURPDFRORQ\E\EHHVIURPDQRWKHUFRORQ\ 5R\DOMHOO\DPL[WXUHRIJODQGXODUVHFUHWLRQVRIZRUNHUEHHVIHGWRGHYHORSLQJTXHHQV SDFEURRGDYLUDOGLVHDVHRILPPDWXUHKRQH\EHHV 6FDOHFRORQ\DKLYHWKDWLVPDLQWDLQHGRQDVFDOHDQGZKRVHZHLJKWFKDQJHLVPHDVXUHGDQGUHFRUGHGGDLO\ or at frequent intervals. 6FRXWEHHD¿HOGEHHWKDWORFDWHVQHZVRXUFHVRIIRRGZDWHURUSURSROLVRUDQHZKRPHIRUDVZDUP 6HDOHGEURRGLPPDWXUHEHHVLQWKHLUODWHODUYDODQGSXSDOVWDJHVZLWKLQFDSSHGFHOOVRIWKHFRPE 6OXPJXPWKHUHIXVHIURPPHOWHGFRPEVDIWHUDOORUSDUWRIWKHZD[LVUHPRYHG 6PDOOKLYHEHHWOH7KHVPDOOKLYHEHHWOH $HWKLQDWXPLGD0XUUD\>&ROHRSWHUD1LWLGXOLGDH@ LVDSHVWWREHH colonies. It enters the hive, eats honey, pollen and brood, and destroys the colony. 6PRNHUDVWHHOFRQWDLQHUZLWKDQDWWDFKHGEHOORZVLQZKLFKEXUQLQJPDWHULDOIXUQLVKHVVPRNHWRKRQH\EHHV 7KHVPRNHPDVNVDODUPSKHURPRQHV 6RODUZD[PHOWHU VRODUH[WUDFWRU DJODVVFRYHUHGER[XVHGIRUPHOWLQJFRPEVDQGFDSSLQJVE\KHDWIURPWKH sun. 6SHUPDWKHFDVSKHULFDORUJDQLQWKHTXHHQWKDWVWRUHVVSHUPVKHDFTXLUHGRQKHUPDWLQJÀLJKW7KHVSHUPLV XVHGIRUIHUWLOL]LQJHJJVWKURXJKRXWWKHTXHHQ¶VOLIHWLPH Split – See Divide 6XSHUDKLYHERG\XVHGIRUKRQH\VWRUDJHDERYHWKHEURRGFKDPEHUVRIDKLYH 6XSHULQJSODFLQJVXSHUVRIFRPERUIRXQGDWLRQRQDKLYHHLWKHUWRJLYHPRUHURRPIRUEURRGUHDULQJRUIRU honey storage. 6XSHUVHGXUHUHSODFHPHQWE\WKHEHHVRIDQHVWDEOLVKHGTXHHQZLWKDQHZTXHHQZLWKRXWVZDUPLQJ Beekeeping in Northern Climates 6ZDUPDJURXSRIZRUNHUEHHVDQGDTXHHQ XVXDOO\WKHROGRQH WKDWOHDYHWKHKLYHWRHVWDEOLVKDQHZ colony; a word formerly used to describe a hive or colony of bees. 6ZDUPFHOOVTXHHQFHOOVWKDWDUHEXLOWXVXDOO\RQWKHERWWRPHGJHVRIWKHFRPEVLQWKHEURRGFKDPEHUEHIRUH a colony swarms. THOHVFRSLQJFRYHUDKLYHFRYHUXVHGZLWKDQLQQHUFRYHUWKDWH[WHQGVGRZQZDUGVHYHUDOLQFKHVRQDOOIRXU sides of a hive. 7UDFKHDOPLWHV3DUDVLWLFPLWHV$FDUDSLVZRRGL, that enter the breathing tubes, or trachea, of adult honey EHHVWRPDWHDQGIHHGRQWKHKHPRO\PSK EORRG RIEHHVE\SLHUFLQJWKHWUDFKHDOZDOO&XUUHQWO\XQFRPPRQLQ the US. UQFDSSLQJFXWWLQJDWKLQOD\HUIURPDFRPEVXUIDFHWRUHPRYHWKHZD[FRYHULQJIURPVHDOHGFHOOVRIKRQH\ 8QFDSSLQJNQLIHDNQLIHXVXDOO\KHDWHGIRUFXWWLQJWKHZD[FDSSLQJVIURPKRQH\FRPE 8QLWLQJFRPELQLQJRQHKRQH\EHHFRORQ\ZLWKDQRWKHU 8QVHDOHGEURRGHJJVDQGODUYDHLQRSHQFHOOV VDUURDPLWHV3DUDVLWLFPLWHV9DUURDGHVWUXFWRU, that enter uncapped brood cells and feed on fat bodies of developing pupae causing the bee to emerge with an decreased lifespan, suppressed immune system, and RIWHQKLJKHUYLUXVORDGV7KHPLWHVFDQNLOOEHHFRORQLHVRUFDXVHVHYHUHGDPDJH 9LUJLQTXHHQDTXHHQWKDWKDVQRWPDWHG WD[PRWKDQLQVHFW *UHDWHUZD[PRWK*DOOHULDPHOORQHOODand Lesser wax moth, $FKURLDJULVHOOD ZKRVH larvae feed on and destroy honey bee combs. :LUHGIRXQGDWLRQFRPEIRXQGDWLRQPDQXIDFWXUHGZLWKYHUWLFDOZLUHVHPEHGGHGLQLWIRUDGGHGVWUHQJWK :LULQJLQVWDOOLQJWLQQHGZLUHLQIUDPHVDVVXSSRUWIRUFRPEV YDUGDSODFHZKHUHEHHVDUHNHSWDOVRFDOOHGDQ³DSLDU\´ Beekeeping in Northern Climates Acknowledgements :HZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQN%ULGJHW0HQGHOIRUOHQGLQJKHUEULOOLDQWHGLWLQJVNLOOV5HEHFFD 0DVWHUPDQIRUKHUVDJHDGYLFHDQGERXQGOHVVEHHNHHSLQJHQHUJ\$QQH7XUQKDP IRUGHYHORSLQJEHDXWLIXOJUDSKLFVDQGIRUPDWWLQJWKLVPDQXDO%URRNH1LNNLODIRUKHU XQXVXDOO\JRRGH\HIRUGHWDLO-HVVLFD+HOJHQIRUKHUWDOHQWLQPHQWRULQJEHHNHHSHUV -XG\*ULHVHGLHFNIRUSURIHVVLRQDOO\¿OPLQJWKHYLGHRV-HQQ\:DUQHUIRUKHUVKDULQJ KHUH[FHOOHQWEHHNHHSLQJVNLOOVDQG801([WHQVLRQIRUOHQGLQJWKHLUH[SHUWLVHLQ WHFKQRORJ\7KDQNVWR&ODUD&RVWHOOR$QD+HFN<XXNL0HWUHDXG+pFWRU0RUDOHV 8UELQDDQG5LVKLD=LPPHUQIRUHGLWLQJDQGDOOWKHRWKHU801%HH/DEVWXGHQWVDQG employees who have helped us develop these management techniques over the years. Bee Research Lab +RGVRQ+DOO )ROZHOO$YH )DOFRQ+HLJKWV01 BeeLab.umn.edu Department of Entomology AGENDA ITEM Prepared By: J. Barnhart Reviewed By: A. Carlson Approved By: 1. Purpose. To authorize Bolton and Menk to develop plan alternatives for the Navarre Parking lot. 2. Background. The Navarre parking lot serves several users, including bus commuter parking, bike trail parking, Navarre Park parking, and is the primary parking and loading supply for the Narrows/ Lake Room and the Navarre True Value hardware store. Also, there is a bus stop for students attending Orono Public Schools in the parking lot. In May, the City Council authorized Bolton and Menk to complete a public engagement program to gather input related to potential improvements to the Navarre Parking Lot. The public engagement process was completed, and the summary document is attached as Exhibit A. There was a variety of responses, ranging from ‘do nothing’ to more substantial investment. The responses are summarized starting on page 5 of Exhibit A. The next step is the development of a plan; staff seeks authorization for Bolton and Menk to prepare two plans, one incorporating public engagement objectives recognizing cost as a major factor, and another plan that maximizes the findings of the engagement process while balancing financial impact. These two plans, along with a “do nothing” option and the already prepared repaving/ repainting plan, will give the council four options. The proposed not-to-exceed fee for this work is $9,780. The written proposal is attached as Exhibit B. The public engagement process was completed $3,200 under budget. 3. Staff Recommendation. Staff recommends the Council authorize the development of two options for the Navarre Parking lot. The plans would incorporate the following features: Conforming spaces and aisles, improvements for safety, and cost effective opportunities for future uses. COUNCIL ACTION REQUESTED Motion to authorize the work described in the scope summary presented by staff. Exhibits A. Public engagement summary dated September 29, 2021 B. Plan proposal dated November 2, 2021 Item No.: 7 Date:November 8, 2021 Item Description:Navarre Parking Lot – Authorization for Planning Presenter:Jeremy Barnhart, AICP Community Development Director Agenda Section: Community Development Report ̳̳‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•Ͷ̳Š̳̳ͲͳͳʹͶ͹ͺͺ̳ͳ̴‘””‡•̴̳—„Ž‹…‰ƒ‰‡‡–̳͵̴’‡ ‘—•‡•̴‡‡–‹‰•̴˜‡–•̳ʹͲʹͲǦͲͻǦ’‡ ‘—•‡̳—ƒ”›̳ƒ˜ƒ””‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–—ƒ”› ͲͻʹͻʹͲʹͳǤ†‘…š September 29, 2021 Jeremy Barnhart RE: Navarre Municipal Parking Lot Community Engagement City of Orono The Navarre Area municipal parking lot, located near the intersection of Shadywood Road and Shoreline Drive requires repair due to aging asphalt and poor surface conditions. Additionally, the comprehensive plan identified this parking lot as a future space for community events. The City of Orono’s council requested staff conduct engagement efforts to ensure future investments in the parking lot meet community needs. Bolton & Menk was retained through the service agreement to complete these efforts. This memo and its attachments detail the efforts completed and the participants’ responses. Efforts Multiple marketing and engagement strategies were implemented to solicit feedback from the public and surrounding businesses. Three events were held: x Virtual Open House. The City of Orono’s website hosted a virtual open house which included information about the project and a brief survey. As part of the virtual open house, a virtual listening session was held on August 12th, 2021 at 7 PM. There were seven participants. x Pop Up in the Parking Lot. On August 17th, 2021 from 4 PM to 7 PM, a pop up public input opportunity was held in the Navarre municipal parking lot. At this meeting, users of the parking lot were able to make brief comments about the parking lot and changes they would like to see and complete a sticker exercise to identify types of improvements. x Business Focus Group. On September 14th, 2021 at 2 PM, a virtual focus group was held with two business owners (Narrows Saloon and Ace Hardware). To invite community members to the engagement events, multiple marketing materials were developed and circulated: x Postcards were sent to property owners and tenants in advance of the virtual open house, listening session and pop up. x Postcards were sent to business owners to invite them to the virtual open house and business focus group. Due to lack of response, a follow up letter was sent by City Staff and another postcard was sent after a date was selected. x A press release was published on the City of Orono’s website to invite the broader community to participate. 1DYDUUH3DUNLQJ /RW([KLELW$ Results Survey (Online, combined with Pop-Up) The online survey was published to collect comments from the community about the future of the lot. This five-question survey asked respondents what type of community events they would like to see take place in the space, what features they would like to see in this parking lot, what could make the lot more functional and if there was anything else we should know about the parking lot. If respondents wanted to stay updated with the project as it progresses, they could enter their email at the end of the survey. As of September 2nd, 2021, this survey had received 104 responses. The results are summarized below. Question 1. “The comprehensive plan identified the municipal parking lot as a future space for community events. What type of events do you feel would be most important here?” Support for a future farmer’s market at the site was highest, with 76% of the respondents supporting one at the lot. Community festivals and art fairs were next, each receiving support from about half of the respondents. Car shows received support from about 20% of respondents. There were an additional 18 write-in responses with answers, including the addition of a pickleball court and a request that nothing be done to the lot. Figure 1 shows the survey results for question 1. The complete answers can be found in Appendix A. Figure 1.Responses to “The comprehensive plan identified the municipal parking lot as a future space for community events. What type of events do you feel would be most important here?” Question 2. What type of features would you like to see in this parking lot? Select all that apply. A list of 12 features that could be added to the parking lot were provided to respondents. Flexible space was the most common feature requested, with 73% of respondents requesting it. Lighting was next at 67%, followed by natural plantings and trash bins and dumpster enclosures. This question was also asked at the pop-up event. The most popular features at the event, like with the online survey, were lighting and flexible space. Figure 2 shows the survey results for question 2. 