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940 Brown Road
Wayzata, MN
Wetland Classification, Identification, and
Delineation Report
Prepared for:
Catherine Johnston
By:
Svoboda Ecological Resources
Project Number 2006-109-03
October 23, 2006
The contents and format of this report are considered intellectual property and
are subject to copyright restrictions and may not be reproduced without
the express permission of Svoboda Ecological Resources.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTI ON..............................................................................................................2
METHODS.........................................................................................................................2
RESULTS ...........................................................................................................................3
Background Information- (Office-Based Investigation)..........................................3
SiteVisit .................................................................................................................6
DISCUSSION..............................................................................................:......................9
RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................10
CERTIFICATION...........................................................................................................11
DATASOURCES ............................................................................................................12
LITERATUREREFERENCED.....................................................................................13
FULL FIGURE SET:
Figure l: Site Map
Figure 2: National Wetlands Inventory
Figure 3: Hennepin County Soil Survey
Figure 4: DNR - Protected Waters
Figure 5: Approximate Wetland Boundaries and Sample Locations
THE TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION SECTION:
Field Data Sheets
Plant Indicator Status
Soil Series Data
Wetland Definition
APPENDIX A:
Explanation of Cowardin and Circular 39 Wetland Classification Systems
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ABSTRACT
Svoboda Ecological Resources(SER) visited the above referenced property on October 10, 2006 to
examine the site for the presence of areas meeting jurisdictional wetland criteria. The study parcel
is located within the Ciry of Wayzata, Minnesota and Hennepin Counry (Figure 1). Two wetland
boundaries were delineated; Wetland 1 was characterized as a Type 3-PEMF wetland and Wetland
2 was characterized as a Type 3/4 PEM/UBF wetland complex. One sample transect was
established within each of the two wetlands in order to characterize the soil, vegetation, and existing
hydrology within the wetland-to-upland transition zone.
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Svoboda Ecological Resources 940 Brown Road
Project No.: 2006-109-03 1 Catherine Johnston
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INTRODUCTION
The subject parcel is approximately 9 acres and dominated by grassy lawn, wetland, and forested
upland. Two single-family homes lie within the west-central portion of the parceL The site has
moderately undulating topography throughout with the lowest points being at the east end of the
parcel toward Wetland 1. Brown Road borders the parcel on its west side (Figure 1). The area
surrounding the�parcel is primarily residential.
All identified wetlands were classified according to the Cowardin et al. (1979),and the US Fish and
Wildlife Service Circular 39 classification systems and staked with lath or pin flags. Field data
sheets,plant indicator status information,soil survey information,and wetland definition information
can be found within the Technical Documentation Section.
METHODS
The methods used to delineate the subject parcel are described in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1987 Wetland Delineation Manual, under the "routine" methods for sites less than 5 acres. This
methodology is followed in order to assess whether the three criteria of a wetland are met for areas
on the subject parcel. The three parameters required under normal circumstances in order to
delineate a wetland are described below.
National Wetland Inventory(NWI)maps(Figure 2),Soil Survey of Hennepin County maps(Figure
3),Minnesota Protected Waters maps (Figure 4),and 2003 aerial photographs were reviewed prior to
the site visit to identify areas that may be wetlands. Areas illustrating evidence of wetland conditions
were examined in greater detail during the field survey. Vegetation, soils and hydrology were
examined (as outlined in the 1987 Manual) and used to characterize wetland types and determine
wetland boundaries.Sample transects were established in representative wetland-to-upland transition
zones in order to characterize the vegetation, soils, and hydrology of the site. Transects consisted of
representative upland sample point(s) and representative wetland sample point(s). Information
obtained from the sample points can be found on the field data sheets located in The Technical
Documentation Section.
Wetland boundaries were marked at the site by blaze-orange"wetland boundary"flagging attached
to 4-foot wooden lath or pin flags. Where vegetation was dense,to assist in locating the flagged lath
(wetland edge), a second piece of flagging was attached to a nearby tree or shrub branch. The
"wetland boundary"is considered to be the topographically highest extent of the wetland basin; areas
below the staked boundary met the three required wetland criteria while areas above were lacking in
one or more of these criteria.
Wetland classification followed methods described by Cowardin et aL (1979) and used in the NWI
(e.g. PEMB, PSS1C, etc.), completed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Circular 39
classification (Shaw and Fredine 1956) is also given (e.g. Type l, Type 2...etc.). The indicator
Svoboda Ecological Resources 940 Brown Road
Project No.: 2006-109-03 2 Catherine Johnston
I � • /I i
status of plants, as described in The Technical Documentation Section, was determined using the
National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands — Region 3 (Sabine 1999).
RESULTS
Background Information- (Office-Based Investigation)
The NWI map (Excelsior Quadrangle) illustrates two wetland basins (Figure 2) within the subject
parcel.
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Svoboda Ecological Resources 940 Brown Road
Project No.: 2006-109-03 3 Catherine Johnston
� � � �
The Soil Survey of Hennepin County (Figure 3) indicates the presence of two soil series on the
subject property. The soil series present are Hayden and Klossner (Figure 3). The Klossner soil
series is classified as a hydric soil(SCS Hydric Soils of the United States)and is illustrated with blue
crosshatching on Figure 3. Soil series descriptions are given in The Technical Documentation
Section.
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Svoboda Ecological Resources 940 Brown Road
Project No.: 2006-109-03 4 Catherine Johnston
T � • �
According to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, State Protected Waters Map(Public
Water Inventory), one DNR protected waterway(859w) is located within the subject parcel (Figure
4).
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Svoboda Ecological Resources 940 Brown Road
Project No.:2006-109-03 5 Catherine Johnston
, .
Site Visit
SER ecologists examined the subject property for areas meeting jurisdictional wetland criteria during
the site visit. Two wetlands meeting the jurisdictional criteria of a wetland, for which a boundary
was determined and delineated, were staked (approximate wetland boundaries outlined in yellow
(Figure 5). Detailed soils, vegetation, and hydrology data for the delineated wetland is provided in
the data sheets of The Technical Documentation Section.
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Svoboda Ecological Resources 940 Brown Road
Project No.: 2006-109-03 ( Catherine Johnston
1 � � �
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# (Figure 2) C(assification/ (Figure 3) Soil Unit Indicators Vegetation
T e (FiQure 5)
1 PEMF PEMF Hayden and Klossner Saturation in Phalaris
Klossner upperl2" arundinacea
FAC-Neutral, Acer
Hydric Soil Unit, negundo
Quercus
macrocar a
Wetland 1 described as a Type 3 PEMF wetland, is located in the eastern portion of the property.
Wetland 1 is dominated by reed canary grass(Phalaris arundinacea),boxelder(Acer negundo),and
bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Wetland 1 was delineated using approximately 25 lath. Wetland 1
extends off of the subject property to the east.
Svoboda Ecological Resources 940 Brown Road
Project IVo.:2006-109-03 7 Catherine Johnston
� � �t � '
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T e (Fiaure 5)
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open water Klossner Oxidized root nrundinncea
& Hayden channels
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u er 12"
Wetland 2 is described as a Type 3/4 PEMF wetland, and is located in the western portion of the
property. Wetland 2 is dominated by reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) but contains some
narrow-leaf cattail deeper within the delineated boundary. Wetland 2 was delineated using
approximately 301ath.
Wetland 2A is an extension of Wetland 2 to the south. A private driveway separates Wetland 2 from
Wetland 2A but both are connected to each other by a culvert extending beneath the driveway.
Wetland 2A was delineated using 4 lath.
Svoboda Ecological Resources 940 Brown Road
Project lVo.: 2006-]09-03 g Catherine Johnston
, • , . �
Wetland 2A
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DISCUSSION
SER completed all on-site delineations based on the three required technical criteria as outlined by
the 1987 Manual: the presence of hydric soils, a predominance of hydrophytic vegetation, and
indicators of wetland hydrology in each basin. The site visit portion of the wetland delineation was
completed on October 10, 2006.
