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Minnesota Do I Need to Register My Feedlot
Pollution
Control or Manure Storage Area?
Agency
Feedlot Program
Registration
Revised April 30, 2001
Minnesota Rules Chapter 7020 requires most For additional assistance in calculating
owners of livestock operations and manure capacity for feedlots or manure storage areas
storage areas to register with the Minnesota pleases contact the MPCA Customer
Pollution Agency by January 1, 2002. Assistance Center at 651/297-2274.
A. If your feedlot is located outside of
Owners of the following facilities are shoreland and the number of animals that
required to register with the MPCA or you intend to have exceeds one of the
delegated county: following you must register:40 dairy cows,
Owners who are • A livestock operation capable of holding 50 50 beef cows,50 horses, 150 finishing pigs,
registered and who or more animal units or a manure storage 125 sows, 1,500 chickens,turkeys or ducks.
have less than 300 area capable of holding the manure B. If your feedlot is located within shoreland
animal units are produced by 50 or more animal units. and the number of animals that you intend
eligible to enroll in • A livestock operation capable of holding to have exceeds one of the following you
the 2005/2010 open- 10 or more animal units or a manure must register: 8 dairy cows, 10 beef cows,
lot agreement. For storage area capable of holding the manure 10 horses,30 finishing pigs,25 sows,300
more information produced by 10 or more animal units that chickens,turkeys or ducks.
about the agreement, is located within shoreland.
contact your area
MPCA office listed Who does not need to register?
below. Determining Shoreland: Shoreland refers • Pastures: Livestock operations that are
to land area that is 1,000 feet or less from a primarily pasture operations do not need to
lake or 300 feet or less from a river or stream. register. A pasture operation is where
MPCA Area Offices: Some ponds and wetlands are also classified as livestock are maintained on pastures year
Rochester area: shoreland(1,000-foot standard applies)but round and building or open lots are not
507/285-7343 water bodies of this type that are classified as used for feeding and/or shelter.
Mankato area: shoreland are typically greater than 25 acres in • Owners of livestock operations that are
507/389-5977 size. For altered watercourses, such as streams listed on county Level II feedlot
Marshall area:
507/537-7146 that have been ditched out or straightened,the inventories that have been submitted to the
Willmar area: 300-foot shoreland standard may apply. agency—the inventory registers you.
320/214-3786 County and city zoning ordinances contain a • Owners of livestock operations that apply
Detroit Lakes area: specific list of waters that have a shoreland to the agency and/or to county offices for a
218/847-1519 designation.
Brainerd area: permit after the effective date of this rule
218/828-2492 and before January 1, 2002—the
Duluth area: Determining Capacity: Capacity means the application registers you.
218/723-4660 maximum number of animals that you intend • Owners of livestock facilities that are
Metro area: to havestandin at the facilit
651/296-6300 ( g herd size) Y at closed and have not contained or
Toll-Free Number: any given time in the next four years. Items A maintained livestock since January 1, 1997
800/657-3864 and B below convert number of animals to are not required to register. If the owner
Feedlot Service Center: animal units for the most common animal decides to use the facility in the future,the
877/333-3508 species and tell you if you have to register. owner must register at that time.
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, 520 Lafayette Road North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55155-4194
wq-f4-02 (612)296-6300,toll-free(800)657-3864,TDD(612)282-5332
This material can be made available in alternative formats for people with disabilities.
' Printed on recycled paper containing at least 20 percent fibers from paper recycled by consumers.
484- 1
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE
CONSERVATION PRACTICE STANDARD
MULCHING
(Ac.)
CODE 484
DEFINITION The mulch material shall be evenly applied and
anchored to the soil. Tackifiers, emulsions,
Applying plant residues, by-products or other pinning, netting, crimping or other acceptable
suitable materials produced off site, to the land methods of anchoring will be used if needed to
surface. hold the mulch in place for specified periods.
PURPOSE Manufactured mulches shall be applied
Conserve soil moisture according to the manufacturer's specifications.
•
Mulching operations shall comply with federal,
• Moderate soil temperature state and/or local laws and regulations during the
• Provide erosion control installation, operation and maintenance of this
• Suppress weed growth practice.
Establish vegetative cover Mulch material shall be relatively free of disease,
• noxious weed seeds, and other pests and
• Improve soil condition and increase soil pathogens.
fertility
Additional Criteria To Conserve Soil Moisture
CONDITIONS WHERE PRACTICE APPLIES Mulch materials applied to the soil surface shall
This practice applies to all lands where mulches provide at least 60 percent cover to reduce
are needed. This practice may be used alone or potential evaporation.
in combination with other practices. Mulch material shall be applied prior to moisture
CRITERIA loss. Prior to mulching, ensure soil under
shallow rooted crops is moist, as these crops
General Criteria Applicable To All Purposes require a constant supply of moisture.
The selection of mulching materials will depend Additional Criteria To Moderate Soil
primarily on site conditions and the material's Temperature
availability. Mulch materials shall consist of Mulch materials shall be selected and applied to
natural and/or artificial materials such as plant obtain 100 percent coverage over the area
residue, wood bark or chips, by-products, gravel, treated. The material shall be of a significant
plastic, fabric, animal manure, rice hulls, and thickness to persist for the period required for
materials from food processing plants or other
equivalent materials of sufficient dimension the temperature modification.
(depth or thickness) and durability to achieve the Additional Criteria To Provide Erosion
intended purpose for the required time period. Control
Mulching is generally performed after grading, When mulching with cereal grain straw or grass
soil surface preparation and seeding and hay, apply in sufficient amounts to provide 70
plantings are complete. Soil surface shall be
prepared in order to achieve the desired percent ground cover. Mulch rate shall be
purpose.