77 52 18 47 18 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Farmers Market Community Festivals/Block Parties Car Shows Art Fairs Other # of Responses Figure 2. Responses to “What type of features would you like to see in this parking lot? Select all that apply.” Question 3. What type of features would you like to see in this parking lot? Select all that apply. –comments. Question 3 was the write in comments section about the multiple-choice question 2. These comments varied widely in topic, opinion, and tone, but they could be categorized into four broad sections: nature related, renovation/re-striping, events, and other. Natural plantings and shade trees were popular responses, and many people wanted to re-stripe the parking lot. Other responses varied from support of the project to opposition of doing anything to change the current uses of the parking lot. The full list of responses can be found in Appendix B. Question 4. Are there other changes the city could consider making to make this lot more functional? This was the second write-in question posed to the respondents of the online survey. Over half (53) of all survey respondents answered this question. Similarly, to question 3 the comments were a wide variety of topics, opinions, and tones. Responses varied from simple maintenance requests, like re-striping or hiding dumpsters better, to larger projects like leveling the land and improving drainage systems or building a multi-level parking garage. Many comments were parking related, but several comments were about natural features like trees and greenspace. The full list of comments is available in Appendix C. Question 5. Is there anything else we should know about this parking lot? Question 5 was the third write-in question and was a space for more general comments about the parking lot. Forty responses were received for this question from the online survey. Comments are lumped into three main categories: business related, maintenance/renovation, and other. Business related comments mostly spoke to how there was not enough parking dedicated to the businesses at the shopping center. Maintenance and renovation ideas varied from restriping the site to adding parking capacity through multiple means, including building retaining walls to create more space and having nearby houses give up some of their property to the lot. The full list of these comments is available in Appendix D. 68 63 55 47 34 32 29 20 14 13 9 7 6 11 3 4 3 0 3 3 2 2 4 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 F l e x i b l e S p a c e L i g h t i n g N a t u r a l P l a n t i n g s T r a s h B i n s a n d D u m p s t e r E n c l o s u r e s P e d e s t r i a n W a l k w a y s P e r m e a b l e P a v e r s E l e c t r i c V e h i c l e C h a r g i n g S t a t i o n s P a r k l e t s a n d S e a t i n g A r t a n d M u r a l s S h a d e S t r u c t u r e s T r a f f i c C a l m i n g I n t e r p r e t i v e S i g n a g e Survey Pop-Up Virtual Listening Session The listening session was held online and asked participants their thoughts on what improvements are necessary for the parking lot. Items discussed include: x Concerns about the aesthetics of the parking lot, specifically the private property owner to the west and enforcing current standards for all businesses; garbage screening; bury utilities; more plantings, greenery, and tree shade x Future functionality including EV charging stations or preparing for them in the future by burying the conduit; incorporating future events, even if the events happened at the nearby park and closed Lyric Avenue x Multimodal accommodations including pedestrian connections to the Metro Transit station; improvements for the K-12 bus stop waiting; trail head parking with bicycle and pedestrian facilities, including bike parking Pop Up in the Parking Lot In addition to the online survey, a pop-up event was held in the parking lot. At this event, comments were collected to gauge feedback on what should be done with the space. The answers, like with the online survey, were all varied. Many commented that they wanted to see maintenance and renovations done, while others offered general comments about the current conditions in the parking lot. The full list of these comments can be found in Appendix E. Business Focus Group A focus group with the Narrows Saloon and Ace Hardware provided insight on these businesses’ needs and operations as they relate to the parking lot. Generally, these businesses would like to see the parking lot spruced up and potentially expanded, with improved lighting. They recommended evaluating the underground utilities after a series of water issues in previous years, to ensure improvements minimize disruption to their businesses. Other items discussed include: x These businesses noted any changes to the parking lot needs to consider truck delivery and minimize the barriers trucks would need to navigate. x Spaces are not full depth so that creates drive lane challenges, especially with large vehicles. With the new regional bicycle trail connection, increasing numbers of vehicles have additional bicycle trailers, which increases their overhang into the drive lane. x Consider ways to reduce/minimize impacts from using the lot as a shuttle lot because it reduces the flexibility and availability of parking for surrounding businesses. x If there are opportunities to expand the lot, the city should consider it, but limit maintenance and find the most cost-effective solutions. x The parking lot could use some aesthetic improvements. Summary The feedback received regarding the future of the Navarre municipal parking lot was varied, however multiple ideas were more favored than others. These themes and ideas are summarized below into five categories, with descriptions and order of magnitude cost/effort estimates. Item Description/Notes Cost and Effort Su r f a c e a n d S t r i p i n g Resurface and restripe existing parking Ensure full width stalls, accessible parking spaces marked and signed $ Resurface and stripe angle parking Will increase parking stalls without major construction cost $ Install raised curbs at end of parking rows, include natural plantings Define parking lanes can help reduce cut through traffic $$ Review/modify accesses into/out of lot Directional drive lanes and access modifications can slow traffic and make accessing the lot safer $$ Regrade and resurface, stripe angle parking Regrading will reduce existing water and ice issues $$$ Square off parking lot in northwest corner, install retaining wall, plantings, and high quality trees Expanding parking lot will make flex space more compatible with existing businesses $$$ Li g h t i n g a n d E V Ch a r g i n g Install conduit Installing conduit will allow for minimal disruptions to the lot when lighting and EV charging station installation occurs $ Install LED lighting Lighting poles provide opportunities to incorporate Navarre area/Orono branding and placemaking $$ Install 3-5 EV charging stations Look for opportunities to partner with energy companies, private companies to minimize city’s cost $$ Mu l t i m o d a l A m e n i t i e s Install bicycle parking Racks should allow frame and wheel to make contact. Can evaluate custom racks to incorporate branding/placemaking. $ Install pedestrian walkways Connect the park and regional trail to the businesses, providing dedicated pedestrian space through the $ Install pedestrian amenities (benches, trash) and/or parklet on the north end of lot Provide amenities for people as they wait for the bus, use the park/trail, patronize businesses $$ Install temporary speed humps Temporary speed humps provide traffic calming while not impeding snow removal $$ La n d U s e Work with property owners to incorporate garbage screening and meet current codes Continue code enforcement as necessary $ Consider grants to improve buildings Matching grants to property owners can encourage them to improve facades, walkways, and other general aesthetics, making Navarre a more successful area $$$ Ut i l i z a t i o n Flex space and event permitting Allow organizers use of the northwest corner of the parking lot through an event permit, only at low demand times $ Require staff to park on the west/northwest area of the parking lot Prime spaces should be saved for patrons to encourage higher turnover rates $ Complete utilization/turnover study Study can better inform who is using the lot, for how long and whether additional parking management strategies are necessary $ Evaluate parking management strategies to reduce use as a shuttle lot Options may include permitting/ enforcement; pay parking after 2 or 4 hours $ ̳̳‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•Ͷ̳Š̳̳ͲͳͳʹͶ͹ͺͺ̳ͳ̴‘””‡•̴̳—„Ž‹…‰ƒ‰‡‡–̳͵̴’‡ ‘—•‡•̴‡‡–‹‰•̴˜‡–•̳ʹͲʹͲǦͲͻǦ’‡ ‘—•‡̳—ƒ”›̳ƒ˜ƒ””‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–—ƒ”› ͲͻʹͻʹͲʹͳǤ†‘…š Appendix A Question 1 –Write In x None of those. Too much commotion and noise for those of us that live nearby. x Concerts x Family Activities, Outdoor Meeting Space, Fountains and Sculptures x I think the above are good ideas, but most take more management and logistics than people realize and I'm not sore there is a community benefit. Car show is probably a fit as they are typically nights and weekends and don't effect the businesses adjacent. Seems like letting the restaurants use the majority of