SER personnel examined the subject property for areas meeting jurisdictional wetland criteria during
the site visit and delineated the edges of two basins as being jurisdictional wetland including a
portion of wetland separated from a larger complex that is connected to it by a culvert (Figure 5).
Detailed soils,vegetation and hydrology data for these wetlands is provided in the data sheets of The
Technical Documentation Section. A set of full-scale figures is given in the Figures Section.
Svoboda Ecological Resources 940 Brown Road
Project No.:2006-109-03 9 Catherine Johnston
, , . , ,
RECOMMENDATIONS
Activities which impact or potentially impact wetlands are currently regulated at several levels of
government In Minnesota, the two primary jurisdictions are covered at the state and federal levels
by the provisions of the following legislative actions.
➢ State jurisdiction by the Wetland Conservation Act of 1991 (WCA) administered
by the WCA Local Governmental Unit (LGU).
� ➢ Federal jurisdiction by the Clean Water Act of 1972 and subsequent amendments.
Wetland protection is implemented by the Corps of Engineers (Corps) with permit
certification issued by the Environmental Protection Agency.
While the wetland boundary that SER has delineated is not official until approved by a WCA
approved local government unit(LGU), SER advises the property owner/developer to refrain from
any filling, draining, or excavating, or any impact to the area SER has delineated as wetland. No
grading or filling in wetland basins should commence until all necessary permits have been obtained.
Violation of wetland regulations has resulted in substantial civil and criminal penalties. Local
ordinances may regulate wetland modifications such as brush and tree removal and burning in
addition to grading and filling. Depending on the location of the property, buffers around the
wetland may also be protected. Any activities in the proximity of the wetland should be cleared with
appropriate WCA regulatory agencies. It is also advisable to have the wetland boundary surveyed by
a licensed land surveyor, or located with a sub-meter GPS unit. Since the lath used along the
boundary can be vandalized or inadvertently knocked over,a survey or GPS ]ocation of the lath will
assure the permanence of the boundary. The client should also be aware that approved wetland
boundaries are rypically valid for only three years from the date of approval.
To avoid project delays associated with wetland regulations,it is essential that you acquire necessary
permits from all jurisdictional agencies before initiating activities. A WCA Sequencing form, a
WCA and Army Corps of Engineers Replacement Plan Application form, and a DNR permit
application are among the materials that you may be required to submit if impacts are proposed for
the delineated wetlands. By initiating the permit process as soon as possible,potential costly delays
to the project may be avoided.
Svoboda Ecologica] Resources 940 Brown Road
Project No.:2006-109-03 l� Catherine Johnston
� 1 S � i
CERTIFICATION
Brian Burgner and Ben Carlson completed the above-described delineation on October 10, 2006.
The delineation was performed in accordance with the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers 1987 Wetlands
Delineation Manual whereby the edge of wetland was marked by stakes in the field. The delineation
meets the standards and criteria described in the 1987 federal manual and conforms to applicable
standards and regulations in force at the time the delineation was completed.
Report and graphics were prepared by Brian Burgner (Wetland Ecologist II), October 23, 2006.
Client: Catherine Johnston
Project Name: 940 Brown Road
Project No.: 2006-109-03
Location: Wayzata, Minnesota
Wetland Ecologist
�-�°�--- d.
President, Svoboda Ecological Resources
/o - Z� - O �
Date
Svoboda Ecological Resources 940 Brown Road
Project No.:2006-109-03 11 Catherine Johnston
, � „ , .
DATA SOURCES
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Protected Waters Inventory Map, Hennepin County.
1984.
USDA. Soil Survey of Hennepin County. June1971. 159pp. plus appendices.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetland Inventory Map —Excelsior
Quadrangle. 1991. (Taken from May 1980 aerial photographs).
USGS Quadrangle Map—Hamel 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Minnesota, U.S.A.
2003 Farm Service Agency Aerial Color Orthophotos. Publicly Distributed Over Minnesota
DNR GIS Data Deli.
Svoboda Ecological Resources 940 Brown Road
Project No.: 2006-]09-03 12 Catherine Johnston
\
1 � �I � �
LITERATURE REFERENCED
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and R.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of Wetlands and
Deepwater Habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-79/31.
103pp.
Eggers, Steve D. and Donald M. Reed. 1997. Wetland Plants and Plant Communities of
Minnesota and Wisconsin. US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. 263pp, unelassified.
Environmental Laboratory. 1987. 1987 U.S. Army Corps �f Engineers Wetlands Delineation
Manual. Technical Report Y-87-1, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Gleason, H.A. and A.C. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascula�-Plants of Northeastern United
States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 910pp.
National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils. 1991. Hydric Soils of the United States.
USDA Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., Misc. Publication Number 1491. 1991.
Sabine, B. J. 1999. National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: Region 3—North
Central (Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin). Resource
Management Group, Inc. 77pp.
Shaw, S.P., and C.G. Fredine. 1956. Wetlands of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Circular 39. 67pp.
Svoboda Ecological Resources 940 Brown Road
Project No.:2006-109-03 13 Catherine Johnston
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-„HOfeS Approximate Wetland Boundary Map °' °,r"e° `J ' �-�
Part of the NW'/.of the NE'/. ,vne�can uei,,�.,i � ��
of Section 10,T117N,R23W �qpproximate Parcel eounaary Overlaid on 2003 Aerial Photography u���er�ai rraos�er�e �� �
Mercator Zone 15 N
P.pprowmale Wetland 8oundanes Boundary Source�.
� SBmple POif1l5 Hennepul Counry s
�I�'�y���`��� O Parcel DataDase
R �j 400 940 Brown Rd.
��;'�• EcolOgica�Resources Feet Figure 5
THE TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION SECTION
Field Data Sheets
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Site Name:940 Brown Road Date: �0/10/06 Sample Pt.ID: �-1 Wet
Field Staff:BKB/BPC Wetland#: 1 Community Type: 3 PEMF
Normal Conditions: Yes Atypical Situation: No Problem Area: No
Site Condition Notes:
VEGETATION
Dominants Detei-mined Using The 50/20 Rule
ecies Strat. °ocover pom. Ind.Stat. S ecies tr t.%cover pom. Ind.Stat.
Ouercus macrocarpa T 40 ✓ FAC-
Acernegundo T 60 ✓ FACW-
Phalaris arundinacea H 100 �
_ _ FACW+ _ _
>50%Dominants FAC or wetter? Yes >50%Dominants FACW,OBL(FAC-neutral test) Yes
Notes:
SOILS
Soil Survey Map Unit: Hayden Loam Confirmed Soil Unit: Klossner Muck
Soil on Hydric Soil List:
Field Observations
Horizon/Deoth Matrix Color Texture Features(Mottles.Inclusions.EtcJ*
oa/o-16 10YR 2/1 Mucky Mineral
Hydric Soil Indicator: "� sSee last page of data sheets for an explanation of abbreviations found m the"Featurcs"column
Hydric Soil Present? Yes
Notes:
HYDROLOGY
Depth of Surface Water: No"e(in.l Primarv Indicators: Secondarv Indicators:
Depth to Free Water in Hole: 15(inJ _[nundation Oxidized Root Channels upper 12"
Depth to Saturated Soil: sunace��nJ � Saturation in Upper 12" Water Stained Leaves
Depth of Borehole: 16(inJ Water Marks " Confirmed Soil Survey Hydric Unit
Drift Lines ✓ FAGNeutral Test
Sediment Deposits _Other(Explain in Notes)
_Drainage Pattems in Wetland
Notes:
JURISDICTIONAL WETLAND STATUS
Hydrophytic Vegetation Present? Yes [s Sample Point Within A Wetland? Yes
Hydric Soil Present? Yes Approx. Dist.Sample Point To Wetland Bndry: >> feet
Wetland Hydrology Present? Yes
Notes:
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Site Name:940 Brown Road Date: y0/10/06 Sampie Pt.ID: 1-1 UP
Field Staff:BKB/BPC Wetland#: 1 Community Type: Upland
Nortnal Conditions: Yes Atypical Situation: No Problem Area: No
Site Condition Notes: �
VEGETATION
Dominants Determined Using The 50/20 Rule
Species Strat. %cover pom. [nd.Stat. Soecies Strat.%cover pom. Ind.Stat.