Conservation practice standards are reviewed periodically,and updated if needed. To obtain NRCS, NHCP
the current version of this standard,contact the Natural Resources Conservation Service.
July 2002
484-2
determined using current erosion prediction mulch with C:N less than 20:1 to the area of
technology to reach the soil erosion objective. designed flow in watercourses.
When mulching with wood products such as Credit nutrients applied with the mulch to the
wood chips, bark, or shavings or other wood nutrient budget.
materials, apply to a 2-inch thickness if the soil is Use the Soil Conditioning Index to assess soil
not well-drained, and to a 3-to 4-inch thickness quality impacts.
if drainage is good. More finely textured
mulches, which allow less oxygen penetration CONSIDERATIONS
than coarser materials, should be no thicker than
1 or 2 inches. The mulch material shall provide Consider the effects of mulching on evaporation,
no greater than 80 percent ground cover in order infiltration and runoff. Mulch material may affect
to ensure adequate air drainage. microbial activity in the soil surface, increase
Gravel or other inorganic material shall be infiltration, and decrease runoff, erosion and
applied approximately 2 inches thick and shall evaporation. Increased infiltration may increase
consist of pieces 0.75 to 2 inches in diameter. nutrient and chemical transport below the root
The mulch material shall provide no more than zone. The temperature of the surface runoff
90 percent ground cover in order to ensure may also be lowered.
adequate air drainage. Mulched soil retains moisture, requires less
watering and reduces the chance of water stress
Additional Criteria To Suppress Weed on plant materials. Mulch also minimizes
Growth evaporation from the soil surface and hence
The thickness of mulch will be determined by the reduces losses from bare soil areas.
size of the plant being mulched. Small plants Mulch materials high in organic matter with a
must not be smothered. Mulches shall be kept high water holding capacity and high
clear of the stems of plants where disease is impermeability to water droplets may adversely
likely to occur. Mulches applied around growing affect the water needs of plants.
plants or prior to weed seedling development Clear and infra-red transmissible (IRT) plastics
shall have 100 percent ground cover. Thickness have the greatest warming potential. They are
of the mulch shall be adequate to prevent transparent to incoming radiation and trap the
emergence of targeted weeds. Plastic mulches longer wavelengths radiating from the soil.
may be used. Black mulches are limited to warming soils by
Additional Criteria To Establish Vegetative conduction only and are less effective.
Cover Clear mulches allow profuse weed growth and
Mulch shall be applied at a rate that achieves 50 may negate the benefits of soil warming. Black
percent ground cover to provide protection from mulches provide effective weed control.
erosion and runoff and yet allow adequate light Wavelength selective (IRT) blends the soil
and air penetration to the seedbed to ensure warming characteristics of clear mulch with the
proper germination, emergence, and disease weed control ability of black mulch.
suppression. Consider potential toxic allopathic effects that
mulch material may have on other organisms.
Additional Criteria To Improve Soil Condition Animal and plant pest species may be
And Increase Soil Fertility incompatible with the site.
To increase soil fertility, apply mulch materials Consider the potential for increased pathogenic
with a carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) less than 30 activity within the applied mulch material.
to 1 such as animal manure, bio-solids, food
processing wastes, or similar materials. Apply Keep mulches 3 to 6 inches away from plant
other practices such as contouring, filter strips or stems and crowns to prevent disease and pest
riparian forest buffers to assure that runoff from problems.
the mulched areas will not transport mulching Deep mulch provides nesting habitat for ground-
materials to sensitive waterbodies. Do not apply burrowing rodents that can chew extensively on
NRCS, NHCP
July 2002
484 -3
bark on tree trunk and/or tree roots. Light mulch Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2002.
applied after the first cold weather may prevent National Agronomy Manual 190-V. USDA-
rodents from nesting. NRCS. Washington, D.C.
Renard, K.G., G.R. Foster, G.A. Weesies, D.K.
PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS McCool, and D.C. Yoder. 1997. Predicting Soil
Specifications shall be prepared for each site Erosion by Water: A Guide to Conservation
and purpose and recorded using approved Planning With the Revised Universal Soil Loss
specification sheets,job sheets, technical notes, Equation (RUSLE). U.S. Department of
and narrative statements in the conservation Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 703. Pp.
plan, or other acceptable documentation.
175,177-179.
Documentation shall include: Shaffer, M.J., and W.D. Larson. 1987. NTQM, A
• Type of mulch material used Soil-Crop Simulation Model for Nitrogen, Tillage,
and Crop Residue Management. U.S.
• Percent cover and/or thickness of mulch Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
material Service. Conservation Research Report 34-1.
• Timing of application Pp. 83.
Toy, Terence J., and George R. Foster, Co-
•
Site preparation
editors. 1998. Guidelines for the Use of the
• Listing of netting, tackifiers, or method of Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)
anchoring, and Version 1.06 on Mined Lands, Construction
Operation and maintenance. Sites, and Reclaimed Lands. U.S. Department
• of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining and
Reclamation.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Wischmeier, W.H., and D.D. Smith. 1978.
Mulched areas will be periodically inspected, and Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses-A guide to
mulch shall be reinstalled or repaired as needed Conservation Planning. U.S. Department of
to accomplish the intended purpose. Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No 537. Pp.
Removal, incorporation, bio- or 19, 26, 31, 50.
photo-
degradation of mulch and associated materials Wischmeier, W.H. 1974. New Developments in
shall be consistent with the intended purpose Estimating Water Erosion. In: Proceedings of
and site conditions. the 29"'Annual Meeting of the Soil Conservation
Operation of equipment near and on the site
Society of America. Syracuse, New York.
shall not compromise the intended purpose of
the mulch.