the lot for free is an issue that needs to be address. They should probably pay for larking and a percentage of the maintenance as they cause the wear and tear and the benefit financially. x Keep boat and bus partaking out x Keep it simple-just parking x Misc themed fun x None! Seems like a horrible place for all these ideas x None, because if you take away the parking they won't be able to attend.what will happen to the 7-days-a-week businesses if you turn this into a one weekend per month fairground? Excelsior, Wayzata and Mound have substantial parking. Navarre has one lot that is often near full. x Not enough parking for events x Pickleball court x Resurface and stripping only x See comments x Splash pad for families/kids. Would go great with the park nearby. x Traditional parking lot…keep it simple x Parking x re-pave and stripe for parking Appendix B Question 3 - Write-in Answers x Natural plantings will end up weeds. The picture example looks unkempt. And no ground art! Keep the children across the street in the playground. x If you do a farmers market or outdoor music or art festival then where do people park for that ? Plantings near the basement doors under lulus and lakeshore interiors could spruce up that end of the parking lot x Maximize parking and beautify by cutting into embankment on west and northwest, adding retaining wall and plantings. That slope is difficult to mow, never looks good and collects trash. A number of the social events suggested have in the past, and could again in the future , utilize the adjacent park space and the street between the park and the parking lot. This lot fills up now and really nees to maximize the parking space as its primary function. x It would be nice to somehow tie it into the nearby playground and convey the natural beauty of the area and of Lake Minnetonka. Navarre could use a good gathering place such as Wayzata's new boardwalk with fountains, greenery and such. x Incorporate with the park next door—maybe the plantings and seating can be in combination. x flexible space natural plantings x 1. I would rather have "natural shade" in the forms of trees, rather than man-made shade structures. 2. EV charging (TESLA supercharging!) would be great since those individuals need to "hang out" for a time. 3. A decorative low "wall" (or consistent landscaping) around the exterior would better mark the area. We could tie in the municipal lot with Lunds and Byerlys if the "wall" were copied around their parking lot by the sidewalk. Navarre largely lacks a cohesive look, or a unifying theme. 4. More trees and landscaping, please. x Seriously. The Navarre area does not need any farmer's markets, etc. The parking area should remain for parking and yet, it should be beautified with all of the boxes I checked previously. The markets are in Mound along with the gardens, etc. I would like to see a ton of year 'round gorgeous landscaping and Christmas lights. x not many curbs due to snow plowing. no pavers because they chip and crack and with the slope of the Parking Lot they would get filled with debris. x I think if you resurface and do the striping---it would then be perfect. Trying to beautify the parking lot would take away from the atmosphere of the area and be an expense the citizens do not need. A small farmers market once a week would be OK but not necessary as there are many other farmers markets close by. Lund's and Byerly's do not need additional produce to compete with and we do not want to lose our convenient grocery store. x None of the above. Simple, reconstruct of existing. x Permeable paving is good if it will stand up to cars turning tight corners. x Resurface and striped parking. x Good painting stipes to delineate car spaces is a preference. x This lot is an open canvas and should be a one and done vision from the city. A 2 level lot for part of the lot with an open area to be used for community event. Lots of plantings, dumpster enclosures and electric charging are a few improvements that need to be done x Resurfacing and orderly striping is enough! The backs of the buildings are very unsightly and if they were upgraded, other upgrades such as plantings and a pedestrian path could be worthwhile. x Please allow overnight parking in a limited capacity.... x i frequently walk my toddler granddaughter east down Shoreline Drive, cross street with crosswalk and then nagivate the parking lot to take her to the park. It would be nice to have designated crosswalk for that adventure. x If this parking lot is going to be used as a multi-purpose, where are patrons for the Narrows/Lakeroom and Hardware store parking during events? And also where are patrons to the "other events" parking? x This lot is not big enough to hold events without coordinating with businesses. A farmers market or community event would be harmful to my business. There are many trucks with trailers and taller service vans that use the lot so need to make sure to accomodate these users- parking lot islands or dividers would make parking with a trailer difficult. x It would be nice to tie this into the extention of the Dakota trail that was completed this year. Make it a space for bike parking as well as an event space and parking lot. x Would be great to have space for food trucks/farmer's market/music x Most of the items above will add significant increases to the project. The lot is highly used and optimizing the number of spaces should at the top of the list. The items provided could be incorporated as long as no space was reduced for parking. x Combine the electric vehicle charging with the shade structure- look to Great River Energy for examples, or Apandana Solar- they put the array on top of the MSP airport garage x I would love to see a well-lit space that feels safe for all people, all the time. It's a bus stop for children in the morning, so having it clean and safe should be a priority. I'd love to see some outdoor dining space for the resataurants too. It is the loading dock for the hardware store, so there are challenges, but I look forward to seeing a great solution! Thanks for allowing us to input! x Adding compatible amenities would be fine but imperative that ample parking for adjacent businesses is preserved. x Limited space. Keep enough space for businesses x Should be a designated bike lane x Leave it x looks good !!! x Keep our taxes down. Don't look to spend money on community needs that don't exist. x Please DO NOT put art and murals. They can be very subjective and do not tend to age well. Let nature be the "art" x NO ART OR MURALS - NO BLM MARXISM, NO PLACE FOR ANTI-AMERICA, ANTI- WHITE MALE GRAFFITI. NO EV CHARGING. PERIOD. I like the lighting and pavers and natural plantings. x It's trashy now. And used by fletcher's employees and parade of homes type buses. Keep them out so it's safe to park Appendix B Question 4 - Write-in Answers x skate park, basketball or other youth opportunities x walk way from shoreline to the lot is unusable and disgusting. Clean it up, make it safe and highly visible so people know that it is there and is access from lot to street. Excelsior has a couple of these pedestrian alleys between their main street and public parking lots. They are attractive and used frequently. x Open space for events within natural environment x Should be a designated bike land x Way for bikes to safely travel through the parking lot. Great job on the 27th pedestrian crossing point on 15 and bike path to get down to trail system. Something simple for pedestrians and bikes to get through parking lot x I would protect the children's park more by closing the street and putting up a short stone wall.ic x Plan with the park next door—maybe link to the DRT—Dakota Regional Trail AND think about downtown Navarre as a whole. Think big. Hard to believe that our municipal parking could be the focal point for the city!! x After using the shoreline crosswalk, a pedestrian is hard for drivers to see coming thru the alley by Lulu's. Same for pedestrians coming up from lot to street. x parking ramp x It is an off Street back alley type parking lot… Restriped it and leave it alone… Does not need improvement… Hopefully our tax dollars are spent elsewhere x More spaces - perhaps add a multilevel garage. x Ensure there is enough parking for existing businesses. x Make it larger or add another level of parking. Or take out the playground and use this area for events/parking. x No - parking is always an issue so keep the parking - don't be like Wayzata (worst parking) and Excelsior x Close the street between the parking lot and kids playground and regrade and combine the areas. x keep the parking for supporting the local businesses x Traditional parking lot is the most functional and cost-conscious/efficient x parking structure x Maybe clearly define all the different spaces: parking, driving, gathering, etc. x restrict overnight parking x 2 - 3 level parking? x A flatter lot with more defined spaces and more space for each space (many more SUVs than before). It would be nice to tie the parking lot in with the parking lot across the street. x multilevel parking x 2 tiered parking, cleaning up scrub planting with real trees and shrubs x Just good parking x Provide parking for the park. Put some planting down the middle so traffic does not cut through at an angle at a high speed. Push back the hillside and provide some terrace planting. x Designated restaurant parking x bigger ?? x Needs to be level x Need shade. How about winter use? x Improved drainage in all of Navarre x Make the dumpsters less noticable from the patios at the lake room and saloon x Design the it so people don't drive diagnolly through the lot as a shortcut around the intersection x Enhance the rear of the buildings which contain the interior shop, TrueValue, restaurants, etc. The exterior in the back looks very worn. x