Ouercus macrocarpa H �� ✓ FAG ---
Circaeaa/pina H �� FACW --
Rhamnus cathartica s ao ✓ FACU --
Ribes spp. H 5 ____
Acernegundo r � io � FACW- --
Gal/umspp. H tp ---- - -
>50%Dominants FAC or wetter? No >50%Dominants FACW,OBL(FAC-neutral test) No
Notes:
SOILS
Soil Survey Map Unit: Hayden Loam Confirmed Soil Unit: Similar to Hayden Series
Soil on Hydric Soil List:
Field Observations
Horizon/Denth Matrix Color Texture Features(Mottles,Inclusions.Etc.l*
A/0-18 10YR 3/2 Loam
g/�g_pq SY 6/3 Clay Loam C/M/D 10YR 4/6 Retloxlmorphic Features
HY(1L1C SOI�JildlCfltOC: 45ee last pagc oCdata sheets for an ezplanation of abbreviations found in the"Features"column
Hydric Soil Present? No
Notes:
HYDROLOGY
Depth of Surface Water: No"e(in.l Primarv Indicators: Secondarv Indicators:
Depth to Free Water in Hole: No"e(inJ _Inundation Oxidized Root Channels upper 12"
Depth to Saturated Soil: None�in.) Saturation in Upper 12" Water Stained Leaves
Depth of Borehole: 24(in.) Water Marks Confirmed Soil Survey Hydric Unit
Drift Lines FAC-Neutral Test
Sediment Deposits _Other(Explain in Notes)
_Drainage Patterns in Wetiand
Notes:
.IiJRISDICTIONAL WETLAND STATUS
Hydrophytic Vegetation Present? No Is Sample Point Within A Wetland? No
Hydric Soil Present? No Approx. Dist.Sample Point To Wetland Bndry: 6 feet
Wetland Hydrology Present? No
Notes:
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Site Name:94o Brown Road Date: ���10�06 Sample Pt. ID: 2-1 Wet
Field Staff:BKB/BPC Wetland#: 2 Community Type: 3/4 PEM/UBF
Normal Conditions: Yes Atypical Situation: No Problem Area: No
Site Condition Notes:
VEGETAT'ION
Dominants Determined Using The 50/10 Rule
g�ecies Strat. %cover pom• Ind.Stat. Species Strat.%cover pom. Ind.Stat.
Cirsiumarvense H �� FACU _ _
Typhaangustilolla H �0 QBL ,_. _
Phalarls arundinacea H 90 ✓ FACW+ _ —
Solidagogigantea H zo FACW+ _ _
Carez lacustris H 10 OBL _ _
>50%Dominants FAC or wetter? Yes >50%Dominants FACW,OBL(FAC-neutral test) Yes
Notes:
SOILS
Soil Survey Map Unit: Klossner Muck Confirmed Soil Unit: Similarities to Klossner&Hayden
Soil on Hydric Soil List:
Field Observations
Horizon/De�th Matrix Color Texture Features(Mottles.Inclusions.Etc.l*
A/0-10 10YR 2/t CIBy L08fn C/M/D 5YR 3/4&ORC
E/10-18 tOYR 5/1 Sandy Clay Loam M/C/P 7.5YR 5/6
Hydric Soil Indicator: F4 *See las�page of data sheets for an explanation of abbreviatlons found m the"Fwtures"column
Hydric Soil Present? Yes
Notes:
HYDROLOGY
Depth of Surface Water: No"e(in.) Primarv Indicators: Secondarv Indicators:
Depth to Free Water in Hole: 1e(inJ _Inundation ✓ Oxidized Root Channels upper 12"
Depth to Saturated Soil: 1D(inJ � Saturation in Upper 12" _Water Stained Leaves
Depth of Borehole: 1e(in.) _Water Marks _Confirmed Soil Survey Hydric Unit
Drift Lines ✓ FAGNeutral Test
Sediment Deposits _Other(Explain in Notes)
_Drainage Pattems in Wetland
Notes:
JURISDICT[ONAL V1'ETLAND STATUS
Hydrophytic Vegetation Present? Yes Is Sample Point Within A Wetland? Yes
Hydric Soil Present? Yes Approx. Dist.Sample Point To Wetland Bndry: 4 feet
Wetland Hydrology Present? Yes
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Site Name:940 Brown Road Date: 10/10/06 Sample Pt.ID: 2-� �P
Field Staff:BKB/BPC Wetland#: 2 Community Type: UPL
Normal Conditions: yes Atypical Situation: No Problem Area: No
Site Condition Notes:
VEGETAT[ON
Dominants Determined Using The 50/20 Rule
S�ecies Strat. %cover pom. Ind.Stat. ecie Strat.%cover pom. Ind.Stat.
Glecoma hederacea H 20 FACU
Poapratensis H 9� ✓ FAC+
Ta�axacum o!licinale H 10 FACU
>50%Dominants FAC or wetter? No >50%Dominants FACW,OBL(FAC-neutral test) No
Notes:
Klossner Muck SOILS
Soil Survey Map Unit: Confirmed Soil Unit: Similarities to Kiossner&Hayden
Soil on Hydric Soil List:
Field Observations
Horizon/Denth Matrix Color Texture Features(Mottles.Inclusions.Etc.l*
A/0-16 10YR 2/1 CIOy L08R1 C/M/D 5YR 3/4&OFC
E/16-20 10YR 3/2 Sandy Clay Loam M/M/P 7.5YR 4/6 Ratlox
HY(IC1C SOI�jIl(11C3tOC �See last page of data sheets for an explananon of abbmviations found in the"Peatures"column
Hydric Soil Present? No
Notes:
HYDROLOGY
Depth of Surface Water: No"e(in.) Primarv Indicators: Secondarv Indicators:
Depth to Free Water in Hole: No"e(in.) _[nundation ✓ Oxidized Root Channels upper 12"
Depth to Saturated Soil: "o"e(inJ Saturation in Upper 12" Water Siained Leaves
Depth of Borehote: 20(inJ Water Marks Confirmed Soil Survey Hydric Unit
Drift Lines FAC-Neutral Test
Sediment Deposits _Other(Explain in Notes)
_Drainage Patterns in Wetland
Notes:
JURISDICTIONAL WETLAND STATUS
Hydrophytic Vegetation Present? No Is Sample Point Within A Wetland? No
Hydric Soil Present? No Approx.Dist.Sample Point To Wetland Bndry: 9 feet
Wetland Hydrology Present? No
Notes:
ABBREVIATIONS FOR SOIL FEATURES
F few VF very fine F faint
F fine
C common M medium D distinct
M many C coarse P prominent
VC very coarse
IOSM Iron Oxide Soft Masses
ORC Oxidized Root Channels
DPL Depletions
THE TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION SECTION
Plant Indicator Status
INDICATOR CATEGORIES�
Obligate Wetland(OBL)—Occur almost always(estimated probabiliry>99%) under natural conditions in
wetlands.
Facultative Wetland(FACW)—Usually occur in wetlands(estima[ed probability 67%-99%), but occasionally
found in non-wetlands.
Facultative(FAC)—Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands(estimated probability 34%- 66%).
Facultative Dpland(FACU)—Usually occur in non-wetlands(estimated probability 67°l0- 99%),but occasionally
found in wetlands(estimated probability I%-33%).
Obligate Upland(DPL)—Occur in wetlands in another region, but occur almost always(estirrtated probability
>99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the region specified. If a species does not occur in wetlands in
any region, it is not on the National List.