Prevent or repair any fire damage to the mulch
material.
Properly collect and dispose of artificial mulch
material after intended use.
Monitor and control undesirable weeds in
mulched areas.
REFERENCES
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 2000. Plastic
Mulches for Commercial Vegetable Production.
Canada-Saskatchewan Irrigation Diversification
Centre. Outlook, Saskatchewan.
NRCS, NHCP
July 2002
9,
Minnesota Technical Guidelines for
Pollution
Control Stockpiling of Manure
Agency
Feedlot
Program
Feedlot Rule Revised: March 20, 2001
Summary Stockpiling of manure is a common animal units requires a construction
method of storing solid manure(defined short form permit. A NPDES/SDS
as having at least a 15 percent solids permit is required if the site contains
content or able to hold a 3-1 ratio when manure from 1,000 or more animal units.
Contents stacked) and used as bedding/litter until
Definitions
Site selection it can be applied to cropland as fertilizer. Karst Topography: Found in
Short-Term Stockpiles southeastern Minnesota where the soils
Permanent Stockpiles This method is generallyused bysmall are shallow and layover fractured or
Cohesive Soil Pads
horse, dairy, beef and poultry operations cavernous bedrock. Sinkholes, caves
because their size makes the expense of and rock outcroppings are common
a manure storage structure prohibitive. features of this type of topography. This
This fact sheet describes Minnesota rules area is very sensitive to ground-water
for stockpiling manure at both feedlot contamination.
and land application sites.
Environmental Impacts
Definitions Stockpiling of manure can be a
For clarification, the following terms reasonably environmentally safe method
used in this document are defined below. of manure storage if site selection is
carefully considered. When rain or
Manure Storage Area: Area where snowmelt water comes in contact with
MPCA Area Offices:
Rochester area: animal manure or process wastewaters manure, the water can pick up particles
507/285-7343 are stored or processed. Short-term and of manure and manure leachate and
Mankato area: permanent stockpile sites are manure transport it off-site. The pollutants can
507/389-5977
Marshall area: storage areas. Stockpiles can be be solids that are visible to the naked eye
507/537-7146 classified as short-term or permanent, or dissolved nutrients,pathogens or
Willmar area: depending on how long the stockpile is oxygen-demanding materials that cannot
320/214-3786
Detroit Lakes area: stored. Short-term stockpiles must have be seen.
218/847-1519 the manure removed and land-applied
Brainerd area: within one year of the date when the As manure-contaminated water leaves
218/828-2492
Duluth area: stockpile was formed and permanent the site, some of it flows overland and
218/723-4660 stockpiles can be stored for over a year. some seeps into the ground. Depending
Metro area: Short-term sites do not need a permit, if on the site,this water may flow to
651/296-6300
Toll-Free Number: the owner is not the owner of the feedlot. surface and/or ground water. Both can
800/657-3864 Construction of permanent sites have significant negative impacts on
Feedlot Service Center: containingmanure from 300 to 999 water qualityand human health.
877/333-3508
wq-f8-06
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, 520 Lafayette Road North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55155-4194
(651)296-6300,toll-free(800)657-3864,TTY(651)282-5332 or(800)657-3864
This material can be made available in alternative formats for people with disabilities.
Printed on recycled paper containing at least 20 percent fibers from paper recycled by consumers.
f
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Feedlot Program Feedlot Rule Summary, February 2001
A new manure storage area may not be constructed Depth to the seasonal high water table: The
within 1,000 feet of a community water-supply well thickness of the soil layer(s) above the water table
or wells serving a public school,private school also is a factor in site selection. Saturated soils do not
(excluding home sites)or a licensed child care center treat pollutants nearly as well as unsaturated soils.
where the well is vulnerable according to Minnesota Saturated soils also allow much more rapid
Department of Health standards. Unless, the percolation compared to unsaturated soils. The
Minnesota Department of Health has approved a percolation time and contaminant treatment of the
drinking water supply management area for the well, effluent through the soil depends on the soil type and
the manure storage area is not within the drinking total depth of the unsaturated soil profile. Thicker
water supply area, and the manure storage area is not unsaturated soil profiles lessen the risk of ground-
within 200 feet of the well. water contamination.
In addition, stockpile sites may not be located in rock Karst topography and other fractured bedrock:
quarries, gravel pits, sand pits, or any other mining The depth to bedrock is another important
excavation sites. consideration. Ground-water vulnerability is
increased by fractured bedrock which provides a
A manure storage area may not be located: direct conduit from the soil layer to the deeper ground
• Shoreland water. Sinkholes also provide a direct conduit to
• Floodplain ground water, allowing little to no contaminant
• 300 feet of a sinkhole treatment. Therefore,manure must not be stockpiled
• Within 100 feet of a private well with at least 50 within 300 feet of a sinkhole.
feet of watertight casing
Agronomic Need of the Crop
In general, manure stockpiling sites must be located The size of a short-term stockpile is limited to what
and constructed such that manure-contaminated the crop will need. The largest allowed stockpile is
runoff from the site does not discharge to surface the volume needed to fertilize crops on a 320-acre
water and ground water. field.
Stockpile Site Selection Based on Soils Requirements for Short-Term Manure
To prevent a pollution problem from developing, Stockpiling
manure cannot be stockpiled in rock quarries, gravel The MPCA has developed the following requirements
or sand pits, on bedrock or on any mining excavation beginning October 2001, for the stockpiling of all
sites. Other considerations include: manure and/or bedding material containing manure:
Soil permeability and soil layer profile: The Manure may not be stockpiled for more than one
permeability of the soil,a measure of how fast water will year. The same stockpile site cannot be used from
percolate through the soil,is an important consideration year to year. All of the accumulated manure is
in determining if a site is suitable for stockpiling manure. required to be removed from the site at least once per
Sandy soil has a high permeability and will allow water- year and spread on cropland at agronomic rates as
borne pollutants to leach quickly through the soil layers fertilizer. A vegetative cover must then be
to the ground water. On the other hand,denser soil or established on the site for at least one full growing
clay will prevent the leachate from flowing through the season before the site can have manure stockpiled on
soil profile at such a rapid rate,and will hold the effluent it again.
longer allowing more contaminant detention and
treatment.