Stop the drive through traffic x slow traffic speed x The exits onto shoreline drive are traffic hazards and are used as "cut throughs" x reduce speed limit on Shoreline Dr. x Making this a city hub would be great for the community! x Promote better retail use of lower level of 34xx Shoreline Drive building. Great spot for a brewery. x Keep it simple. x Manage unpack from restaurant use. And encourage park and ride to reduce traffic if lit has sufficient capacity. x No comment x No x No x No x No x Navarre x Orono x Mound x Excelsior x orono x Wayzata Appendix D Question 5 - Write-in Answers x Charge the Narrows for spots for their customers and the rest make farmers market, art fairs. Put bicycle racks so people can stop and shop/eat x I own Navarre Hardware. The Narrows and Lake Room will often take most of the parking during evenings and weekend brunch (10am - 2pm). During these times there is not enough parking for my customers. Many parking spaces are only 16' deep which is not enough for a full size car, SUV or truck so vehicles extend into the drive lanes making navigation difficult .At times Lord Fletchers has used the lot for employee parking and used a shuttle. The lot also gets used for Parade of Homes, Artisan Home Tour, daily commuters, meeting place for local workers, etc. ,These activities can take 20 spaces which creates more stress on parking availability. x mark areas for the adjacent business use. (i.e. Hardware Store Parking Only & Narrows Parking Only) x You should have easy walkthrough to get to the businesses off of 15. Like a little walkway with signs for the business names up front as only Narrows and hardware store have doors to enter from the back x I use it a lot for shopping at Navarre Hardware. And the little thrift shop. The hilly terrain can be a challenge. It is a nice option to the crazy traffic at the intersection. Although I know that has been updated. x Needed for surrounding businesses since limited street parking. x I hope this also helps bring in more diverse shops that will make this a great "downtown" for Orono x Does not need to be community gathering space. Need to clean up the rest of Navarre first. Make Navarre more hospitable to businesses x if there is speeding or shortcut use then perhaps the speed humps x Maintenance on stairways in all parking lots in Navarre x Coordinate with the private lot renewal at southwest quadrant.All dumpster enclosures need help x Steep terrain in NW corner makes some of the land currently unusable. A retaining wall or terracing might help create more usable space. x needs to be restriped to make it more functional west end of parking is under utilized maybe where farmers market goes x Just needs to be safe - lighting and walkway will help. x I don't know what control there is over the appearance of the buildings, but updating the western buildings would really be helpful to become more of a community/destination spot. x Nice signage directing people to parking would help people know it is there. I do not think this lot is all that suitable for events since any such event would consume the parking space and force people attending to park on neighboring residential streets. x better lighting, safe pedestrian areas x No. Perhaps the street can be closed off to traffic, so you can just enter and exit along Shadywood, but you cannot go through the neighborhood. Already, there is too much traffic. x It gets used as a roadway to return from shopping to residential to the north and that neighborhood engagement should try to be maintained x The two houses should provide some space for additional parking on their property. Also include improving the small lot next to the Lulu pizza in the design. Maybe add a landscaped buffer and a bench or two between the pizza parking lot and the county road. x Improved connection to the Dakota trail x Sustainable energy x During busy times, like brunch or weekend dinners the lot gets full. x It's busy now. Where else will people park if there is an event in the lot? x essential to the neighborhood x Current lot has served its purpose very well. x we love this idea!! x It's pretty full most of the time x Leave it. Turn Casco circle into a farmers market x This is the center of lake minnetonka. Yes, there are other iconic locations around the lake, but this is literally the center of the lake. Lets make it a destination that is cool! x Keep it as a parking lot! x The lot is too small for anything but parking!! x Electric vehicle plug-ins… You have got to be effing kidding me x No x No x No x No x no x No comment x ? Appendix E Pop-up Responses x Complaint that the scope of this project was not large enough. x Clear corner to get more spaces out of the corner and retaining wall (Two green dots). x Trees: shade and cooling will be essential with global warming. x Move bollards at park to create more parking. x Fix grading- In winter the slope gets icy & can’t use (Two green dots). x Solar power shade structure. x Confirming aisles & spaces. x Rows are tight, backing up is tricky. x Beautification –Pavers look nice but cost/maintenance (Two green dots). x Directional and angle. x Create a destination as the downtown. x Gets used as a shuttle lot. x Support the businesses –they need the parking. x Bike parking/connection to Luce Line State Trail. x Trailer and long vehicle parking. x “Conduct for future improvements”. x Work with landlord and center to screen dumpsters and [illegible] for their parking lot. x Trash from businesses. x Add a bike lane to set them from the trail connection to the crosswalk on 15. x School bus drop off. x Lyric Ave traffic calming. ǣ̳̳ʹͲʹͳ‡™”‘Œ‡…–•̳ ‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡Ǧ ƒ˜ƒ””‡ƒ”‹‰‘– –—†›Ǥ†‘…š November 2, 2021 City of Orono Attn: Jeremy Barnhart PO Box 66 Orono, MN 55323 RE: Navarre Parking Lot –Feasibility Report Dear Jeremy: As requested, we have prepared a scope of services and design fee to prepare a feasibility report for improving the Navarre Parking lot based on feedback that was generated by the Navarre Area Community Engagement project. It is our understanding that the scope of the study will include evaluating 4 options: 1. Do Nothing. 2. Implement the resurfacing project that was previously bid with the 2021 Street Improvement Project. 3. Minor expansion of the parking lot to the north and reconfigure the parking stalls to improve traffic flow and minimize non-standard drive lanes and parking stall dimensions. 4. Evaluate the cost of adding amenities to options 3 including additional lighting, water service, electric outlets, and flex space. The project deliverables will consist of a written report with figures depicting the proposed improvements along with detailed cost estimates for each option. Fee Estimate Based on the scope of services described above, we propose a not-to-exceed fee of $9,780 to be billed on an hourly basis. This fee assumes a total of 62 hours of staff time to complete the feasibility study. Please note that our fee assumes that existing survey information will be provided by the city and that no additional survey work will be required for the study. If the project proceeds beyond the study phase, we will be happy to provide a separate fee for survey, design, bidding, and construction services, as necessary. Please let me know if you have questions or need additional information. Sincerely, Bolton & Menk, Inc. David P. Martini, P.E. Principal Engineer 1DYDUUH3DUNLQJ/RW ([KLELW% AGENDA ITEM Prepared By: Reviewed By: A. Carlson Approved By: 1.Purpose. The purpose of this action item is to provide council a briefing on the proposed changes to the various CIP areas that pertain to the Public Works. 2.Background. Each year as part of the budget process staff updates the Capital Improvement Plan (CIP). The CIP is a planning level document looking out 10 years to identify significant capital expenses. 3.CIP. Today’s briefing will cover the Streets, Water, Sanitary Sewer, Storm Sewer and Equipment CIPs. The spreadsheets are attached. Staff will all present individual presentation slides on those items identified of 2022. a.Streets. The 2022 Streets CIP is projected to cost $ 104,800 and will be paid for from the Pavement Improvement Fund. b.Water. The 2022 Water CIP is projected to cost $ 798,440 and will be paid for from Water Fund and American Rescue Plan funds. c.Sanitary Sewer. The 2022 Sanitary Sewer CIP is projected to cost $ 821,700 and will be paid for from the Sanitary Sewer Fund and American Rescue Plan funds. d.Storm Water. The 2022 Stormwater CIP is projected to cost $ 459,335 and will be paid for from the Stormwater Fund. e.Equipment. The 2022 Equipment CIP is projected to cost $ 326,000 and will be paid for from the Equipment outlay fund which is in turn funded from a combination of enterprise and general funds. COUNCIL ACTION REQUESTED Provide Feedback on Draft CIP items. Exhibits A. Fund Balances B. Streets C. Water D. Sanitary E. Storm Water F. Equipment Item No.: 8 Date:November 8, 2021 Item Description:Public Works CIP Discussion Presenter:DJ Goman Public Works Superintendent Agenda Section: Public Works Department Report Im p r o v e m e n t / E q u i p m e n t O u t l a y F u n d Cu r r e n t B a l a n c e : $ 4 6 5 , 3 7 0 Ta b l e B - 2 a Pr o j e c t 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 2 0 2 8 2 0 2 9 2 0 3 0 Eq u i p m e n t , C I P $ 1 7 6 , 1 8 4 $ 3 2 6 , 0 0 0 $ 5 6 5 , 5 0 0 $ 1 8 8 , 00 0 $ 3 4 0 , 5 0 0 $ 2 1 7 , 0 0 0 $ 1 2 4 , 00 0 $ 1 4 0 , 4 6 1 $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 $ 4 1 9 , 6 0 0 IT, C I P $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Go l f , C I P - $ $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 To t a l E x p e n s e s $ 1 7 6 , 1 8 4 $ 3 2 6 , 0 0 0 $ 5 6 5 , 5 0 0 $ 1 8 8 , 00 0 $ 3 4 0 , 5 0 0 $ 2 1 7 , 0 0 0 $ 1 