*Reed, P.B. 1988. National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: Minnesota. National
Wetlands Inventory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, St. Petersburg, Florida.
THE TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION SECTION
Soil Series Descriptions
Acquired from Natural Resource Conservation Service Website, Official Soil Series Descriptions
HAYDEN SERIES
The Hayden series consists of deep well drained soils that formed in calcareous loamy glacial till on glacial
moraines and till plains.These soils have moderate permeability. Their slopes range from 2 to 40 percent. Mean
annual precipitation is about 28 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 46 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Glossic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Hayden loam with a 6 percent convex slope on a terminal moraine in a
deciduous forest (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
A--O to 2 inches; very dark gray (lOYR 3/1) loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;
about 5 percent coarse fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (1 to 4 inches thick)
E--2 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2) light loam; weak thin platy structure; very
friable; few very dark gray (lOYR 3/1) worm casts in upper part; about 5 percent coarse
fragments; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick)
BE--9 to 14 inches; brown (lOYR 5/3) fine sandy loam; weak fine and medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; many distinct coatings of clean sand and silt particles on faces of peds;
about 5 percent coarse fragments; medium acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick)
Bt1--14 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) loam; moderate fine and medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; few faint coatings of clean sand and silt particles and few faint dark
yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 5 percent coarse fragments;
strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--28 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) loam; moderate fine and medium prismatic
structure parting to moderate fine and medium angular blocky; firm; many distinct dark
yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 5 percent coarse fragments; few
prominent black clayey fillings in root channels; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3--38 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) loam; few fine prominent reddish brown
mottles; moderate fine and medium prismatic structure; friable; few distinet dark yellowish
brown (lOYR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 5 percent course fragments; slightly acid;
abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of Bt horizons is 12 to 30 inches.)
C--43 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.SY 5/4)loam; few fine faint grayish brown (2.SY 5/2)
and light olive brown (2.SY 5/6) mottles; massive; friable; and 5 percent coarse fragments; slight
effervescence; mildly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Rice County, Minnesota; about 4 miles north of Faribault; 1,920 feet east
and 30 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 1, T. 110 N., R. 21 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness and depth to free carbonates range from
24 to 54 inches. Coarse fragments of mixed lithology comprise 2 to 8 percent of the volume of
the control section.
The A horizon has hue of lOYR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. The Ap horizon has value
of 4 or 5 and chroma of 1 or 2 and value of 6 when dry. The E horizon has hue of lOYR, value of
4 or 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. The A and E horizons typically are loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or
fine sandy loam, but include clay loam, if eroded. They are neutral to medium acid.
The Bt horizon has hue of lOYR in the upper part and lOYR or 2.SY in the lower part, value of 4
or 5, and chroma of 3 through 5. Mottles are present in the lower subhorizons in some pedons. It
� typically is clay loam or loam, but sandy clay loam is in parts in some pedons. The argillic
horizon has 18 to 35 percent clay and 30 to 45 percent sand. It is slightly acid to strongly acid.
Some pedons have a BC horizon.
The C horizon has a hue of lOYR or 2.SY, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 through 6. It is loam
or clay loam. It lacks mottles in some pedons. It has 15 to 25 percent calcium carbonate
equivalent and is mildly or moderately alkalikne.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmo�lt, Belmore, Chenault, Cl�ili, Co��on,
Conesto<�a, Douds, EI Dara, Gallman, Grellton, Hebi-on, Hickor , High Gap, H��llin�,
Kalamaroo, Kanawha, Kendallville, Kiddei-, Kosciusko, LeRc�v, Letort, Lindle , McHeni-y,
Mandeville, Martinsville, Miami, Mifflin, Militai•y, Nc�dinc, Nordeil, Ocklev, Owosso,
Pecatonica, Princeton, Rawtioil, Relay, Renova, Richland, Riddles, Rockbridae, Roseville,
Sisson, Strawn, Summitville, Teanaw�iv, Theresa, W�iwasee, Westville, Whalan, and Woodbine
soils in the same family. Amanda horizon soils have more illite in the B and C horizon; Belmont
soils have redder hue in the B horizon. Belmore, Chili, Kalamazoo, and Ockley soils formed in
glacial outwash and have sandy or sandy-skeletal 2C horizons. Chenault soils have chert
fragments in the solum and are underlaid by limestone bedrock. Coggon, Gallman, Hickory,
Pecatonica, Renova, Riddles, Summitville, and Westville soils have thicker sola. In addition,
Coggon soils have low chroma mottles in part of the B2 horizon. Conestoga, Kendallville,
� Letort, Richland, and Rockbridge soils have more coarse fragments. Douds, El Dara, Kidder,
Sisson, and Wawasee soils have less clay and more sand or silt in the lower part of the B horizon
and in the C horizon. High Gap, Hollinger, Mandeville, Mifflin, Military, Norden, Roseville,
Whalan, and Woodbine soils have bedrock beginning between depths of 20 and 60 inches.
Grellton, Hebron, Lindley, and Rawson soils have more silt or clay or both in either the lower
part of the B horizon or C horizon or both. Kanawha soils are formed in alluvium from acid shale
and are in an area of higher rainfall. LeRoy and Strawn soils have thinner sola. McHenry and
Miami soils have more silt or clay, or both in the upper part of the solum. Martinsville soils have
redder hue in the B horizon and formed in stratified outwash or lacustrine sediments. Nodine
soils have thicker sola which is more stratified and leached of free carbonates to greater depths.
Owosso soils have more sand and less silt or clay in the upper part of their sola. Princeton soils
formed in aeolian sediments and have stratified C horizons. Relay soils have hue of 2.SY or SY
in all parts of the B horizon. Teanaway soils have firm sandy clay loam C horizons with redder
hue. Theresa soils formed partly in loess and have 2C horizons with 40 to 60 percent calcium
carbonate.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Hayden soils have plane or convex slopes on gently undulating
through steep glacial moraines of the Des Moines and Grantsburg sublobe of the Late
Wisconsinan glaciation. Their slopes range from 2 to 40 percent and mostly are 80 to 300 feet in
]ength. These soils formed in calcareous loamy glacial till. Montmorillonite is the dominant clay
mineral in the glacial till. Mean annual temperature is 45 to 50 degrees, and mean annual
precipitation is 27 to 33 inches.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Amcs, Dund�ls, Hamel, Luthcr,
and Nessel soils which are members of a toposequence with the Hayden soils. Moderately well
drained Nessel soils have plane or slightly convex slopes. Poorly drained Ames and Dundas soils
have slightly concave to slightly convex slopes with gradient of less than 2 percent. Poorly
drained Hamel soils are on toe slopes. Organic soils are common associates in some places.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is medium and rapid.
Permeability is moderate.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly cleared and cultivated to corn, �oybeans, small grain, and
hay. Native vegetation was deciduous forest of maple, basswood, oak, and elm.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Minnesota and in central Iowa. Extensive.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hennepin County, Minnesota, 1929.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Central File Code
No. 967 for results of some laboratory analysis of the typical pedon.
KLOSSNER SERIES
The Klossner series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in well decomposed organic material 16
to 50 inches thick overlying loamy deposits on moraines,till plains,lake plains,flood plains, and hillside seep areas.
They have moderately slow to moderately rapid permeability in the organic material, and moderate or moderately
slow permeability in the loamy material. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.Mean annual precipitation is about 28
inches.Mean annual temperature is about 47 de�rees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, euic, mesic Terric Haplosaprists
TYPICAL PEDON: Klossner muck - with a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for
moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Oap--0 to 10 inches; black (N 2/0) muck, very dark gray (IOYR 3/1) dry; about 20 percent fiber,
less than 5 percent rubbed; weak fine suban�ular blocky structure; very friable; many very fine
roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
Oa--10 to 26 inches; black (lOYR 2/1) muck, dark gray (lOYR 4/1) dry; about 60 percent fiber,
about 6 percent rubbed; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many very fine
roots; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of O horizon is 16 to 50
inches.)