Stockpiling of Manure Page 2
(2) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Feedlot Program Feedlot Rule Summary, February 2001
Exceptions to establishing a vegetative cover between the county feedlot officer may review them by
stockpiling use is made for cattle at open lots with request. The records should include information on:
100 animal units or less and where the stockpile is • Location of each stockpile
land-applied in fewer than 10 days. The latter • Date it was piled
exception is only allowed six times per year. • Volume of manure in the stockpile
• Nitrogen and phosphorus content of the manure
Short-term stockpiles cannot be located within: • Date when the stockpile was land-applied
1. 300 feet of flow distance and at least 50 feet
horizontal distance to surface water, sinkholes, Permanent Stockpile Sites
rock outcroppings, open tile intakes, and any Manure stockpiled for more than one year needs to be
uncultivated wetlands which are not seeded to placed on a pad. The owner may need to install a
annual farm crops or crop rotations involving liquid manure storage area to collect the runoff if
perennial grasses or forages. necessary to prevent manure-contaminated runoff
2. 300 feet of flow distance to any road ditch that from discharging to surface and ground water. The
flows to the features identified in Number 1 above owner must apply for a construction short form permit
or 50 feet of any road ditch where Number 1 does if the manure results from 300 to 999 animal units or,
not apply. apply for a NPDES/SDS permit for manure from
3. 100 feet of any private water supply or unused- 1,000 or more animal units.
unsealed well and 200 feet from any private well
with less than 50 feet of watertight casing and that Cohesive Soil Pads
is not cased through a confining layer at least ten Soils Investigation
feet thick. A soils investigation to determine the depth to ground
4. 100 feet from field drain tile that is three feet or water and the estimated depth to the seasonal high-
less from the soil surface. water table must be completed prior to construction.
The seasonal high-water table is determined from soil
A minimum distance of two feet between the base of color readings conducted by a qualified soils analyst.
the stockpile and the seasonal high-water table or Interpretation of soil colors to determine seasonally
saturated soils must be maintained. The most recent saturated conditions should be done in accordance
USDA/NRCS Soil Survey Manual can be used or a with soil taxonomy(United States Department of
site-specific soils investigation can be done. Agriculture).
Stockpiles are also prohibited: A minimum of two soil borings must be taken(within
• On land with greater than six-percent slope. the boundaries of the proposed site) for the first 1/2-
• On land with slopes between two and six percent, acre of stockpile surface area. A minimum of one
except where clean-water diversions and erosion- additional soil boring must be taken for each
control practices are installed. additional one acre of stockpile surface area. These
• On soils where the soil texture to a depth of five borings must be performed on a pattern which
feet is coarser than a sandy loam as identified in represents the range of soil conditions throughout the
the most recent USDA/NRCS Soil Survey Manual stockpile site. The elevation and location of each soil
or based on a site-specific soils investigation. boring, relative to the site must be recorded.
Recordkeeping for Short-Term Stockpile Construction of Cohesive Soil Pad
Sites When constructing the pad, it is very important to
The owner of the feedlot where the manure was remold and compact the soil so that voids and lift
produced must keep records on file for each manure interfaces are eliminated. The goal during cohesive
stockpile site for at least three years. MPCA staff or
Stockpiling of Manure Page 3
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Feedlot Program Feedlot Rule Summary, February 2001
soil construction is to minimize hydraulic • Permit number, if applicable
conductivity and soil compressibility, and to eliminate • Owner's name, and the name of the facility, if
secondary features such as clod and lift interfaces and different than the owner
desiccation cracks. This is more complex than simply • Site location by county,township, section, and
constructing to achieve a specified soil density. quarter section
• Name of the contractor responsible for installing
Remolding the soil and eliminating clods may require the permanent stockpile liner
increasing the equipment weight,thereby increasing
the compactive energy. To eliminate lift interfaces, it
is important to scarify the surface of previously For More Information
compacted lifts prior to placement of the next lift, and For more information about the revised feedlot rule or
to have deep-footed rollers which penetrate into this to download a copy of the revised rule, log onto the
previous lift. Protection from cracking or desiccation MPCA website at:
of the in-place pad may require periodic moistening of http://www.pca.state.mn.us/hot/feedlot-rules.html.
the in-place floor on a hot, dry day or reworking the
previous lift prior to placement of the next lift. Or, for information call your area office listed on the
first page of this fact sheet and ask for the feedlot
The liner must have a completed thickness of at least officer, or call the Feedlot Service Center toll-free at
two feet and be constructed so that the hydraulic (877)333-3508.
conductivity is 10"7 cm/sec or less after construction.
If other liner materials are used,a 10-7 cm/sec
conductivity must be achieved.
Other Considerations
The site must be constructed using diversion
structures, elevated platform construction,or other
devices to prevent surface waters from entering and
passing through the stockpile site. Where upgradient
slopes are greater than two percent, clean water
diversions must be constructed that surround at least
the three upgradient sides of the stockpile site.
Diversions must be of sufficient height to prevent
outside water from passing over them during
snowmelt or rainfall events less than the 25-year,24-
hour storm event.
A permanent stockpile site must be operated and
maintained in a manner so as to protect the integrity
and structural reliability of the manure storage area.