2 4 , 0 0 0 $1 4 0 , 4 6 1 $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 $ 4 1 9 , 6 0 0 Re v e n u e s ( T r a n s f e r ) $ 2 5 5 , 0 0 0 $ 3 1 5 , 0 0 0 $ 3 1 5 , 0 0 0 $ 3 1 5, 0 0 0 $ 3 1 5 , 0 0 0 $ 3 1 5 , 0 0 0 $ 3 1 5 , 00 0 $ 3 1 5 , 0 0 0 $ 3 1 5 , 0 0 0 $ 3 1 5 , 0 0 0 Tr a n s f e r f r o m E n t e r p r i s e F u n d s $ 4 8 , 5 0 0 $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 0 $ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 4 5 , 5 0 0 $ 3 7 , 0 0 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 An n u a l B a l a n c e $ 1 2 7 , 3 1 6 $ 8 9 , 0 0 0 $ 2 4 9 , 5 0 0 $ 1 2 7 , 00 0 $ 2 7 4 , 5 0 0 $ 2 4 3 , 5 0 0 $ 2 2 8 , 0 0 0 $ 1 7 4 , 5 3 9 $ 2 7 5 , 0 0 0 ($ 1 0 4 , 6 0 0 ) Ye a r E n d C a s h B a l a n c e $ 5 9 2 , 6 8 6 $ 6 8 1 , 6 8 6 $ 9 3 1 , 1 8 6 $ 1 , 0 5 8 , 1 8 6 $ 1 , 33 2 , 6 8 6 $ 1 , 5 7 6 , 1 8 6 $ 1 , 8 0 4 , 1 8 6 $ 1 ,9 7 8 , 7 2 5 $ 2 , 2 5 3 , 7 2 5 $ 2 , 1 4 9 , 1 2 5 Im p r o v e m e n t / E q u i p m e n t O u t l a y Fu n d - L o n g L a k e F i r e A c c o u n t Cu r r e n t B a l a n c e : $ 4 7 1 , 9 0 0 Ta b l e B - 3 Pr o j e c t 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 2 0 2 8 2 0 2 9 2 0 3 0 Lo n g L a k e F i r e C I P $ 3 0 0 , 5 1 8 $ 5 1 , 0 0 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 1 1 9 , 0 0 0 $ 5 1 , 0 0 0 $ 5 5 , 2 5 0 $ 4 8 8 , 7 5 0 $ 0 $ 7 6 , 5 0 0 To t a l E x p e n s e s $ 3 0 0 , 5 1 8 $ 5 1 , 0 0 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 1 1 9, 0 0 0 $ 5 1 , 0 0 0 $ 5 5 , 2 5 0 $ 4 8 8 , 7 5 0 $ 0 $ 7 6 , 5 0 0 Re v e n u e - G e n e r a l F u n d T r a n s f e r ( 2 ) $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 Re v e n u e s - I n t e r e s t ( 2 ) $ 5 , 0 0 0 $ 2 , 6 1 4 $ 2 , 9 8 0 $ 3, 8 6 0 $ 4 , 7 4 8 $ 4 , 4 5 6 $ 4 , 8 4 0 $ 5 , 1 8 6 $ 1 , 2 0 1 $ 2 , 0 6 3 An n u a l B a l a n c e ($ 2 1 0 , 5 1 8 ) $3 6 , 6 1 4 $ 8 7 , 9 8 0 $ 8 8 , 8 6 0 ($ 2 9 , 2 5 2 ) $3 8 , 4 5 6 $ 3 4 , 5 9 0 ($ 3 9 8 , 5 6 4 ) $8 6 , 2 0 1 $ 1 0 , 5 6 3 Ye a r E n d C a s h B a l a n c e $ 2 6 1 , 3 8 3 $ 2 9 7 , 9 9 6 $ 3 8 5 , 9 7 6 $4 7 4 , 8 3 6 $ 4 4 5 , 5 8 4 $ 4 8 4 , 0 4 0 $ 5 1 8 , 63 1 $ 1 2 0 , 0 6 7 $ 2 0 6 , 2 6 8 $ 2 1 6 , 8 3 0 MS A F u n d Cu r r e n t F u n d B a l a n c e : $ 0 S t a t e M S A C o n s t r u c t i o n B a l a n c e = $ 5 5 0 , 0 0 0 Ta b l e B - 5 a Pr o j e c t 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 2 0 2 8 2 0 2 9 2 0 3 0 Annual E x p e n d i t u r e s ( M S A C I P ) $ 7 1 , 8 6 7 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 An n u a l M S A M a i n t e n a n c e P a y m e n t t o t h e C i t y $3 9 , 4 3 8 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 De b t S e r v i c e ( i n t e r e s t ) - f r o m M S A m a i n t e n a n c e ac c o u n t . $2 4 , 6 6 3 $ 2 1 , 0 6 3 $ 1 7 , 0 0 0 $ 1 2 , 4 6 9 $ 7 , 6 8 8 $ 2 , 6 2 5 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 De b t S e r v i c e ( P r i n c i p a l ) - f r o m M S A C o n s t r u c t i o n Ac c o u n t $1 1 5 , 0 0 0 $ 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 2 5 , 0 0 0 $ 1 2 5 , 00 0 $ 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 4 0 , 0 0 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 To t a l E x p e n s e s $ 2 5 0 , 9 6 8 $ 1 8 0 , 5 0 1 $ 1 8 1 , 4 3 8 $ 1 7 6 , 90 7 $ 1 7 7 , 1 2 6 $ 1 8 2 , 0 6 3 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 $ 3 9 , 4 3 8 Ye a r l y A l l o c a t i o n - M S A M a i n t e n a n c e $ 1 2 3 , 8 3 3 $ 1 2 3 , 8 3 3 $1 2 3 , 8 3 3 $ 1 2 3 , 8 3 3 $ 1 2 3 , 8 3 3 $ 1 2 3 , 8 3 3 $1 2 3 , 8 3 3 $ 1 2 3 , 8 3 3 $ 1 2 3 , 8 3 3 $ 1 2 3 , 8 3 3 Ye a r l y A l l o c a t i o n - M S A C o n s t r u c t i o n $ 2 0 1 , 7 5 1 $ 2 0 1 , 7 5 1 $ 2 01 , 7 5 1 $ 2 0 1 , 7 5 1 $ 2 0 1 , 7 5 1 $ 2 0 1 , 7 5 1 $ 2 01 , 7 5 1 $ 2 0 1 , 7 5 1 $ 2 0 1 , 7 5 1 $ 2 0 1 , 7 5 1 An n u a l B a l a n c e $ 7 4 , 6 1 7 $ 1 4 5 , 0 8 4 $ 1 4 4 , 1 4 6 $ 1 4 8 , 6 7 7 $1 4 8 , 4 5 9 $ 1 4 3 , 5 2 1 $ 2 8 6 , 1 4 6 $ 2 86 , 1 4 6 $ 2 8 6 , 1 4 6 $ 2 8 6 , 1 4 6 Ye a r E n d C a s h B a l a n c e $ 7 4 , 6 1 7 $ 2 1 9 , 7 0 0 $ 3 6 3 , 8 4 6 $ 5 1 2 , 52 3 $ 6 6 0 , 9 8 2 $ 8 0 4 , 5 0 3 $ 1 , 0 9 0 , 6 4 9 $ 1 , 37 6 , 7 9 5 $ 1 , 6 6 2 , 9 4 1 $ 1 , 9 4 9 , 0 8 7 Pa v e m e n t M a n a g e m e n t F u n d Cu r r e n t B a l a n c e : $ 0 43 5 2 5 0 0 0 Ta b l e B - 5 b Pr o j e c t 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 2 0 2 8 2 0 2 9 2 0 3 0 Annual O p e r a t i o n a n d M a i n t e n a n c e ( 1 ) $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 CI P E x p e n d i t u r e s $ 1 , 1 2 3 , 5 7 0 $ 1 , 1 1 4 , 8 0 0 $ 1 , 3 3 6 , 4 0 0 $ 1 , 5 2 0 , 20 0 $ 1 , 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 , 1 6 7 , 8 0 0 $ 1 , 2 9 6 , 4 6 0 $ 1 ,3 2 0 , 3 8 9 $ 1 , 3 4 4 , 7 9 7 $ 1 , 3 6 9 , 6 9 3 To t a l E x p e n s e s $ 1 , 1 2 3 , 5 7 0 $ 1 , 1 1 4 , 8 0 0 $ 1 , 3 3 6 , 4 0 0 $ 1 , 5 2 0 , 20 0 $ 1 , 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 , 1 6 7 , 8 0 0 $1 , 2 9 6 , 4 6 0 $ 1 , 3 2 0 , 3 8 9 $1 , 3 4 4 , 7 9 7 $ 1 , 3 6 9 , 6 9 3 Re v e n u e s ( 1 ) $ 3 7 5 , 0 0 0 $ 3 2 5 , 0 0 0 $ 2 7 5 , 0 0 0 $ 2 7 5 , 0 0 0 $2 5 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 5 5 , 0 0 0 $ 1 6 0, 0 0 0 $ 1 6 5 , 0 0 0 $ 1 7 0 , 0 0 0 Pa v e m e n t M a n a g e m e n t L e v y $ 7 5 0 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 0 , 0 0 0 $1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 , 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 , 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $1 , 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 , 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 , 1 60 , 0 0 0 $ 1 , 1 7 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 , 1 8 0 , 0 0 0 An n u a l B a l a n c e $ 1 , 4 3 0 $ 6 0 , 2 0 0 ($ 6 1 , 4 0 0 ) ( $ 1 4 5 , 2 0 0 ) $1 5 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 3 2 , 2 0 0 $ 8 , 5 4 0 ($ 3 8 9 ) ( $ 9 , 7 9 7 ) ( $ 1 9 , 6 9 3 ) Ye a r E n d C a s h B a l a n c e $ 1 , 4 3 0 $ 6 1 , 6 3 0 $ 2 3 0 ($ 1 4 4 , 9 7 0 ) $5 , 0 3 0 $ 1 3 7 , 2 3 0 $ 1 4 5 , 7 7 0 $ 1 4 5, 3 8 1 $ 1 3 5 , 5 8 4 $ 1 1 5 , 8 9 1 Wa t e r F u n d 12 / 3 1 / 2 0 2 1 Cu r r e n t B a l a n c e : $ 9 1 0 , 4 3 5 60 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ta b l e B - 6 Pr o j e c t 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 2 0 2 8 2 0 2 9 2 0 3 0 An n u a l O p e r a t i o n a n d M a i n t e n a n c e ( 3 ) $ 1 , 0 6 0 , 5 0 0 $ 1 , 0 8 5 , 2 4 0 $ 1 , 0 3 9 ,0 5 1 $ 1 , 0 7 2 , 4 4 0 $ 1 , 0 9 8 , 9 6 6 $ 1 , 1 2 2 , 9 9 5 $1 , 1 5 1 , 0 7 0 $ 1 , 1 7 9 , 8 4 7 $ 1 , 2 0 9 , 3 4 3 $ 1, 2 3 9 , 5 7 6 De b t S e r v i c e $ 1 5 7 , 1 8 0 $ 1 5 6 , 8 3 0 $ 1 0 0 , 4 3 0 $ 9 8 , 57 0 $ 1 0 1 , 5 5 0 $ 9 9 , 3 5 0 $ 1 0 1 , 9 2 0 $ 9 9 , 3 1 0 $ 1 0 1 , 5 0 0 $ 0 CI P E x p e n d i t u r e s $ 4 2 0 , 5 0 0 $ 7 9 8 , 4 4 0 $ 1 4 2 , 8 8 9 $ 3 9 9 , 29 7 $ 3 9 7 , 8 3 3 $ 3 6 6 , 0 2 8 $ 4 8 9 , 2 4 2 $3 1 9 , 9 7 3 $ 4 2 0 , 7 2 2 $ 2 7 0 , 7 2 2 Tr a n s f e r t o E q u i p m e n t F u n d $ 0 $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 To t a l E x p e n s e s $ 1 , 6 3 8 , 1 8 0 $ 2 , 0 5 0 , 5 1 0 $ 1 , 3 3 2 , 3 7 0 $ 1 , 5 7 0 , 30 7 $ 1 , 5 9 8 , 3 4 9 $ 1 , 5 8 8 , 3 7 3 $ 1 , 7 4 2 , 2 3 1 $1 , 5 9 9 , 1 2 9 $ 1 , 7 3 1 , 5 6 5 $ 1 , 5 1 0 , 2 9 8 Re v e n u e s ( 4 ) $ 1 , 1 9 2 , 5 2 8 $ 1 , 2 2 0 , 3 4 4 $ 1 , 2 4 8 , 9 9 4 $ 1 , 2 7 8 , 50 4 $ 1 , 3 0 8 , 8 9 9 $ 1 , 3 4 0 , 2 0 6 $1 , 3 6 7 , 0 1 0 $ 1 , 3 9 4 , 3 5 0 $1 , 4 2 2 , 2 3 7 $ 1 , 4 5 0 , 6 8 2 Ad d b a c k D e p r e c i a t i o n $ 2 3 1 , 4 0 0 $ 2 4 5 , 8 8 9 $ 2 6 9 , 8 0 5 $ 2 8 7, 2 7 1 $ 2 9 7 , 5 4 4 $ 3 0 4 , 9 8 3 $ 3 1 2 , 60 7 $ 3 2 0 , 4 2 2 $ 3 2 8 , 4 3 3 $ 3 3 6 , 6 4 4 As s e s s m e n t s $ 1 0 , 3 8 7 $ 1 0 , 3 8 7 $ 1 0 , 3 8 7 $ 1 0 , 3 8 7 $ 1 0 , 3 8 7 $ 1 0 , 3 8 7 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 An n u a l B a l a n c e ($ 2 0 3 , 8 6 5 ) ( $ 5 7 3 , 8 9 0 ) $1 9 6 , 8 1 6 $ 5 , 8 5 5 $ 1 8 , 4 8 1 $ 6 7 , 2 0 2 ($ 6 2 , 6 1 4 ) $1 1 5 , 6 4 3 $ 1 9 , 1 0 5 $ 2 7 7 , 0 2 7 Ye a r E n d C a s h B a l a n c e $ 7 0 6 , 5 7 0 $ 1 3 2 , 6 8 0 $ 3 2 9 , 4 9 6 $ 3 35 , 3 5 1 $ 3 5 3 , 8 3 2 $ 4 2 1 , 0 3 4 $ 3 5 8, 4 2 0 $ 4 7 4 , 0 6 3 $ 4 9 3 , 1 6 8 $ 7 7 0 , 1 9 6 Se w e r F u n d Cu r r e n t B a l a n c e : $ 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 2 7 60 2 1 1 1 1 1 Ta b l e B - 7 Pr o j e c t 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 2 0 2 8 2 0 2 9 2 0 3 0 Op e r a t i o n a n d M a i n t e n a n c e ( 3 ) $ 1 , 9 0 3 , 9 0 0 $ 1 , 9 5 7 , 4 2 5 $ 2 , 0 1 6 , 1 4 8 $ 2 , 0 7 6 ,6 3 2 $ 2 , 1 3 8 , 9 3 1 $ 2 , 2 0 3 , 0 9 9 $ 2 , 2 6 9 , 1 9 2 $ 2 , 3 3 7 , 2 6 8 $ 2 , 4 0 7 , 3 8 6 $ 2 , 4 7 9 , 6 07 De b t S e r v i c e $ 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 CI P E x p e n d i t u r e s $ 7 7 3 , 0 0 0 $ 8 2 1 , 7 0 0 $ 4 3 5 , 0 0 0 $ 4 4 9 , 00 0 $ 4 2 6 , 5 0 0 $ 6 3 1 , 0 0 0 $ 4 4 6 , 0 0 0 $4 4 8 , 4 0 0 $ 4 5 0 , 8 4 8 $ 6 5 7 , 3 4 4 Tr a n s f e r t o E q u i p m e n t F u n d f o r S e w e r E q u i p $ 0 $ 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 4 5 0 , 0 0 0 $ 0 $ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 To t a l E x p e n s e s $ 2 , 7 8 6 , 9 0 0 $ 2 , 9 7 9 , 1 2 5 $ 2 , 9 0 1 , 1 4 8 $ 2 , 5 2 5 , 6 3 2 $ 2 ,8 6 5 , 4 3 1 $ 2 , 8 3 4 , 0 9 9 $ 2 , 7 1 5 , 1 9 2 $2 , 7 8 5 , 6 6 8 $ 2 , 8 5 8 , 2 3 4 $ 3 , 1 3 6 , 9 5 1 Re v e n u e s ( 4 ) $ 2 , 1 3 3 , 5 9 2 $ 2 , 1 9 5 , 9 5 0 $ 2 , 2 6 0 , 1 7 8 $ 2 , 3 2 6 , 3 3 3 $ 2 , 39 4 , 4 7 3 $ 2 , 4 6 4 , 6 5 8 $ 2 , 5 2 6 , 2 7 4 $ 2 ,5 8 9 , 4 3 1 $ 2 , 6 5 4 , 1 6 7 $ 2 , 7 2 0 , 5 2 1 Ad d b a c k D e p r e c i a t i o n $ 3 7 7 , 1 0 0 $ 3 9 7 , 1 0 7 $ 4 1 0 , 1 3 6 $ 4 20 , 5 9 2 $ 4 3 0 , 8 0 5 $ 4 4 1 , 5 7 5 $ 4 5 2, 6 1 5 $ 4 6 3 , 9 3 0 $ 4 7 5 , 5 2 8 $ 4 8 7 , 4 1 6 As s e s s m e