2A1--26 to 36 inches; black (N 2/0) mucky silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; few very fine roots; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
2A2--36 to 48 inches; black (N 2/0) silty clay loam; massive; friable; few dark reddish brown
(SYR 3/4) iron oxide concentrations in root channels; about 1 percent gravel; neutral; �radual
wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of 2A horizon is 8 to 45 inches thick.)
2Cg1--48 to 65 inches; olive gray (SY 5/2) clay loam; massive; friable; dark reddish brown
(SYR 3/4) Fe oxide concentrations in root channels; many medium prominent yellowish brown
(lOYR 5/6) Fe concentrations; about 1 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline;
gradual wavy bounday.
2Cg2--65 to 80 inches; gray (SY 5/1) loam, massive; friable; many medium prominent light
olive brown (2.SY 5/4) and yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) Fe concentrations; about 3 percent
gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Nicollet County, Minnesota; 2600 feet north and 2300 feet east of the
southwest corner, sec. 12, T. 110 N., R. 28 W.; USGS Nicollet quadrangle; lat. 44 degrees 20
minutes 53 seconds N. and long. 94 degrees 8 minutes 28 seconds W., NAD27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The thickness of the organic material ranges from 16 to 50
inches. It is derived primarily from herbaceous plants. The organic matter content ranges from 25
to 60 percent in the organic surface and 5 to 20 percent in the 2A horizon. The reaction of the
organic material ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline. Some organic layers contain
free carbonates.
The O horizon has hue of lOYR, SYR, or is neutral, value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 0 to 2. It is
dominantly muck(sapric material) however, some pedons have thin layers of hemic material,
less than 10 inches thick.
Some pedons have highly organic mineral plow layers.
The 2A horizon has hue of lOYR, 2.SY, SY or is neutral, value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 0 to L It
is loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, clay loam or mucky modifiers of these
textures. It is moderately acid to slightly alkaline. Some pedons contain thin layers of
coprogenous earth.
The 2Cg horizon has hue of lOYR, 2.SY, SY, SGY, or is neutral, value of 2 to 7 and chroma of 0
to 2. It is loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, sandy loam or fine sandy
loam, or their gravelly or cobbly analogues. It is slightly acid to moderately alkaline. The upper
12 inches of this horizon averages less than 35 percent clay. Some pedons contain thin strata of
fine sand, loamy sand, or silt. Gravel or cobble sized rock fragments range from 0 to 25 percent
by volume. Some pedons contain free carbonates. Sandy substratum and ponded phases are
recognized.
COMPETING SERIES: These are Linwood, Medo, Palms, Philbon and Shalcar series.
Linwood soils have well expressed granular structure to depths of more than 12 inches and
formed mainly in woody fibers. Medo soils have sandy textures in the lower part of the series
control section. Palms soils have organic matter content greater than 75 percent and do not have
an A horizon directly below the organic material. Philbon soils have fibric and hemic material in
the upper 12 inches. Shalcar soils ave less than 26 degrees difference between mean January and
mean July temperatures.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Klossner soils are in basins that were formerly lakes or ponds, lake
plains, till plains, flood plains, or moraines. They are also on hillside seep areas in moraines and
sideslopes of river valleys. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. The soils on nearby uplands are
generally loamy. The mean annual temperature ranges from 45 to 50 degrees F. The mean annual
precipitation ranges from 24 to 32 inches. Frost free days range from 110 to 160. Elevations
above sea level range from 800 to 1400 feet.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The main ones are the Cal�isteo, Har s,
Okobo�i, Glencoe, Muske�o and Houahton soils. Canisteo and Harps soils are on the rims of
depressions. Glencoe and Okoboji are at the outer edges of the depressions. Muskego and
Houghton soils are in larger depressions.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Very poorly drained. Surface runoff is negligible.
Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid in the organic layers and moderate or
moderately slow in the loamy material.
USE AND VEGETATION: The greater part of this soil is cultivated to corn, soybeans, small
grains and specialty crops such as vegetables or grass sod. Other areas are in vegetation of
grasses, reeds, sedges, alder, aspen, or willow. Some of the hillside seep areas are set aside as
natural areas and called fens.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The south central and southeast part of Minnesota and
possibly northern Iowa. The series is extensive.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Nicollet County, Minnesota, 1989.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized are: sapric soil materials from the
surface to about 26 inches; loamy mineral material from 26 to 50 inches or more; aquic moisture
regime. This soil was formerly included in the Palms Series in Minnesota.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to MAES-CFC#'s 2697, 3251, 3400 and 3475.
THE TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION SECTION
Wetland Definition
� i i , �
WETLAND DEFINITION
According to the 1987 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers "Wetlands Delineation Manual" (1987
Manual; the document used by all delineators to define wetlands) a wetland is "Those areas that
are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to
� support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically
adapted for life in saturated soil conditions." The Minnesota State Wetland Conservation Act
Rules, Chapter 8420, further clarifies that "...wetlands must: (1) have a predominance of hydric
'� soils; (2) be inundated or saturated by surface water or groundwater at a frequency and duration
� sufficient to support a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated
soil conditions; and (3) under normal circumstances, support a prevalence of hydrophytic
�, vegetation." The 1987 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Manual in Part II, item 24. states that,
� "The interaction of hydrology, vegetation, and soil results in the development of characteristics
unique to wetlands. Therefore, the following technical guidelines for wetlands are based on the �
�� three parameters, and diagnostic environmental characteristics used in applying the technical
guideline are represented by various indicators of these parameters." It is this premise by which
SER ecologists has, in their professional judgment, delineated the wetlands on the subject parcel
� ' described in this report.
Wetland Hydrology
The most important wetland criterion is hydrology. The presence and persistence of water
influences the vegetation types and changes soil morphology. Hydrology may be observed as
standing water (inundation), or may be observed as freestanding water within the soil pit or auger
hole (saturation) usually within the upper 12 inches. This is what would be considered primary
hydrology indicators. Only one primary indicator is necessary to make the determination that
wetland hydrology indeed exists. The 1987 Corps Manual also has a range of hydrologic zones
, established based on period of inundation or saturation. These zones and the periods of
inundation or saturation for each can be observed in Table 1 below.
� Exce ted from the 1987 Manual,H drolo ic Zones—Nontidal Areas
Zone Name Duration Comments Wetland or Not
I Permanently Inundated 100% Inundation>6.6 ft.mean Not(Aquatic Habitat Zone,or Deep Waler
water de th Habitat)
Semipermanently To Nearly �75 Inundation defined as
II Permanently Inundated Or �100% ��'•6 feet mean water Wetland
� Saturated de th
� Regularly Inundated Or
� III Saturated >25-'75% Wetland
IV Seasonally Inundated Or <12.5- Welland
� Saturated 25%
Irregularly Inundated or Many areas having these Wetland(if hydrophytic veg. and hydric
V Saturated >5-12.5%o hydrologic characteristics soils also present
are not wetlands
I Intermittently Or Never Areas with these
VI Inundated Or Saturated <5% hydrologic characteristics Not
are not wetlands
�
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1 I ' '
Hydrophytic Vegetation (Wetland Vegetation)
Wetland vegetation is defined in the 1987 Manual as "The sum total of macrophytic plant life
growing in water or on a substrate that is at least periodically deficient in oxygen as a result of
excessive water content. When hydrophytic vegetation comprises a community where indicators
of hydric soils and wetland hydrology also occur, the area has wetland vegetation." In more
standard terms, some plants are mare adapted to growing within inundated or saturated soil.
Based on literature records and professional experience, a panel of experts compiled a list of
plant species and assigned each a hydrophytic status (described below and includes five major
classes of probability of a plant occurring within a wetland).
� In terms of delineation there is a gradient of plant species that are adapted to "growing in water
or on substrate that is at least periodically deficient of oxygen". Fieldwork associated with
wetland delineations includes a procedure (the 50/20 Rule, for determination of dominance),
which is also outlined in the 1987 Manual, by which to determine if hydrophytic plant species
dominate the vegetation at a given location. This procedure has been used for the wetland
delineation at the subject parcel of this report.