An owner should notify the MPCA or county feedlot
officer of intent to construction a minimum of three
days prior to commencement of construction and
within three days following completion of
construction. Notification must be completed by
letter,telephone, or facsimile and include:
Stockpiling of Manure Page 4
633-1
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE
CONSERVATION PRACTICE STANDARD
WASTE UTILIZATION
(acre)
CODE 633
DEFINITION
Disposal of individual sewage treatment system
Utilizing manure,wastewater and other organic septage is governed by 40 Code of Federal
by-products and residues. Register part 503.
PURPOSES Land application of manure is addressed by
MPCA through Minnesota Rule R chapter 7020
This practice is applied as part of a total online at:
conservation management system to: http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/forms/getrulec
hap.shtml
• Protect water and air quality.
• Provide nutrients for crop,forage,or fiber Acceptable dead animal(carcass)disposal is
production and forest products. regulated by The Minnesota Board of Animal
• Improve and maintain soil quality. Health through Minn. Statute 35.82 and
• Provide feed for livestock Minnesota Rule1719. MPCA and Minn.Dept.of
• Provide a source of energy Natural Resources rules also apply.
CONDITIONS WHERE PRACTICE The sale of composted manure or manure sold as
APPLIES a soil amendment is regulated by the Minnesota
Department of Agriculture(MDA).
This practice applies where organic materials are
generated and/or utilized. These materials The use of animal parts or manure as a source of
include animal manure,animal carcasses, feed for other animals is regulated by the U.S.
contaminated water from livestock and poultry Food and Drug Administration,the MDA
operations,agricultural processing residues(e.g. (Minnesota statutes 25.31 to 25.43)at:
whey)and solids and wastewater from municipal http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/stats/25/and
treatment plants. the Mn.Board of Animal Health(Minn.Rule
Chapter 1719)at
CRITERIA http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/forms/getrulec
hap.shtml
A. Regulations
B. On-Farm Organic Materials
Organic nutrient application to land must comply
with the most restrictive of federal,state,or All Criteria in Conservation Practice Standard
county laws,ordinances and permit conditions. 590(Nutrient Management)must be followed
when manure and other on-farm organic
Land application of municipal sewage sludge is materials are used as a nutrient source for crop,
addressed by the Minnesota Pollution Control forage,fiber or forest product production.
Agency(MPCA)through Minnesota Rule R.
chapter 7041 available online at: C. Non-Farm Organic Nutrients
http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/forms/getrulec Non-farm organic materials shall be analyzed for
hap.shtml characteristics and applied in a manner and at
rates as prescribed by Minnesota law or permit
Land application of industrial sludge and requirements. All required plan and reporting
processing wastes are addressed as necessary in requirements also apply
the permit process by MPCA.
NRCS-Minnesota
May 2001
Conservation practice standards are reviewed periodically,and updated if needed. To obtain the current
version of this standard,contact the Natural Resources Conservation Service.
A
633-2
Sewage sludge analysis,application and F. Livestock Feed
reporting requirements can be found in Chapter
7041 MPCA Sewage Sludge Management Agricultural wastes to be used for feedstock shall
Rules part 7041.1500.Those requirements be handled in a manner to minimize
include analysis for pH,percentage of total contamination, preserve its feed value,and
solids;volatile solids as percentage of total prevent disease transmission. Poultry litter stored
solids,major plant nutrients,and concentration of for this purpose shall be covered. Strict
various metals. The sludge generator or adherence to federal and state laws is critical
applicator is responsible for obtaining the when utilizing animal parts or manure as a
analysis. feedstock.
Composted manure should be analyzed,when The feed product shall be free of harmful
required by Minnesota Rule 7020.0405,for pH, pathogens,pesticide residues,parasites,and
moisture content,particle size,NPK ratio,and heavy metal or drug residues above levels
soluble salt content. Composted manure used as permitted by statute or regulation.
an on-farm crop nutrient source should also be
analyzed for total N,P2O5 and K2O. An animal nutritionist shall develop rations that
utilize wastes in compliance with federal and
D. Soil Quality state regulations.
Where municipal wastewater and solids are G. Ener2v Source
applied to agricultural lands as a nutrient source,
• The single application or lifetime limits of Use of agricultural waste for energy production
heavy metals shall not be exceeded. should be a part of the overall waste management
• The concentration of salts shall not exceed system.
the level that will impair seed germination or
plant growth. Consult Minnesota Rule R. All energy producing components of the system
Chapter 7041 and Chapters 5,6,and 11 of shall be included in the waste management plan
the NRCS Agricultural Waste Management and provisions for utilization of residues of
Field Handbook(AWMFH)for additional energy production identified.
details.
H. Mortality Disposal
E. Water Quality
Mortality disposal must be conducted in strict
• All organic materials shall be utilized in a adherence to state rules. Consult Appendix A
manner that minimizes the opportunity for for disposal alternatives.
contamination of surface and ground water
supplies. Appropriate setbacks and buffer I. Idled Cropland with a Perennial Cover~
areas will be established and maintained on CRP or Similar Land
land application areas according to state or
local regulations. Apply organic nutrients to CRP only after
• Liquid application rates shall not exceed the obtaining approval from the appropriate agency
soil infiltration rate or moisture holding including USDA's Farm Service Agency.
capacity of the soil profile at the time of
application. Apply organic nutrients only in emergency
• Organic materials shall not be land-applied situations such as inability to spread on cropland
on soils classified by NRCS as frequently because of flooding situations.
flooded during the period when flooding is
expected. Apply only once in a three-year period to the
• No organic material application to frozen or same location in CRP fields.
snow-covered ground when required by state
law(Consult Minnesota Rules Chapter 7041 Limit organic materials spread on CRP or similar
and 7020). Consult Table 1 for additional land to that generated only by the landowner.
limitations on wintertime applications.