n t s $ 3 0 , 3 6 8 $ 2 6 , 9 3 4 $ 2 4 , 9 0 2 $ 1 7 , 5 6 9 $ 1 7 , 5 6 9 $ 1 7 , 5 6 9 $ 2 , 0 0 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 An n u a l B a l a n c e ($ 2 4 5 , 8 4 0 ) ( $ 3 5 9 , 1 3 4 ) ( $ 2 0 5 , 9 3 2 ) $2 3 8 , 8 6 2 ($ 2 2 , 5 8 4 ) $8 9 , 7 0 3 $ 2 6 5 , 6 9 7 $ 2 6 7 , 6 9 3 $ 2 7 1 , 4 6 1 $ 7 0 , 9 8 6 Ye a r E n d C a s h B a l a n c e $ 2 , 2 5 4 , 1 8 7 $ 1 , 8 9 5 , 0 5 2 $ 1 , 6 8 9 , 1 2 1 $ 1 , 9 2 7 ,9 8 3 $ 1 , 9 0 5 , 3 9 9 $ 1 , 9 9 5 , 1 0 2 $ 2 , 2 6 0, 7 9 9 $ 2 , 5 2 8 , 4 9 2 $ 2 , 7 9 9 , 9 5 3 $ 2 , 8 7 0 , 9 3 8 St o r m W a t e r F u n d Cu r r e n t B a l a n c e : $ 1 , 8 8 3 , 1 7 2 65 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ta b l e B - 8 Pr o j e c t 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 2 0 2 8 2 0 2 9 2 0 3 0 Op e r a t i o n a n d M a i n t e n a n c e ( 3 ) $ 4 0 4 , 8 0 0 $ 4 4 4 , 0 6 4 $ 4 5 7 , 38 6 $ 4 7 1 , 1 0 7 $ 4 8 5 , 2 4 1 $ 4 9 9 , 7 9 8 $ 5 14 , 7 9 2 $ 5 3 0 , 2 3 6 $ 5 4 6 , 1 4 3 $ 5 6 2 , 5 2 7 CI P E x p e n d i t u r e s $ 5 0 1 , 1 5 0 $ 4 5 9 , 3 3 5 $ 3 0 3 , 0 0 0 $ 4 7 7 , 07 5 $ 3 9 8 , 4 7 5 $ 3 1 6 , 4 3 0 $ 4 4 2 , 9 8 5 $3 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 5 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 5 , 0 0 0 Tr a n s f e r t o E q u i p m e n t F u n d f o r S t o r m E q u i p $ 4 8 , 5 0 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 1 4 5 , 5 0 0 $ 3 7 , 0 0 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 To t a l E x p e n s e s $ 9 5 4 , 4 5 0 $ 9 0 3 , 3 9 9 $ 7 6 0 , 3 8 6 $ 9 4 8 , 1 8 2 $8 8 3 , 7 1 6 $ 9 6 1 , 7 2 8 $ 9 9 4 , 7 7 7 $ 9 15 , 2 3 6 $ 9 1 1 , 1 4 3 $ 9 2 7 , 5 2 7 Re v e n u e s ( 4 ) $ 6 9 8 , 5 6 7 $ 7 0 5 , 4 0 2 $ 7 1 2 , 3 0 6 $ 7 1 9 , 2 7 9 $7 2 6 , 3 2 2 $ 7 3 3 , 4 3 5 $ 7 5 1 , 7 7 1 $ 7 7 0, 5 6 6 $ 7 8 9 , 8 3 0 $ 8 0 9 , 5 7 5 Ad d b a c k d e p r e c i a t i o n $ 7 1 , 5 0 0 $ 7 8 , 1 3 5 $ 8 6 , 4 0 7 $ 92 , 6 7 0 $ 1 0 1 , 0 0 4 $ 1 0 3 , 5 2 9 $ 1 0 6 , 11 7 $ 1 0 8 , 7 7 0 $ 1 1 1 , 4 9 0 $ 1 1 4 , 2 7 7 An n u a l B a l a n c e ($ 1 8 4 , 3 8 3 ) ( $ 1 1 9 , 8 6 2 ) $3 8 , 3 2 7 ($ 1 3 6 , 2 3 3 ) ( $ 5 6 , 3 9 0 ) ( $ 1 2 4 , 7 6 3 ) ( $ 1 3 6, 8 8 8 ) ( $ 3 5 , 9 0 0 ) ( $ 9 , 8 2 3 ) ( $ 3 , 6 7 5 ) Ye a r E n d C a s h B a l a n c e $ 1 , 6 9 8 , 7 8 9 $ 1 , 5 7 8 , 9 2 7 $ 1 , 6 1 7 , 2 5 4 $ 1 , 4 81 , 0 2 2 $ 1 , 4 2 4 , 6 3 2 $ 1 , 2 9 9 , 8 6 9 $ 1 , 1 6 2 , 98 1 $ 1 , 1 2 7 , 0 8 1 $ 1 , 1 1 7 , 2 5 8 $ 1 , 1 1 3 , 5 8 3 40 6 2 5 0 0 0 Ca p i t a l I m p r o v e m e n t P l a n , C i t y o f O r o n o Pu b l i c W o r k s - S a n i t a r y S e w e r C I P Ta b l e A - 7 Cu r r e n t Y e a r Pr o j e c t D e p . L i f e 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 2 0 2 8 2 0 2 9 2 0 3 0 2 0 3 1 20 2 1 C o m m e n t s Se w e r R e h a b i l i t a t i o n 6 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 Ro a d P r o j e c t S a n i t a r y A d j u s t e m e n t s 7 5 $ 6 3 , 0 0 0 $7 6 , 5 0 0 $ 0 $ 3 9 , 0 0 0 $ 1 6 , 5 0 0 $ 2 1 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 , 0 0 0 up d a t e d b e a s e d o n c u r r e n t s t r e e t s C I P Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 5 G e n e r a t o r 1 5 $ 7 5 , 0 0 0 S u p p o r t s 1 6 1 p a r c e l s Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 6 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 2 0 0 2 Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 7 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 2 0 0 3 Fo r c e m a i n R e p l a c e m e n t T o n k a w a P H 2 7 5 $ 2 2 5 , 0 0 0 15 0 0 f t P a r k t o P h a s e 1 a t $ 1 5 0 / f t Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 1 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 9 9 1 Li f t S t a t i o n # 3 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 9 9 7 Gr i n d e r s t a t i o n s 3 , 4 , 5 R e h a b s 2 0 $3 5 , 0 0 0 Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 9 B a c k u p G e n e r a t o r 2 0 $2 5 , 0 0 0 ad d e d g e n e r a t o r Se w e r M e t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n ( i n t o L o n g L a k e ) 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 Fo r c e M a i n R e p l a c e m e n t T o n k a w a P H 3 7 5 $2 1 5 , 2 5 0 Mo v e t o 2 0 2 2 a n d u s e A R P f u n d s Fo r c e M a i n R e p l a c e m e n t T o n k a w a P H 4 7 5 $1 3 9 , 9 5 0 Mo v e t o 2 0 2 2 a n d u s e A R P f u n d s Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 1 B a c k u p G e n e r a t o r 2 0 $2 5 , 0 0 0 ad d e d g e n e r a t o r Li f t S t a t i o n # 5 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 9 9 7 Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 0 R e h a b 2 0 $6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 9 9 9 Li f t S t a t i o n # 2 8 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 9 9 6 , ( j u s t p a n e l - p u m p s i n 2 0 1 7 Gr i n d e r S t a t i o n # 8 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 9 9 7 Li f t S t a t i o n # 2 7 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t R e h a b 2 0 0 4 To t a l s $7 7 3 , 0 0 0 $ 8 2 1 , 7 0 0 $ 4 3 5 , 0 0 0 $ 4 4 9 , 0 0 0 $ 4 2 6 , 5 0 0 $ 6 3 1 , 0 0 0 $ 4 4 6 , 0 0 0 $ 4 4 8 , 4 0 0 $ 4 5 0 , 8 4 8 $ 6 5 7 , 3 4 4 $ 4 5 5 , 8 9 0 AR P $3 5 5 , 2 0 0 $4 6 6 , 5 0 0 5- Y e a r C I P P l a n n i n g P e r i o d Ca p i t a l I m p r o v e m e n t P l a n , C i t y o f O r o n o Pu b l i c W o r k s - W a t e r C I P Ta b l e A - 6 Pr o j e c t De p . L i f e 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 2 0 2 8 2 0 2 9 2 0 3 0 2 0 3 1 C o m m e n t s 2 0 2 1 Wa t e r S y t e m w o r k w i t h R o a d P r o j e c t s ( V a l v e r e p l a c e m e n t s ) 75 $ 1 4 8 , 5 0 0 $1 6 , 5 0 0 - $ $ 5 , 5 0 0 $ 0 $ 2 7 , 5 0 0 $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 up d a t e d b a s e d o n c u r r e n t s t r e e t s C I P Wa t e r M e t e r R e p l a c e m e n t 20 $ 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 9 5 , 0 0 0 $ 1 7 0 , 0 0 0 Wa l t e r s P o r t W a t e r m a i n R e p l a c e m e n t $1 6 0 , 0 0 0 Na v a r r e P l a n t C o n t r o l U p g r a d e 20 $1 9 0 , 0 0 0 up d a t e d Q u o t e f r o m q u a l i t y f l o w Wa t e r m a i n R e p l a c e m e n t C S A H 1 9 ( C S A H 1 5 t o K e l l y ) $2 7 0 , 9 0 0 U s e A R P f u n d s Wa t e r m a i n R e p l a c e m e n t C S A H 1 9 ( K e l l y t o W . L a f a y e t t e ) $2 3 8 , 6 0 0 Mo v e t o 2 0 2 2 a n d u s e A R P f u n d s So u t h W a t e r p l a n S o f t n e r V a l v e R e p l a c e m e n t ? ? $6 0 , 0 0 0 No r t h W a t e r p l a n t S w i t c h G e a r U p g r a d e 2 0 $1 0 0 , 0 0 0 We l l h e a d P r o t e c t i o n p l a n U p d a t e s 1 0 $2 0 , 0 0 0 Cu r r e n t p l a n e n d s i n 2 0 2 2 No r t h W a t e r T o w e r d e e p c l e a n / I n s p e c t i o n a n d r e p a i r s $7 5 , 4 5 0 So u t h T o w e r R e p a i n t a n d R e h a b i l i t a t i o n 2 0 $3 5 0 , 0 0 0 We l l # 4 I n s p e c t i o n & M a i n t e n a n c e ( e v e r y 1 0 y r s ) 2 0 $2 0 , 0 0 0 No r t h W a t e r P l a n t P a i n t i n g 7 $3 0 , 0 0 0 So u t h W a t e r P l a n t P a i n t i n g 7 $6 0 , 0 0 0 We l l # 1 I n s p e c t i o n a n d M a i n t e n a n c e ( e v e r y 1 0 y r s ) 1 0 $2 0 , 0 0 0 We l l # 2 I n s p e c t i o n a n d M a i n te n a n c e ( e v e r y 1 0 y r s ) 1 0 $2 0 , 0 0 0 Wa t e r M a i n L o o p C o n c o r d i a 7 5 $2 3 0 , 0 0 0 Wa t e r S u p p l y P l a n U p d a t e 1 0 $2 0 , 0 0 0 D N R r e q u i r e m e n t No r t h W e l l h o u s e U p g r a d e ( s e w e r ) $1 0 , 0 0 0 We l l # 3 I n s p e c t i o n & M a i n t e n a n c e ( e v e r y 1 0 y r s ) 1 0 $2 0 , 0 0 0 To t a l s $4 2 0 , 5 0 0 $ 7 9 8 , 4 4 0 $ 1 4 2 , 8 8 9 $ 3 9 9 , 29 7 $ 3 9 7 , 8 3 3 $ 3 6 6 , 0 2 8 $ 4 8 9 , 2 4 2 $ 3 1 9 ,9 7 3 $ 4 2 0 , 7 2 2 $ 2 7 0 , 7 2 2 $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 AR P $5 0 9 , 5 0 0 Le s s A R P i t e m s $2 8 8 , 9 4 0 5- Y e a r C I P P l a n n i n g P e r i o d Ca p i t a l I m p r o v e m e n t P l a n , C i t y o f O r o n o Pu b l i c W o r k s - S a n i t a r y S e w e r C I P Ta b l e A - 7 Cu r r e n t Y e a r Pr o j e c t D e p . L i f e 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 2 0 2 8 2 0 2 9 2 0 3 0 2 0 3 1 20 2 1 C o m m e n t s Se w e r R e h a b i l i t a t i o n 6 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 Ro a d P r o j e c t S a n i t a r y A d j u s t e m e n t s 7 5 $ 6 3 , 0 0 0 $7 6 , 5 0 0 $ 0 $ 3 9 , 0 0 0 $ 1 6 , 5 0 0 $ 2 1 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 , 0 0 0 up d a t e d b e a s e d o n c u r r e n t s t r e e t s C I P Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 5 G e n e r a t o r 1 5 $ 7 5 , 0 0 0 S u p p o r t s 1 6 1 p a r c e l s Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 6 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 2 0 0 2 Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 7 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 2 0 0 3 Fo r c e m a i n R e p l a c e m e n t T o n k a w a P H 2 7 5 $ 2 2 5 , 0 0 0 15 0 0 f t P a r k t o P h a s e 1 a t $ 1 5 0 / f t Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 1 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 9 9 1 Li f t S t a t i o n # 3 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 9 9 7 Gr i n d e r s t a t i o n s 3 , 4 , 5 R e h a b s 2 0 $3 5 , 0 0 0 Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 9 B a c k u p G e n e r a t o r 2 0 $2 5 , 0 0 0 ad d e d g e n e r a t o r Se w e r M e t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n ( i n t o L o n g L a k e ) 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 Fo r c e M a i n R e p l a c e m e n t T o n k a w a P H 3 7 5 $2 1 5 , 2 5 0 Mo v e t o 2 0 2 2 a n d u s e A R P f u n d s Fo r c e M a i n R e p l a c e m e n t T o n k a