Hydric Soil
Defined in the 1987 Manual as "A soil that is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during
the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions that favor the growth and regeneration of
hydrophytic vegetation. Hydric soils that occur in areas having positive indicators of
hydrophytic vegetation and wetland hydrology are wetland soils."
Far the purposes of delineation of wetlands, soils cannot be viewed without digging pits or
exCracting soil using an auger. Therefore, transects of soil samples are taken from perceived
upland to perceived wetlands along a transitional boundary. There are specific color indicators,
textures, and depth requirements in the soil that are reviewed in order to determine whether
hydric soils occur at a given point or not. After a transect of soil samples has been taken, upon
consideration of vegetation and indicators of appropriate hydrology a working prototype for the
given wetland is developed by the delineator. The wetland delineator then uses this working
prototype to complete the location of the remainder of the wetland boundary, unless the wetland
is large enough or the landscape features (vegetation or topography) change enough to warrant
additional transect samples.
APPENDIX A
Explanation of Cowardin and Circular 39 Wetland Classification Systems �
Clarification of Cowardin Classification
and Circular 39
Wetland Types 1, 1L, 2, 3 and 7
By �
Franklin J. Svoboda
Svoboda Ecological Resources
2477 Shadywood Road, Suite 100
Excelsior, MN 55331
(952)47]-1100
franks C>gpsinnovations.com
Introduction
The National Wetland Inventory (NWI) mapping process completed in Minnesota between 1979
and 1982 developed a wetlands inventory map far the�state of Minnesota utilizing remotely
sensed color infrared photography that was visually interpreted. The interpretation process
hierarchically classified wetlands using, at the time, the recently published Cowardin
classification system (Cowardin et al 1979). The wetland interpretation and classification process
was ground verified using selective plots and locations but was field verified to only a limited
extent. Consequently, the published NWI paper copies carry the disclaimer that these maps are to
be used for advisory purposes only and actual classifications are to be based on ground
verification. Visual interpretation from remote sensed imagery has some limitations particularly
with regard to the water regime modifier. Year to year variation in precipitation cycles along
with the occurrence of precipitation events at the time that the imagery was acquired, even if all
acquisition occurred during the spring season, can result in variations in modifier categorization.
Accurate classification becomes critical when regulatory decisions are being made with regard to
the wetland type and the amount of de minimum fill that is permissible. Also, it is a matter of
scientifically accurate consistency with regard to adherence to the various technical publications
and regulatory guidance documents.
Circular 39 was authored by Shaw and Fredine and published by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service (USFWS) in 1956. The intended purpose of Circular 39 was an effort at classifying and
inventorying wetlands on a national scale in order to assess the wetland base and related
waCerfowl production potential. The classification process was never intended to serve as a
classification system for wetland regulatory purposes. However, since it was the first national
effort of its kind and as wetland regulatory intentions materialized, this was the only method
available to differentiate between wetlands of different types.
The Board of Water and Soil Resources (BWSR) cross-reference table (8420.0549 subp. 2.)
indicates that Circular 39 Type 3 wetlands have a "C" water regime modifier. This is an
inaccurate cross-reference and the intent of this technical paper is a clarification of the carrect
interpretation. There is also a common tendency to refer to bottomland hardwoods as Type 7
wetlands. This is also an inaccurate classification.
The NWI paper maps do not use the water regime modifier "E" because it was difficult to
interpret from the inherent limitations imposed by the remoCe sensed imagery. Therefore, most if
not all Type 3 wetlands were given the designation "C". However, the following discussion will
examine and clarify the differences between Circular 39 Types l, 1L, 2, 3, and 7 and the
appropriate Cowardin water regime modifying terms.
Circular 39 Wetland Types
Type 1/1L —Seasonally Flooded Basins or Flats
Type 1 wetlands are characterized by soil that is covered with water or is waterlogged during
� variable seasonal periods but is usuall�� well drained during much of the growing season (italics
added for emphasis). These wetlands may be found in upland depressions as well as in overflow
bottomlands, i.e. river and stream floodplains. Within floodplains, flooding may occur in late
fall, winter or spring. In upland contexts, basins or flats may be water filled during heavy rain
events or following spring snow melt. Vegetation types vary greatly according to the season and
the duration of flooding. Included within Type 1 are bottomland hardwoods as well as some
herbaceous growths. Where the water has receded early in the growing season, smartweeds, fall
panicum, tealgrass, chufa, redroot cypress and weeds (such as marsh elder, ragweed and
cockleburs) are likely to occur. Shallow basins that are submerged only very temporarily usually
develop little or no wetland vegetation (Shaw and Fredine 1956, p30).
Since Circular 39 was developed far national application, the description of Type 1 wetlands
covers a broad range of geographic contexts hence the reference to winter flooding.
Cowardin et al (p. 28) in Table 4 describe Type 1 wetlands as seasonally flooded basins or flats,
wet meadow, bottomland hardwoods and shallow freshwater swamps. The water regimes are
described as temporarily flooded (A) or intermittently flooded (J).
The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR), within the regulatory framework of the
Protected Waters and Public Wetlands framework has added the Type 1L designator to more
clearly clarify the Circular 39 classification method and to allow an accurate distinction to be
made between bottomland hardwoods, seasonally flooded non-vegetated or herbaceous vegetated
basins and hardwood swamps. The distinction on the basis of hydrology is clear and it was the
intent of the DNR to differentiate between forested bottomland hardwoods and non-forested
wetlands.
Type 2—Inland Fresh Meadows
Inland fresh meadows (Type 2) wetlands have soil that is usually without standing water during
most of the growing season but is waterlogged to within at least a few inches of its surface.
Vegetation includes grasses, rushes, sedges, and various broad-leaved plants. In northern
environments, typical species representatives are carex, rushes, redtop, reedgrasses,
1 ' � 1 f
mannagrasses, prairie cordgrass and mints. Meadows may be present in shallow lake basins,
sloughs, farmland "sags" or may border shallow rnarshes on the landward side.
Table 4 (Cowardin et al p. 28) includes within its description of Type 2 wetlands as fen and
northern sedge meadow. The water regime is described as saturated (B). This description, as
used by some plant ecologists and wetland scientists, is specifically limiting and at least in some
instances does not suggest that reed canary grass dominated wetlands would fall into this
category.
Type 3—Inland Shallow Fresh Marshes
Inland shallow fresh marshes (Type 3) wetlands have a soil substrate that is usually waterlogged
during the growing season and at some times may be covered with as much as 6 inches or more
of water. Common vegetation includes grasses, bulrushes, spikerushes, and various other marsh
plants such as cattails, arrowheads, pickerelweed, and smartweeds. Common representatives in
the North include reed, whitetop, rice cutgrass, carex and giant burreed. Type 3 marshes may
nearly fill shallow lake basins or sloughs or may border deep marshes on the landward side.
They may also occur as seep areas in agricultural fields resulting from failing drain tile systems
or where sand seams are near the surface on hillside slopes.
Cowardin et al (Table 4, pg 28) describes the water regime as either seasonally flooded (C) or
semipermanently flooded (F). The accurate categorization of Type 3 wetlands is most critical
since seasonally flooded wetlands containing reed canary grass are eligible for larger de minimus
fills (up to 10,000 square feet) than cattail marshes (only 400 square feet). The difference in
hydrological regimes is discussed in the next section.
Type 7—Wooded Swamps
Wooded swamps (Type 7) wetlands have a soil substrate that is "waterlogged to within a few
inches of its surface" (Shaw and Fredine 1956, pg 22) during the growing season and often can
be covered with as much as 1 foot of water. Type 7 wetlands often occur along the edges of
sluggish streams, on floodplains, on flat uplands and in very shallow lake basins. In the North,
trees include tamarack, arbor vitae, black spruce, balsam, red maple, and black ash. Northern
evergreen swamps frequently have a thick ground cover of mosses. Deciduous swamps
frequently contain beds of duckweeds, smartweeds and other herbaceous plant species.