Base application rates on the amount needed to
supply 30 lbs./ac.total nitrogen(N)on coarse
NRCS-Minnesota
May 2001
P
k 633-3
textured soils and 60 lbs./ac.N on other soil types Nitrogen Volatilization Losses
(increase to 80 lbs./ac.N on other than coarse Consider nitrogen volatilization losses associated
textured soils for drag hose applications if the 60 with surface applications of manure and other
lb./ac.rate cannot be applied). organic materials. Such losses are significant
unless manure is immediately incorporated into
Apply on areas furthest from receiving waters or the soil. Encourage incorporation within 24
that have gentlest slopes and also have lowest hours.
Soil Test Phosphorus levels.
N and P excreted by animals
Time application to periods of greatest plant Consider agronomic,nutritional and managerial
nutrient need. Do not apply when the ground is practices which reduce the amount of N and P
frozen,snow covered or actively thawing. excreted by animals. These practices include:
• using high quality protein sources
Do not apply organic materials on soils classified • feeding low protein,amino acid
by USDA-NRCS as frequently flooded. supplemented diets
• avoiding excessive overages of dietary P
Periodically test for soil P content and cease • balancing diets on an available P basis
applications when test results indicate 75 ppm or • using feed ingredients that possess highly
higher Bray 1 phosphorus(60 ppm Olsen). available P(e.g.high-moisture corn or
wheat)
Do not apply organic nutrients to the entire field. • using enzyme additives such as phytase to
Leave large enough portions of the field improve ability to utilize P in rations(applies
undisturbed to provide nesting and cover habitat most to swine).
for wildlife.
Alternative uses
Maintain vegetation on CRP fields at no less than
an 80%cover condition after application. Repair Consider various uses of organic nutrients when
developing a utilization plan(e.g. composted
and reseed areas damaged by application of potting medium,biogas production,feed).
organic nutrients. Follow all regulations and precautions relative to
CONSIDERATIONS refeeding of manure and animal parts or sale of
composted materials.
Travel Time Composting
Consider travel time and route to fields when Consider composting to reduce waste volume.
scheduling fields for organic material
applications. Minimize travel time on roads and Consult Manure Management Alternatives: A
highways. Supplemental Manual,MDA, 1995; Poultry
Water Quality Handbook,Poultry Water
Time of Day and Odor Quality Consortium, 1994;and Manure
Consider morning applications to minimize odor Management: Practices for the Minnesota
if applications on warm days are necessary. Pork Industry,MN Ext. Serv., 1994 for
additional detail on composting,refeeding,
Good Neighbor Practices and Odor
Consider"good neighbor practices"when land rationand other alternative uses of organic
materials.
applying manure and other organic by-products.
These practices include not spreading: a.)before PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
holidays and weekends when people are engaged
in outdoor activities;b.)near heavily traveled The manure and other organic by-product plan
highways;c.)when wind would blow odors will address all uses of manure and organic by-
toward populated areas and d.)on calm,humid products including as appropriate energy
days on fields in close proximity to residences production,refeeding,off-site transport and
and roadways.Also consider injection or carcass disposal.
incorporation within 24 hours if applied on sites
within 300 feet of residences and 1000 feet of
roads.
NRCS-Minnesota
May 2001
633-4
The following plan components are required Best Management Practices:Carcass Disposal.
when manure is utilized as a source of crop and 2000. Minn.Pollution Control Agency.
forage nutrients:
• A description of the size and kind of Composting: A Method of Dead Animal
livestock present including quantity of Disposal in Minnesota. Mn. Board of Animal
organic materials produced during the Health
planning period.
• Description of the manure storage and Composting Poultry Carcasses. 1994. North
handling system including application Central Regional Extension Publication 530.
equipment and labor needed to apply the
organic nutrient source. General Guidelines for the Land Application
• Annual amount of nitrogen and phosphorus of Industrial Sludge. 1994. Minn. Poll.Control
from manure that will need to be land Agency
applied.
• Description of the manure nutrient testing Using Whey on Agricultural Land-A disposal
practices (methods,frequency). Alternative. 1981. Univ.of Wisc. Extension
• Description of equipment calibration publication A3098.
practices.
• A map with organic nutrient application On-Farm Composting Handbook. 1992.
areas clearly indicated. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering
• Components listed in the most current Service publication NRAES-54.
version of USDA-NRCS-MN Conservation
Practice Standard 590(Nutrient Poultry Water Quality Handbook. 1994.
Management) Poultry Water Quality Consortium.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Manure Management Alternatives:A
Supplemental Manual. 1995.MN Dept. of
Records shall be kept for a period of six years or Agriculture
longer and include when appropriate:
• Quantity of manure and other organic by- Nutrient Management. Conservation Practice
products produced. Standard 590. 2001. USDA-NRCS
• Dates and amount of manure removed from
the system due to feeding,energy
production,or export from the operation.
• Carcass disposal techniques.
• Quantity of manure transported off-site to
land not owned or controlled(include
location of site and per acre application rate).
• Quantity of manure transported off-site to be
used for other than a crop nutrient.
• Name and address of commercial hauler or
applicator receiving manure.
• Consult Conservation Practice Standard
590(Nutrient Management)for
requirements when manure is used as a crop
nutrient source.
REFERENCES
Agricultural Waste Management Field
Handbook. 1992.USDA-NRCS
Animal Mortality Composting. 1999. Mn.