w a P H 4 7 5 $1 3 9 , 9 5 0 Mo v e t o 2 0 2 2 a n d u s e A R P f u n d s Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 1 B a c k u p G e n e r a t o r 2 0 $2 5 , 0 0 0 ad d e d g e n e r a t o r Li f t S t a t i o n # 5 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 9 9 7 Li f t S t a t i o n # 1 0 R e h a b 2 0 $6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 9 9 9 Li f t S t a t i o n # 2 8 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 9 9 6 , ( j u s t p a n e l - p u m p s i n 2 0 1 7 Gr i n d e r S t a t i o n # 8 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t r e h a b / i n s t a l l a t i o n 1 9 9 7 Li f t S t a t i o n # 2 7 R e h a b 2 0 $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 La s t R e h a b 2 0 0 4 To t a l s $7 7 3 , 0 0 0 $ 8 2 1 , 7 0 0 $ 4 3 5 , 0 0 0 $ 4 4 9 , 0 0 0 $ 4 2 6 , 5 0 0 $ 6 3 1 , 0 0 0 $ 4 4 6 , 0 0 0 $ 4 4 8 , 4 0 0 $ 4 5 0 , 8 4 8 $ 6 5 7 , 3 4 4 $ 4 5 5 , 8 9 0 AR P $3 5 5 , 2 0 0 $4 6 6 , 5 0 0 5- Y e a r C I P P l a n n i n g P e r i o d Ca p i t a l I m p r o v e m e n t P l a n , C i t y o f O r o n o Pu b l i c W o r k s - S t o r m S e w e r C I P Ta b l e A - 8 Cu r r e n t Y e a r Pr o j e c t De p . L i f e 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 2 0 2 8 2 0 2 9 2 0 3 0 2 0 3 1 C o m m e n t s 2 0 2 1 Ro a d P r o j e c t S t o r m w a t e r I m p r o v e m e n t s 75 $1 7 2 , 1 5 0 $ 2 0 8 , 3 3 5 $ 1 8 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 6 5 , 2 3 0 $1 6 1 , 4 7 5 $ 1 3 1 , 4 3 0 $ 1 8 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 8 0 , 00 0 $ 1 8 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 8 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 8 0 , 0 0 0 Up d t e d b a s e d o n c u r r e n t St r e e t s C I P Ca s c o P o i n t P a r k O u t l e t ( S W M P O - 1 ) 50 $5 8 , 0 0 0 So u t h C a s c o P o i n t R o a d S u m p ( S W M P C B - 2 ) 50 $3 6 , 0 0 0 Ca s c o P o i n t P a r k B i o r e t e n t i o n B a s i n ( S W M P C B - 1 ) 50 $5 5 , 0 0 0 Fa g e r n e s s P o i n t R o a d D r a i n a g e S y s t e m 50 $8 0 , 0 0 0 Dr e d g e G C P o n d 50 $5 0 , 0 0 0 Mu n i c i p a l P a r k i n g L o t S t o r m M a n h o l e R e b u i l d s $3 5 , 0 0 0 Mo v e d t o 2 0 2 2 d u e t o e P & Z Co m m u n i t y S t u d y No r t h S h o r e D r i v e R a v i n e S t a b i l i z a t i o n 50 $9 6 , 0 0 0 St o r m w a t e r P o l u t i o n P r e v e n t i o n P l a n U p d a t e ( M S 4 p e r m i t ) 5 $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 Ch e r r y P l a c e R a v i n e I m p r o v e m e n t ( S W M P N A - 1 ) 50 $2 3 , 0 0 0 Mc C u l l e y R o a d O u t l e t ( S W M P O - 3 ) 50 $5 8 , 0 0 0 Ca s c o C o v e O u t l e t ( S W M P O - 2 ) 50 $8 0 , 0 0 0 Mo v e d t o 2 0 2 5 t o b a l a n c e ex p e n d a t u r e s . Ca s c o C o v e B i o r e t e n t i o n B a s i n ( C B - 3 ) 50 $5 7 , 0 0 0 Mo v e d t o 2 0 2 5 t o b a l a n c e ex p e n d a t u r e s . Su r f a c e W a t e r M a n a g e m e n t P l a n U p d a t e 10 $2 0 , 0 0 0 Su r f a c e W a t e r M a n a g e m e n t P r o j e c t s , U n n a m e d ( P e r Y e a r ) 50 85 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ Po n d C l e a n i n g / M a i n t e n a n c e ( 1 / 3 y e a r s ) 50 53 , 8 4 5 $ 5 7 , 9 8 5 $ St o r m S e w e r I m p r o v e m e n t s / R e p l a c e m e n t s ( P e r Y e a r ) 50 50 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ To t a l s $5 0 1 , 1 5 0 $ 4 5 9 , 3 3 5 $ 3 0 3 , 0 0 0 $ 4 7 7 , 0 7 5 $ 3 9 8 , 4 7 5 $ 31 6 , 4 3 0 $ 4 4 2 , 9 8 5 $ 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 5 , 0 0 0 $ 3 6 5 , 0 0 0 $3 6 5 , 0 0 0 5- Y e a r C I P P l a n n i n g P e r i o d Ca p i t a l I m p r o v e m e n t P l a n , C i t y o f O r o n o 22 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 Eq u i p m e n t C I P Ta b l e A - 2 a Cu r r e n t Y e a r Fu n d S o u r c e B u m p e r # M a n u f a c t u r e r M o d e l Eq u i p m e n t D e s c r i p t i o n 20 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 7 2 0 2 8 2 0 2 9 2 0 3 0 2 0 3 1 Co m m e n t s 2 0 2 1 St o r m 4 5 2 B o b c a t 5 2 5 0 Sk i d l o a d e r $4 8 , 5 0 0 St r e e t s 4 8 2 T o w m a s t e r Tr a i l e r $1 1 , 0 0 0 Pa r k s 6 0 4 M u l t i p r o 1 7 5 0 To o l C a t $6 6 , 6 8 4 St r e e t s 4 0 7 F o r d 3/ 4 T o n $5 0 , 0 0 0 Pu r c h e s e d t o s u p p o r t S P C o n t r a c t Go l f C o u r s e 6 0 3 J o h n D e e r e 2 6 5 3 Te e M o w e r $3 8 , 0 0 0 St r e e t s 4 3 1 F o r d F 5 5 0 Tr u c k , 1 T o n D u m p T r u c k w / P l o w a n d S a n d e r $1 4 8 , 0 0 0 Se w e r 7 1 2 F o r d F 3 5 0 Ut i l i t y S e r v i c e T r u c k w i t h h o i s t $9 0 , 0 0 0 Wa t e r 7 1 4 E r o s G o l d GP S A n t e n a U n i t $1 0 , 0 0 0 St r e e t s 4 2 2 F o r d F 2 5 0 Tr u c k , 3 / 4 T o n P i c k u p w / P l o w $4 0 , 0 0 0 Wa t e r 7 1 0 F o r d F 2 5 0 Ch e v y 3 / 4 T o n P i c k u p w / P l o w $5 0 , 0 0 0 Pa r k s 6 0 1 J o h n D e e r e 1 6 0 0 Ro u g h M o w e r $6 5 , 5 0 0 Mo v e d f w d d u e t o e x i s t i n g e qu i p m e n t m a i n t e n a n c e i s s u e s . Se w e r 7 1 3 S t e r l i n g V a c t o r 2 0 1 0 Va c t o r T r u c k $4 5 0 , 0 0 0 St r e e t s 4 3 2 S t e r l i n g Ho t P a t c h T r u c k $1 8 8 , 0 0 0 St r e e t s 4 7 1 Ve r m e e r BC 1 4 0 0 X L Ch i p p e r $4 0 , 5 0 0 Se w e r 7 1 1 M y e r s Je t R o d d e r - T a n k p u m p a n d h o s e u n i t $3 0 0 , 0 0 0 Pa r k s 6 0 5 T o r o G r e e n s m a s t Gr e e n s M o w e r $9 , 7 0 0 Mo v e d b a c k p e n d i n g f u r t h e r n e e d s a n a l y s i s St r e e t s 4 8 3 R e d d i h a u l Tr a i l e r $2 1 , 5 0 0 Pl a n n i n g 2 1 1 F o r d F 1 5 0 Bu i l d i n g I n s p e c t i o n V e h i c l e $4 0 , 3 0 0 St o r m 4 3 0 J o h n D e e r e 4 1 0 G Tr a c t o r L o a d e r B a c k h o e $1 4 5 , 5 0 0 St r e e t s 4 9 1 Cr a c k S e a l i n g E q u i p m e n t $6 5 , 0 0 0 St r e e t s 4 8 1 T o w m a s t e r Tr a i l e r $9 , 0 0 0 Pa r k s 6 1 8 Gr e e n s / T u r f R o l l e r $1 3 , 0 0 0 St o r m 7 0 9 F o r d F 2 5 0 Fo r d 3 / 4 T o n P i c k u p $3 7 , 0 0 0 St r e e t s 4 5 1 B o b c a t 5 5 7 0 Sk i d l o a d e r $7 0 , 0 0 0 Ad m i n 1 1 0 F o r d E x p l o r e r Ad m i n v e h i c l e $5 0 , 0 0 0 Pa r k s 6 1 5 H u s t l e r x - O n e Z e r o T Mo w e r ( B i g i s l a n d ) $8 , 9 6 1 St r e e t s 4 5 1 A B o b c a t S B 2 4 0 Sn o w b l o w e r $1 1 , 5 0 0 St r e e t s 4 9 0 I n g e r s o l l R a n d Ai r C o m p r e s s o r $4 0 , 0 0 0 St r e e t s 4 7 0 I n g e r s o l l R a n d D D - 2 3 Ro l l e r $4 0 , 0 0 0 St r e e t s 4 2 4 W e s t e r n S t a r 4 7 0 0 Du m p T r u c k w / P l o w a n d S a n d e r $2 6 0 , 0 0 0 St r e e t s 4 2 8 F o r d F 5 5 0 Tr u c k , 1 T o n D u m p T r u c k w / P l o w a n d S a n d e r $1 0 2 , 8 0 0 Pa r k s 6 1 9 To p D r e s s e r $1 6 , 8 0 0 Mo v e d b a c k p e n d i n g f u r t h e r n e e d s a n a l y s i s En t e r p r i s e F u n d T o t a l 48 , 5 0 0 $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ - $ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 4 5 , 5 0 0 $ 3 7 , 0 0 0 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Wa t e r - $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Se w e r - $ 9 0 , 0 0 0 $ 4 5 0 , 0 0 0 $ - $ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ St o r m 48 , 5 0 0 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 1 4 5 , 5 0 0 $ 3 7 , 0 0 0 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Ge n e r a l F u n d T o t a l 12 7 , 6 8 4 $ 2 2 6 , 0 0 0 $ 6 5 , 5 0 0 $ 1 8 8 , 0 0 0 $ 4 0 , 5 0 0 $ 7 1 , 5 0 0 $ 8 7 , 0 0 0 $ 1 4 0 , 4 6 1 $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 $ 4 1 9 , 6 0 0 $ - $ Pa r k s 66 , 6 8 4 $ - $ 6 5 , 5 0 0 $ - $ - $ 9 , 7 0 0 $ 1 3 , 0 0 0 $ 8 , 9 6 1 $ - $ 1 6 , 8 0 0 $ - $ Go l f C o u r s e - $ 3 8 , 0 0 0 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Ad m i n - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 $ - $ - $ - $ Pl a n n i n g - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 4 0 , 3 0 0 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ St r e e t s 61 , 0 0 0 $ 1 8 8 , 0 0 0 $ - $ 1 8 8 , 0 0 0 $ 4 0 , 5 0 0 $ 2 1 , 5 0 0 $ 7 4 , 0 0 0 $ 8 1 , 5 0 0 $ 40 , 0 0 0 $ 4 0 2 , 8 0 0 $ - $ To t a l s 17 6 , 1 8 4 $ 3 2 6 , 0 0 0 $ 5 6 5 , 5 0 0 $ 1 8 8 , 0 0 0 $ 3 4 0 , 5 0 0 $ 2 1 7 , 0 0 0 $ 1 2 4 , 0 0 0 $ 1 4 0 , 4 6 1 $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 $ 4 1 9 , 6 0 0 $ - $ 2, 5 3 7 , 2 4 5 $ 5 Y e a r C I P P l a n n i n g P e r i o d AGENDA ITEM Prepared By:RJO Reviewed By: A. Carlson Approved By: 1.Purpose. The purpose of this action item is to approve a Supplemental Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) and authorize the issuance of bonds under Minnesota Statute Section 475.521. 2.Background. The City has been going through the process of designing a new Public Works Facility to replace the facility. The City is also in the process of establishing a fire department. Establishment of the department will require a building to operate out of. These two building projects can be funded by bonds sold under Minnesota Statute 475.521. This statute requires the adoption of a Five-Year Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) in order to issue the bonds. The Public Works Facility was included in the City’s 2021 CIP, the Fire Department is a new addition. The supplemental CIP that the council is being asked to approve satisfies the requirements of the statute. Another requirement of the statute is that the City holds a public hearing prior to the adoption of the CIP and the issuance of the bonds. The public hearing provides the public the opportunity to ask questions and comment about the proposal. Notice of the hearing has been published in the official newspaper and is posted on the City website. 