Hardwood swamps frequently are associated with Type 6, shrub swamp wetlands.
Table 4 (Cowardin et al 1979, pg 28) states that Type 7 wetlands include all water regimes
except permanently flooded. This description is inconsistent with the more specific description
of Shaw and Fredine (1956) that describes a Type 7 wetland as having waterlogged soil to within
a few inches of the surface throughout the growing season.
Wooded swamps (Type 7) are frequently mischaracterized as bottomland hardwoods (Type 1L),
however there are significant differences in the hydrological regimes between the two. The
nature of these differences is discussed in a subsequent section.
Cowardin Water Regime Modifiers
The purpose of water regime modifiers is to provide a better description of the variations in
hydrology that occur in wetlands on a seasonal and annual basis. These descriptions are general
in nature because wetland hydrology is extraordinarily dynamic. Hydrology is the most variable
component of wetlands and can vary substantially within a single basin weekly, monthly,
seasonally, annually and over decades. Extraordinarily wet or dry periods, whether short or
prolonged, do have dramatic effects on the presence or absence of water in any given wetland.
Whether a wetland has naturally occurring hydrology or whether it is partially or completely
drained affects its behavior as a component of the landscape, its appearance, the vegetation that
inhabits it, and the effectiveness of the functions that it performs. Wetlands may also have
artificially induced hydrology due to stormwater inputs or interconnections to other wetlands via
ditch or tile drain systems. Careful consideration of each wetland within the overall context of
the landscape is necessary to understand which water regime best fits along with the special
modifiers that describe alterations to wetlands. �
One special modifier class that is missing is the "stormwater pond" category. This is a commonly
occurring condition in urban landscapes and should be added. Stormwater ponds may have been
specifically constructed for that purpose or, in the past, previously existing wetlands were used to
treat stormwater and now function as stormwater ponds rather than "natural" wetlands.
Descriptions of the modifiers are taken from Cowardin et al (1979, pgs 21 — 22) and from Santos
and Gauster(1993, pgs 30— 32).
Descriptions within the parentheses are terms used on the NWI key and the longer description is
the one used by Cowardin et al. (1979). Where a parenthetical term is excluded, the two terms
are the same.
Modifier "A"
Temporarily Flooded (Temporarv)
Surface water is present for brief periods during the growing season but the water table usually is
well below the soil surface for most of the season. Temporarily flooded wetlands usually have
plants that are characteristic of both uplands and wetlands. This modifier description is most
appropriately assigned to Type 1 and 1 L wetlands but clearly does not fit the Type 7 Hardwood
Swamp wetland type. Table 4 (Cowardin et al 1979, pg 28) is inconsistent by including this
regime in the Type 7 category.
Modifier "B"
S aturated
Soil saturation occurs to the surface for extended periods during the growing season but surface
water is seldom present or evident. Many sedge and rush wetlands fit into this category. This
modifier also aptly fits the water regime that occurs in the hardwood swamps that are present in
parts of Minnesota in hardwood swamps such as black ash swamps and in coniferous swamps
such as white cedar, tamarack, and black spruce swamps. This modifier also describes Type 2
wetlands as described above and includes fens and sedge/rush dominated wetlands.
1, 1 i
Modifier "C"
Seasonally Flooded (Seasonal)
Surface water is present for extended periods especially early in the growing season but is absent
by the end of the season in most years. When surface water is absent, the water table is often
near the surface. Santos and Gauster (1993, pg 31) add that the water table, after flooding
ceases, is very variable, extending from saturated to a water table well below the surface. This
accurately describes the situation that frequently occurs within reed canary grass wetlands where
there is saturation to the surface or even several inches of inundation after snow melt. In most
years, by the end of May, surface water is no longer evident in many of these basins. During
June, the water table continues to recede until by August, the water table may be two or more
feet below the surface. Many of these areas are used for livestock pasturing and for harvesting
meadow hay. Wetlands with a "C" modifier that consist predominantly of reed canary grass
should be categorized as either Type 1 or Type 2 depending on the length of time that water is
present. This modifier is the most difficult to specifically assign to a Type 1, Type 2 or Type 3
category as it could apply to any of the three.
Modifier "D"
Seasonal Well-Drained (No comparable Cowardin cate�rv)
Santos and Gauster (1993, pg 3l) describe this modifier as applying where surface water is
present for extended periods especially early in the growing season. The water table, after
flooding ceases falls well below the ground surface. This modifier would appear to apply to
floodplains and bottomland hardwood forests (Type 1L) as described above. Modifiers "C" and
"D" seem to overlap to a certain extent and could also apply to reed canary grass wetlands as
well.
Modifier "E"
Seasonal Saturated (No comparable Cowardin category)
Surface water is present for extended periods especially early in the growing season, and remains
saturated near the surface for most of the growing season (Santos and Gauster 1993, pg 31). This
modifier would appear to apply to fens, sedge and rush meadows, some Type 6 shrub swamps,
Type 7 Hardwood Swamps and Type 8 bogs. Some reed canary grass wetlands might fall into
this category but most seem to be dried out by early to mid-summer.
Modifier "F"
Semipermanently Flooded (Semi�ermanent)
Surface water persists throughout the growing season in most years. When surface water is
absent, the water table is usually at or very near the land surface (Cowardin et al 1979, pg 22;
Santos and Gauster 1993, pg 31). This modifier applies to Type 3 cattail marshes and may also
apply to some hardwood swamps such as black ash, conifer bogs and Type 6 alder shrub
swamps.
, .
Modifier "G"
Intermittently Exposed
Surface water is present throughout the year except in years of extreme drought (Cowardin et al
1979, pg 22; Santos and Gauster 1993, pg 31). Type 4 wetlands fall into this cate�ory.
Modifier "H"
Permanently Flooded (Permanent)
Water covers the land surface throughout the year in all years. Vegetation is composed of
obligate hydrophytes (Cowardin et al 1979, pg 22).
Modifier "J"
Intermittentiv Flooded
The substrate is usually eXposed, but surface water is present for variable periods without
detectable seasonal periodicity. Weeks, months, or years may intervene between periods of
inundation. The dominant plant communities may change as soil moisture conditions change.
According to Cowardin et al (1979, pg 22) "Some areas exhibiting this regime do not fall within
our definition of wetland because they do not have hydric soils or support hydrophytes." Some of
the areas in agricultural fields that have been flooded during the spring and early summer of
2003 and 2004, following periods of intense and persistent rainfall, may well fall into this
category and may not in fact be subject to regulation as a wetland.
Modifier "K"
Artificiallv Flooded (Artificial)
The amount and duration of flooding is controlled by means of pumps or siphons in combination
with dikes or dams. Water and wastewater treatment facilities are included under this category.
This definition does not appear to include stormwater ponds.
Modi�er "Z"
Intermittently Exposed/Permanent (No comparable Cowardin category�
Exhibits features of both Intermittently Exposed and Permanent water regimes (Santos and
Gauster 1993, pg 31).
Modifier "W"
Intermittentiv Flooded/Temporarv (No com�arable Cowardin category�
Exhibits features of both Intermittently Flooded and Temporary water regimes (Santos and
Gauster 1993, pg 32).
Modifier "Y"
Saturated/Semipermanent/Seasonal (No comparable Cowardin cateQory�
Exhibits features of the Saturated, Semipermanent and Seasonal water regimes (Santos and
Gauster 1993, pg 32).
Modifier"U"
Unknown (No comparable Cowardin cate�ory�
The water regime is not known (Santos and Gauster 1993, pa 32).