Dept. of Agriculture
NRCS-Minnesota
May 2001
r
633-5
TABLE 1.SUMMARY TABLE—APPLICATION RESTRICTIONS FOR FROZEN,SNOW-
COVERED OR ACTIVELY THAWING CONDITIONS
Do not recommend manure applications when ground is frozen,snow-covered or actively thawing on
fields:
1) Within 300 feet of sensitive features including surface waters,surface tile intakes,sinkholes,
water supply wells,mines and quarries OR
2) With sheet and rill soil losses greater than 2-4 tons per acre per year OR
3) With uncontrolled ephemeral erosion OR
4) With frequently flooded soils OR
5) That are idled cropland with a perennial cover,CRP or similar land
Sheet and Rill Idled Cropland
Distance to Erosion Ephemeral Frequently with perennial Application Restrictions when
sensitive (Tons/Acre/ Erosion Flooded cover,CRP or ground is frozen,snow-covered or
feature feet Year) Controlled Soils similar land activel thawin
Yes
o►ro Yes
No No Manure Applications
<300 JOIE
>4 7 N INS0MTANOttr No Solid Manure A.Ilications
>300 >2 N n.
-- No Liquid Manure Applications
Consider selecting the lesser of the following winter-time manure application rates: a)5000 gallons per
acre/wintertime season(swine,dairy or beef); 12 tons per acre/wintertime season(swine,dairy,or beef);or
4 tons per acre poultry, b)rates necessary to satisfy crop P removal in the harvested portions of the desired
crop.
Consider injecting or incorporating manure and other organic by-products within 24 hours on all fields
within a watershed listed as having surface water quality impairment due to nutrients.
Consider prioritizing and scheduling fields for manure applications based on gentleness of slope,lowest Soil
Test Phosphorous levels and distance from sensitive features.
NRCS-Minnesota
May 2001
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APPENDIX A
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
CARCASS DISPOSAL#
GENERAL OVERVIEW
Carcass: The body or a part of a domestic animal or fowl that has died or has been killed,other than by
being slaughtered for human or animal consumption.
Discarded Animal Parts:All or a part of animals,fish,or poultry that have been killed for human or
animal consumption and not used for that purpose.
There is always mortality in animal production. Proper disposal of carcasses is important both to prevent
livestock disease transmission and to protect air and water quality. This document provides options for
disposal and discusses advantages,disadvantages and rule requirements of each method.
Carcass Disposal is regulated by:
• Minnesota Statute 35.82
• Minnesota Board of Animal Health Rules- 1719.0100- 1719.4600
• Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Rules
• Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Rules
Legal Methods of Carcass Disposal
_ Species Method
Compost Render Incinerate Bury Exempt Fur Farm Pet
by Law Consumption Food
Poultry ,I _ 4 ,1 4 4 �I
Swine ,I 4 4 4
Cattle _J* ,I 4 4 4 ,1
Horses J* 'SI J J �l
Sheep/Goats 'I _ �I 4 4 4
Household Pets 4
Wild Animals
Game Farm/Exotic Animals * 4
*Call Minnesota Board of Animal Health 651/296-2942,Ext.27 for additional information.
General Rules:
1. Carcass must be disposed of as soon as reasonably possible,i.e.within 48 to 72 hours.
2. Burying a carcass requires that the carcass be five feet above the seasonal high-water table and covered
with dirt. Sandy or gravelly areas or areas within 10 feet of bedrock should be avoided.
3. Incineration must be in an incinerator that is approved by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
4. Hauling over the road: Carcasses or discarded animal parts must be in vehicles or containers that are
leak-proof and covered. The vehicles also need to be inspected and have a permit,unless the vehicle
belongs to the owner of the animal before it died.
5. Composting must be done according to the protocol set forth in Board of Animal Health Rule
1719.4000. This is explained in the section on composting.
6. Fur farms need a permit and inspected vehicle to haul carcasses or discarded animal parts over the road.
4. This appendix is adapted from a fact sheet prepared by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
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May 2001
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7. Each carcass used as pet food must pass an inspection by a veterinarian and must be processed under
clean and sanitary conditions.
8. Carcasses left at an off-site pickup point must be in an animal-proof enclosed area that is at least 200
yards from a neighbor's buildings. Carcasses must be picked up within 72 hours,except if the enclosed
area is refrigerated to less than 45 degrees Fahrenheit,then the carcasses must be picked up within
seven days.
COMPOSTING
Composting is the process of placing carcasses in layers with a carbon source and manure to allow the
natural heating process to break down the carcass. Composting is allowed for swine,sheep,goats and
poultry. Composting is allowed by permit for cattle,horses and exotic animals.
Advantages
• Biosecurity
• Year-round use
• Inexpensive
• Environmentally sound
• Value-added product to sell or use
• Best and recommended method to handle catastrophic losses
• Heat of composting process kills pathogens and insect larvae
• Done on-site
Disadvantages
• May be more labor intensive
• Requires impervious pad,rot-resistant walls and cover to repel rain
• Takes some practice to develop the"art"
• Requires carbon source(straw,sawdust,cornstalks,etc.)
Recommendations
Composting is an"art"that must be practiced because of the variety in materials,weather conditions and
number of carcasses. It is best to have the same person doing the composting to ensure compost
performance.
Do:
• Follow protocol as specified in Board of Animal Health Rule 1719.4000
• Process mortality daily
• Keep carcasses covered and at least six inches from sides
• Take and record temperature daily(must reach 130 degrees Fahrenheit)
• Start with a base of carbon source material
• Put carcasses,litter and carbon source in layers
• Mix pile at least one time when the temperature starts to decline;this will generate a new heat cycle
after each mixing
Don't:
• Use frozen carcasses for composting
• Store carcasses before processing
Public Relations
Build composter out of sight and away from neighbors. While a compost pile that is working right will have
no smell and no insects,it may bother neighbors to see carcasses going into it on a daily basis. Convince
your neighbors to use the finished compost for their gardens(before you tell them what is in it).