3.Cost. The cost of the Public Works and Fire facilities will be $16,000,000. 4.Funding. Funding for this project will be through the issuance of bonds in an amount not to exceed $16,000,000. 5.Staff Recommendation. Staff recommends approving the Supplemental Capital Improvement Plan and confirming the City’s intent to issue bonds to fund the plan. COUNCIL ACTION REQUESTED Motion to Adopt Resolution No. 7233, approving the Supplemental Capital Improvement Plan and confirming the City’s intent to issue bonds to fund the plan. Exhibits A. Supplemental CIP B. Resolution C. CIP Bonding Schedule Item No.: 9 Date:November 8, 2021 Item Description:Approval of the Supplemental Capital Improvement Plan and the Sale of Bonds Presenter:Ron Olson Finance Director Agenda Section: Public Hearing Hennepin County 2,261,068,019 1.74% 1,065,595,000 18,570,432 I.S.D. 276 91,313,434 0.25% 116,380,000 292,365 I.S.D. 277 50,813,855 25.81% 34,490,000 8,903,136 I.S.D. 278 47,099,554 51.98% 61,850,000 32,149,900 I.S.D. 284 176,520,269 0.89% 215,430,000 1,922,679 Metropolitan Council 4,884,505,255 0.81% 193,320,000 1,559,551 Three Rivers Park Dis 1,563,969,505 2.52% 51,320,000 1,293,010 64,691,074 City of Orono Share of Overlapping Debt The Debt listed above includes all outstanding general obligation debt supported by taxes. General Obligation and lease obligations outstanding that are fully supported by other pledged revenues have not been included in the Overlapping Debt calculation. Assessor's Estimated Market Value 3,441,380,700 Multiply by 3% 0.03 Statutory Debt Limit 103,241,421 Less: Existing Debt Subject to the Limit (3,035,000) Less: Proposed CIP Bond Issue(s)(16,000,000) Unused Debt Limit 84,206,421 Assessor's Estimated Market Value 3,441,380,700 Multiply by 0.16% 0.0016 CIP Act Debt Service Limit 5,506,209 Less: Existing Debt Service Subject to the Limit (285,000) Less: Proposed CIP Bond Issue (935,236) Unused Debt Service Limit 4,285,973 2022 Public Works and Fire Station 16,000,000$ 2023 None Anticipated -$ 2024 None Anticipated -$ 2025 None Anticipated -$ 2026 None Anticipated -$ TOTAL 16,000,000$ 2022 16,000,000$ 2023 -$ 2024 -$ 2025 -$ 2026 -$ TOTAL 16,000,000$ City of Orono, Minnesota $16,000,000 General Obligation CIP Bonds, Series 2022A Assumes Current Market Non-BQ Aaa Rates plus 50bps Estimated Sources & Uses Dated 02/01/2022 | Delivered 02/01/2022 Sources Of Funds Par Amount of Bonds $16,000,000.00 Total Sources $16,000,000.00 Uses Of Funds Total Underwriter's Discount Allowance (1.00%) 160,000.00 Estimated Costs of Issuance 99,000.00 Deposit to Project Construction Fund 15,741,000.00 Total Use s $16,000,000.00 Estimated Debt Service Schedule - 25 years Date Principal Coupon Interest Total P+I 105% Levy 02/01/2022 - - - -- 02/01/2023 - -393,612.50 393,612.50 - 02/01/2024 495,000.00 0.900% 393,612.50 888,612.50 933,043.13 02/01/2025 500,000.00 1.100% 389,157.50 889,157.50 933,615.38 02/01/2026 505,000.00 1.450% 383,657.50 888,657.50 933,090.38 02/01/2027 515,000.00 1.550% 376,335.00 891,335.00 935,901.75 02/01/2028 525,000.00 1.750% 368,352.50 893,352.50 938,020.13 02/01/2029 530,000.00 1.850% 359,165.00 889,165.00 933,623.25 02/01/2030 540,000.00 2.000% 349,360.00 889,360.00 933,828.00 02/01/2031 550,000.00 2.200% 338,560.00 888,560.00 932,988.00 02/01/2032 565,000.00 2.250% 326,460.00 891,460.00 936,033.00 02/01/2033 575,000.00 2.300% 313,747.50 888,747.50 933,184.88 02/01/2034 590,000.00 2.350% 300,522.50 890,522.50 935,048.63 02/01/2035 605,000.00 2.400% 286,657.50 891,657.50 936,240.38 02/01/2036 620,000.00 2.450% 272,137.50 892,137.50 936,744.38 02/01/2037 635,000.00 2.500% 256,947.50 891,947.50 936,544.88 02/01/2038 650,000.00 2.600% 241,072.50 891,072.50 935,626.13 02/01/2039 665,000.00 2.700% 224,172.50 889,172.50 933,631.13 02/01/2040 685,000.00 2.800% 206,217.50 891,217.50 935,778.38 02/01/2041 705,000.00 2.850% 187,037.50 892,037.50 936,639.38 02/01/2042 725,000.00 2.900% 166,945.00 891,945.00 936,542.25 02/01/2043 745,000.00 2.950% 145,920.00 890,920.00 935,466.00 02/01/2044 765,000.00 3.000% 123,942.50 888,942.50 933,389.63 02/01/2045 790,000.00 3.000% 100,992.50 890,992.50 935,542.13 02/01/2046 815,000.00 3.050% 77,292.50 892,292.50 936,907.13 02/01/2047 840,000.00 3.050% 52,435.00 892,435.00 937,056.75 02/01/2048 865,000.00 3.100% 26,815.00 891,815.00 936,405.75 Total $16,000,000.00 - $6,661,127.50 $22,661,127.50 $23,794,183.88 Average Annual Levy:$935,235.63 Estimated Debt Service Schedule - 30 year maximum Date Principal Coupon Interest Total P+I 105% Levy 02/01/2022 - - - -- 02/01/2023 - -414,415.00 414,415.00 - 02/01/2024 405,000.00 0.900% 414,415.00 819,415.00 860,385.75 02/01/2025 405,000.00 1.100% 410,770.00 815,770.00 856,558.50 02/01/2026 410,000.00 1.450% 406,315.00 816,315.00 857,130.75 02/01/2027 415,000.00 1.550% 400,370.00 815,370.00 856,138.50 02/01/2028 425,000.00 1.750% 393,937.50 818,937.50 859,884.38 02/01/2029 430,000.00 1.850% 386,500.00 816,500.00 857,325.00 02/01/2030 440,000.00 2.000% 378,545.00 818,545.00 859,472.25 02/01/2031 450,000.00 2.200% 369,745.00 819,745.00 860,732.25 02/01/2032 460,000.00 2.250% 359,845.00 819,845.00 860,837.25 02/01/2033 470,000.00 2.300% 349,495.00 819,495.00 860,469.75 02/01/2034 480,000.00 2.350% 338,685.00 818,685.00 859,619.25 02/01/2035 490,000.00 2.400% 327,405.00 817,405.00 858,275.25 02/01/2036 500,000.00 2.450% 315,645.00 815,645.00 856,427.25 02/01/2037 515,000.00 2.500% 303,395.00 818,395.00 859,314.75 02/01/2038 525,000.00 2.600% 290,520.00 815,520.00 856,296.00 02/01/2039 540,000.00 2.700% 276,870.00 816,870.00 857,713.50 02/01/2040 555,000.00 2.800% 262,290.00 817,290.00 858,154.50 02/01/2041 570,000.00 2.850% 246,750.00 816,750.00 857,587.50 02/01/2042 585,000.00 2.900% 230,505.00 815,505.00 856,280.25 02/01/2043 605,000.00 2.950% 213,540.00 818,540.00 859,467.00 02/01/2044 620,000.00 3.000% 195,692.50 815,692.50 856,477.13 02/01/2045 640,000.00 3.000% 177,092.50 817,092.50 857,947.13 02/01/2046 660,000.00 3.050% 157,892.50 817,892.50 858,787.13 02/01/2047 680,000.00 3.050% 137,762.50 817,762.50 858,650.63 02/01/2048 700,000.00 3.100% 117,022.50 817,022.50 857,873.63 02/01/2049 720,000.00 3.100% 95,322.50 815,322.50 856,088.63 02/01/2050 745,000.00 3.150% 73,002.50 818,002.50 858,902.63 02/01/2051 770,000.00 3.150% 49,535.00 819,535.00 860,511.75 02/01/2052 790,000.00 3.200% 25,280.00 815,280.00 856,044.00 Total $16,000,000.00 - $8,118,560.00 $24,118,560.00 $25,324,488.00 Average Annual Levy:$858,253.53 CITY OF ORONO RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL NO. 7233 RESOLUTION APPROVING CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PLAN AND CONFIRMING INTENT TO ISSUE BONDS WHEREAS, there has been presented to this Council a Supplemental Capital Improvement Plan (the “Plan”) for the County prepared in accordance with Minnesota Statutes, Section 475.521; and WHEREAS, in preparing the Plan, this Council considered the factors set forth in Minnesota Statutes, Section 475.521, Subd. 3; and WHEREAS, a public hearing was duly called and held on the Plan and the Council’s intent to issue bonds for transactions contemplated by the Plan consisting of the construction of a public works facility and fire station facility in the city. NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ORONO, MINNESOTA, AS FOLLOWS: 1. The Plan is hereby approved. 2. The Council’s intent to issue bonds pursuant to the Plan is hereby confirmed. The estimated amount of bonds for this purpose is $16,000,000. The issuance of the bonds is subject to a referendum if a petition meeting the requirements of Minnesota Statutes, Section 475.521, Subd. 2(c) requesting a vote on the issuance is filed with the City Clerk within 30 days after the date hereof. 3. Sealed proposals for the bonds, to be part of an issue aggregating approximately $16,000,000, will be received on Monday, December 13, 2021, at the offices of Ehlers & Associates, Inc. The City Council will meet at City Hall at 6:00 o’clock P.M. on the same day for the purpose of considering the proposals and awarding the sale of the bonds. The terms of the bonds and the sale thereof shall be substantially as set forth in the report of Ehlers & Associates, Inc. on file in the office of the City Finance Director. ADOPTED by the City Council of the City of Orono, Minnesota, and this 8th day of November, 2021. CITY OF ORONO RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL NO. 7233 ATTEST: _____________________________________ ______________________________ Anna Carlson, City Clerk Dennis Walsh, Mayor Potential Schedule of Events for CIP Bond Financing: Public Hearing: Identify preliminary financing and repayment structure - Up to $16MM bond issue with a 25 to 30-year repayment Complete Submit public hearing notice for publication at least 14, but no more than 28, days prior to the public hearing Complete Publication of CIP Bond Public Hearing Notice Complete Draft 5-year Capital Improvement Bond Plan document submitted to staff for review and update November 8 CIP Bond Public Hearing; City Council consideration of resolution adopting a Supplemental 5-year Capital Improvements Bond Plan December 8 30-day “reverse referendum” petition period expires Bond Issuance: In progress General Certificate submitted to staff requesting information for bond document production November 8 Council gives preliminary authorization setting a bond sale date Week of Nov. 29 Rating call with Moody’s Investor Service to discuss the CIP Bonds and update the City’s credit rating By December 1 Ehlers conducts Due Diligence call with staff to review Bond Preliminary Official Statement December 2 Bonds offering documents distributed to marketplace December 13 Bond sale - financing bids presented to Council for formal award December 30 Bonds closing; funds wired to project construction fund for project cashflow investment