Discussion
Type 1/1L
The description provided for Type 1 wetlands and the reference to the absence of wetland
vegetation in basins that are only flooded very temporarily raises a regulatory question. One of
the criteria for a jurisdictional wetland is the presence of hydrophytic vegetation (1987 Manual
pp 16 - 26). Type 1 wetlands often are found in agricultural fields and often are determined to be
jurisdictional on the basis of an aerial 35mm slide review; the quality of the slides is poor under
the very best of circumstances. . The determination of regulatory jurisdiction is based on normal
circumstances or as defined by the COE, beina agriculturally cropped 51 out of l00 years (i.e. by
inference lacking sufficient hydrology for either 5 or 12.5 percent of the growing season).
The Wetland Conservation Act (WCA) determines normalcy as agricultural cropping for 6 out of
10 years (MnRules 8420.0110, Subp 53; 8420.0122 Subp.l, A and B). Typically, normalcy on
agricultural lands is determined by the review of the aforementioned low quality 35mm aerial
slides and judgments are made as to whether an area is cropped or if the crops are subject to
hydrological stresses. The process is highly subjective and can be biased by excessive
precipitation that may occur early in the crop growth cycle.
Field examination of these areas may indicate the presence of smartweed and some of the other
indicated species in seasonally abnormally wet years whereas in normal years, hydrophytic
vegetation is absent. It is highly probable that the process of determination of Type 1 wetlands as
jurisdictional in many cases is extending beyond the legitimate definition of Type 1 wetlands and
the intent of the 1987 Manual.
Does a Type 1 basin need to be flooded far 5 percent of the growing season (the lower
definitional bound for jurisdictional hydrology) or 12.5 percent (the upper definitional bound for
jurisdictional hydrology) in order far hydrophytic vegetation to develop? In practice, the St. Paul
District of the Corps of Engineers (COE) (also applied in practice under the Wetland
Conservation Act) applies the 5 percent hydrological definition but if that is too short to allow
the development of hydrophytic vegetation under normal conditions than the absence of
hydrophytic vegetation would make those Type 1 wetlands non-jurisdictional.
Type 1L — bottomland hardwoods — poses an equally difficult regulatory question. Tools for the
evaluation of hydrology for non-cropped areas are much more data intensive and are also subject
to precipitation event variability. Measurement tools for the determination of precipitation
normalcy are a combination of evaluating annual precipitation and comparison to a 30-year
rolling average along with extensive near ground surface early season hydrological monitoring.
If the water levels are within 12" of the surface for less than 8.5 days in the general latitude of
the Twin Cities (5 percent of the growing season), than the area is not wetland. If water levels are
within 12" of the surface between 5 percent and 12.5 percent of the growing season (21 days in
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the general latitude of the Twin Cities) according to the 1987 Manual (Table 5 pg. 36), the area
may be wetland but usually is not. However, the standard practice of the St. Paul COE is to
declare any areas that exceed the 5 percent criteria to be judged jurisdictional wetlands. Areas
with water levels within 12" of the surface in excess of 12.5 percent of the growing season are
wetlands.
No one has ever undertaken a scienti�c study to evaluate the relationship between the
hydrological requirements and the presence of various wetland or non-wetland plant species.
This is a critical, yet unanswered question. Some studies have been completed examining soil
types and hydrological responsiveness but the link between plants and hydrology has yet to be
made. Given the annual cost of jurisdictional decisions in terms of "lost land" opportunities,
perhaps such a study would be prudent.
The implications of regulatory misinterpretation are enormous in that it is likely that hundreds of
acres of Type 1 wetlands are avoided or mitigated for each year when legitimately these areas are
non-jurisdictional and could be developed.
Avoidance or impact and mitigation can cost developers and ultimately, homebuyers, millions of
dollars annually just in the developing seven-county Metropolitan Area. Mitigating a non-
jurisdictional Type 1 wetland impact at a 2:1 ratio reduces the usable land base unnecessarily.
For every 50 acres of non jurisdictional impact, 100 acres are removed from the land supply. At
an average cost of $100,000 per acre, the cost to developers and ultimately to homeowners is
$10,000,000 in just one year for just 50 acres.
Type 2/3
Type 3 wetlands create the greatest classification difficulty from the perspective of de minimus
qualification. �A Type 3 wetland that is seasonally flooded (C) is typically characterized by reed
canary grass whereas a Type 3 semi-permanently flooded wetland is more likely characterized
by a growth of cattails. The reed canary wetlands are generally dry by late spring to early
summer. By late summer, the water tables have receded to well below the surface (> 18 — 36").
In contrast, Type 3 cattail wetlands still contain water above or very near the surface during
normal growing seasons.
The WCA permits the use of de minimus filling of Types l, 2, 6 and 7 wetlands. Clearly it is not
the intent of the WCA to allow the application of the de minimus criteria to fens since the WCA
specifically addresses fens as a special category for protection. Therefore, the Type 2 designation
must apply to the "C": modifier Type 3 wetland. Further, Type 3 wetlands in excess of 2.5 acres
in incorporated areas and in excess of 10 acres in unincorporated areas are protected under the
DNR protected waters statute. In the DNR wetland inventory and classification process, the Type
3 wetlands were clearly dominated by cattails hence the inference that reed canary grass
wetlands were Type 2.
Type 7/Type 1L
Inconsistencies in technical descriptions regarding the hydrological regime of these two wetland
' M . � M .
types from a scientific perspective become only a matter of discussion between scientists.
However, when wetland types are applied from a regulatory perspective, accuracy in definition
becomes crucial because certain activities may be permitted in one wetland type and prohibited
in another. At present, Wetland Types 1L and 7 are subject to the same wetland regulatory
requirements and exceptions. However, that may not be always the case and therefore it is
important to note the crucial yet subtle differences between the two types.
The majority of bottomland floodplain forests in many years have water tables several feet
beneath the soil surface. The language "throughout the growing season" is quite specific in
Circular 39. A careful consideration of the species described in the listing provided by Shaw and
Fredine (l 956) indicates that the habitat requirements of the species listed include the typical
presence of a near surface high water table whereas the description of a Type 1L forested
wetland describes the term "bottomland hardwood", a rather vague non-specific term but tree
species generally included in this category are elm, cottonwood, green ash, and silver maple.
Bottomland hardwoods do not include the species described as associated with hardwood
swamps.
Type 7 wetlands are persistently wet under all but the driest conditions whereas Type 1/1L
wetlands are generally dry except under the wettest of conditions. The distinction is significant.
In general, the Board of Water and Soil Resources cross-reference classification (Mn Rules
8420.0549 subp. 2.) are generally accurate but the designation of PEMC as a Type 3 wetland
poses some problems. Where the Type 3 wetland is comprised of cattails, a de minimus
exemption of 400 square feet applies but where the wetland is reed canary grass, also a Type 3
designation should technically apply based on the above discussion. The reed canary grass
wetlands do not fit well into the "C" modifier category nor do they fit into the "B": modifier
� either.
As a matter of standard practice, it would seem best to designate reed canary grass wetlands as
Type 2 wetlands regardless if the modifier is "B" of"C". The difference is important in that a de
minimus exemption of anywhere from 2000 square �eet to 10,000 square feet might be
applicable. Also being accurate with regard to wetland type is important when designation of the
regulatory wetland type is done based on if the deepest part of the basin or the dominant
vegetation is the wetland type that determines allowable fill. This requirement often over-
regulates the reed canary grass fringe and eliminates the possibility of applying the 2000to
10,000 square foot de minimus in many cases where a very small percentage of the overall basin
is cattail but because the deepest part of the basin criteria is applied, only 400 square feet of de
minimus fill may be used.
In general, while this may seem to be an arcane discussion, in reality it is crucial in order far the
regulated community to rightfully claim the wetland exemptions that the law permits.
Conversely, it entitles the landowner to rightfully claim useable land for development purposes.
A clear understanding and accurate interpretation of the classification system is necessary in
order for the exemptions available under the de minimus categories to be appropriately applied.
v ,.
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1 �
Literature Cited
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and RT. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of'Wetlands and
Deepwater Habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-79/31.
103pp.
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