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May 2001
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INCINERATION
Incineration is an effective but more costly method. It is a good cold weather alternative.
Advantages
• Can use year-round
• Biosecurity(no trucks coming from other farms to pick up carcasses)
Disadvantages
• Incinerator cost
• Fuel cost—expensive
• Odor
• Very expensive for larger carcasses
Recommendations
• Place your incinerator out of sight or enclosed with a decorative screen
• Consider the wind direction and time of the day,so as to least effect your neighbors
Do:
• Purchase MPCA-approved incinerator
• Purchase unit large enough to handle each day's mortality
• Properly maintain unit
• Incinerate mortality daily
Don't:
• Accumulate carcasses for days before incinerating
• Incinerate when neighbor down-wind is having a barbecue,etc.
• Forget to pay your gas bill
Public Relations
Most problems from incineration come from the odor of burning hair or feathers when it interferes with a
neighbor's outdoor activities.
BURIAL
Burial requires great care in site selection because as carcasses decompose,they release materials that can
pollute ground water,particularly if large volumes are buried. This practice is most suitable for small
amounts of material(e.g.less than 2000-lb./burial pit/acre).
Advantages
• Inexpensive(if own equipment)
• Biosecurity(No trucks coming from other farms to pick up carcasses)
Disadvantages
• Difficult in winter
• Can cause ground-water pollution
• Cannot bury within five feet above seasonal high-water table
Recommendations
• Should not be used by large facilities or with catastrophic losses because the volume of carcasses may
lead to ground-water pollution.
• Examine other alternatives for dead livestock disposal.
NRCS-Minnesota
May 2001
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Do:
• Cover with soil and stay five feet above the seasonable water table
• Cover each day's deposits with a layer of soil
• Identify sites for worker safety
• Bury immediately
Don't:
• Place in or near lakes,ponds,rivers,streams,wetlands,ditches or wells
• Use as a dump for other farm garbage
• Bury in areas with a high seasonal water table
• Bury in"karst"or sandy areas
• Bury in areas subject to surface water flooding
Public Relations
Problems arise when using burial pits and when burying a carcass too near a neighbor's well. The neighbors
complain about burial pits when any smell comes from the farm—they assume it is from the pit. Problems
also arise when carcasses are not properly covered each day and dogs or wild animals drag off parts of the
carcasses.
RENDERING
Rendering offers the grower the chance to create a recyclable feed product if it is submitted to the renderer
with proper handling.
Advantages
• Recyclable resource
• Can use year-round
Disadvantages
• Lack of biosecurity when carcasses are picked up
• Cost
• Not available in all areas
• Not available for all species
Recommendations
• Get on an annual contract with the renderer rather than a"per call"charge
• If large enough farm,get on a scheduled weekly or twice weekly pick-up route
• Use off-site pick up points for biosecurity purposes
• Consider refrigerated off-site pick up points
Do:
• Know what substances the animals were exposed to in order to avoid residue problems in the rendered
product
• Follow Board of Animal Health Rules for off-site pick up point
✓ Must be animal-proof enclosure at least 200 yards from neighbor's buildings.
✓ Carcasses may not be left for more than 72 hours unless refrigerated--then seven days.
• Be aware of potential disease spread from a rendering truck.
• Vehicles or containers must be leak-proof and covered to haul carcasses over the road. (Contracted
vehicles also need a permit from the Board of Animal Health.)
Don't:
• Delay calling for carcass pickup
• Leave carcasses where other animals can drag them off
• Leave carcasses in public view
NRCS-Minnesota
May 2001
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Public Relations
Neighbors are most upset when carcasses are left where other animals can drag them into their yards or
when carcasses can be seen from the road. Off-site pick-up points are required to be animal-proof
enclosures.
ALTERNATIVE METHODS
The Board of Animal Health may permit alternative methods of carcass disposal that are effective for the
protection of public health and the control of livestock diseases. All alternative methods require a permit
from the Board of Animal Health (651)296-2942
1. Pet Food Processing
• Requires permit,veterinary inspection of each carcass,facilities and equipment that meet Board of
Animal Health specifications
2. Fur Farm Consumption
• Fur farm is required to have a permit and to keep the farm in a sanitary condition
• Permits allow only the feeding to fur-bearing animals that do not re-enter the food chain
• Owner assumes the risk of a disease or condition in the carcass that could be detrimental to the fur
animals
3. Grinding and Injecting into the Manure Pit
• A permit was granted to the University of Minnesota for an experimental project
• Field trials were conducted in 1996
• A disadvantage may be neighbors'perception that the smell from the manure pit is worse because of the
carcasses in it
4. Lactic Fermentation
• Lactic fermentation utilizes a mixture of ground carcasses and a carbohydrate source to produce a
"silage"type product for refeeding
5. Extrusion
• Extrusion is a method whereby ground carcasses and a carrier such as soybean meal are cooked under
pressure and moisture,generating steam and a product with 12 percent moisture for refeeding.
6. Emergency,Commercial or Experimental Composting
• In emergency or catastrophic loss-call the Board of Animal Health for a permit and advice on
composting the losses
• Experimental composting must be in conjunction with a University and requires a permit
• Cattle and other species may be experimentally composted if the protocol is approved
REFERENCES FOR MORE INFORMATION
University of MN Extension Service MN Board of Animal Health
(612)624-4928 (651)296-2942
MN Pollution Control Agency MN Dept.of Natural Resources(Wetlands)
Toll Free(877)333-3508 (651)296-4800
NRCS-Minnesota
May 2001