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Providing the Sharper Edge in
Natural Resources & Enaironmental Consulting
ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
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1 2180 Abin don Wa
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Wetland Classification, Identification, and
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Del�neatlon Report
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' Prepared for:
Britt and Richard Gage
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� By:
Svoboda Ecological Resources
' Project Number 2007-056-03
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' June 27, 2007
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' _ TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRAC'I'....................................................................................................................................1
' INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................:...........................2
WETLANDDEFINITION............................................................................................................6
, Wetland Hydrology................................................................................................6
Hydrophytic Vegetation.........................................................................................7
HydricSoi1.............................................................................................................8
� METHODS.....................................................................................................................................8
t RESULTS........................................................................................................................................9
Background Information-(Office-Based Investigation).....................................................9
SiteVisit and History..................................................:......................................................9
� DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................................10
' RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................................................11
CERTIFICATION.......................................................................................................................12
' DATA SOURCES.........................................................................................................................13
LITERATURE REFERENCED.................................................................................................13
IFIGURES:
Figure 1: USGS Quadrangle Map
' Figure 2: National Wetlands Inventory
Figure 3: Hennepin County Soil Survey
Figure 4: Approximate Wetland Boundaries
� Figure 5. Public Waters Inventory Map
PHOTO LOG:
, APPENDIX A:
Field Data Sheets
APPENDIX B:
Plant Indicator Status
' APPENDIX C:
Soil Series Data
APPENDIX D:
' Explanation of Cowardin and Circular 39 Wetland Classification Systems
� Svoboda Ecolo 'cal Resources
81 2180 Abingdon Way
Project No.2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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' .�BST'RACT'
Ss�ohoc�c� Ec�lo�ienl ��so�o-ees (.SER) visite�! the cshove rc�fes-c������rc-����rsy o�z .dia�tc� 22 «�a�l ?_5,
' 2007 to �xcarnivz� the� .site for the n�•esere�e of «recss r�c�etirag �i�etic�rar� �•rdt�o-icr. i'hc� we�larctls
cl�lirze�stecl o�a th� �rv��ert y �re Type-3 Pf MCrI w�ticq�a`ls•. Sc�r�a��l� rrc��.s���s ds��rc� c�stc{h/1.s6�c��1 iaa
o�~cler lo c�h�src3c�teriz� the soil, vegetc�tio�a, u�a�l e:risti�ig hr�de-ulv,;y y��itha�a t�ic� n��tic��zc�-t��-er��l���tc�
' trc��asition zoraes. A r�l�ttively c�istinet wetCanc! edge th�-ou��hairt ��eost o/'tdze ri�Ntlartcls f'c�rilifnt�c.1
thc� rlcic�emeatt oj' st«ki�tg/f'lagginQ. The pre.ielac•e of clontint�rat yv�t1�l�ae�' ����g��trtin�t, ��1�irncrj-v
hydrology, �sn`! c! j�nsitiv� F'fiC-IVeutrctl l�est s•c�/�/�ort the ��rc�sc�ia�e �f Cf JGIY[,Sft�l('l101Ytl� di��tic�rzcl.
� �riteric�for c�elernal�ai�ag jasrisc�ic•tionctl wetltfncls ctre us`l�.���•ri���cl in td�c� /�c�7 �J.,S. !�r•r�rv �,'r�r•��.5� of.
E�a�ineers t�etic�rac�.e f�Qlfn�c�tion Mc�rtis��l (19g7 Mcrnarul) ns a-�qirir�c� �v �hn /Yli��aalc�.sodc� �c�t�c��ac�
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� Svobod� Ecoloo�cal Retot����es ?1<`�� A�bu�at��ja ��!/,ay
Projccl IUo. �0�%-fl56-�)3 �i�io��o. ��i��a�t:si��,�
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UCTION
` The property examined ae 'L 4 80 A�u�agdou� 'VVay is located within the City o����rc���. "�'��. �����:�;a is
approximately 14 acr�es an� i�cllu��s a resialence. Most of the property Soi���a o�'t.�he resual.�d��� fis �
' relatively large shallaw rr�arsh �iP�l➢ #862W). �1 relatively smaller sha9lc�w ra�aaUs(� Bues vvaQ0�i1� 4h�;
norcheast portion ol' the s�ue�y �p��-cel. � constructed storm water poa�ci 'ss 1oc�t�;�i a�c��n?Y �h�
western parcel boundary.
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, Svoboda Ecoloa�cal Resoiuces 2 218��bira�cl��� '��/.iy
Project ��Io. 2007-056-O:i t�rono. i✓d���nesc>i��
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� 'g'�e �1��6c�nal Wetland Inventory classities tB�e �vc����e1s �,n d��, proper��.� (�+/����a���s � � �, Fi�rtir�;
5) ��s 'V-'ype-3 Paluslrine (P) wet(ands with err���g�¢�� vebela�ic�n (EIVf) ���t ex�erience sca�onal
' ��9��diu�g (C) and are either drained or di[ched (dly (��g�A�-e 2). Reed C'anary G�ass (PFu�lcri-i.s�
ct���raz�lioa�c�a) dominates the shallow marshes w9aile �ox���1�:r trees ancB h�aekthorn shruhs ar� the
, ���in�ng vegetataon within most the wooded upla�d au�eas ���thc property.
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Projec� �fo. 2007-056 03 Q)d•on�c�. 1VuE�nm.^s;�i�;
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1 The said was s���arated at the wetland edge at the time �i� ��ae sa�� vu�;o�. '�J��anc� sc>i➢ assc>�iated
wit� �Vetla�dl 2 as a Lester Clay Loam while �he uplar�cV �ear �i'Yetn�ar�� 0 is a ec�mbunatie�n ol�
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� Svobocla �coloa3Lal Resoii�ces 4 �if�fl�b����,c�o�� �Vay
P�oject vo ��1�7-'J�6-03 1�iono, :V[in���sz�isa
, •
,
� A �•e9aCively disti��ct lransiti�� bed���u� �ve.tlandl��plan� veg:,iatiL�n 9���:��9b�a�ec� ��1�t�;ru���insi�uz��� ����t�1��;
we�l�anc� ec�ge. Delineation �3' 1�ris v���tland was based �r� Che; ��resene� t>t� hydr��phylua: v�;�v�:�ui��c��,
, hydric soil, and the pr�vailing hydrologic conditions. The identit�iecl wetl�n� �r�c9 i.��Va�oc� ar��s
were classified according to ��ue Cc�wardin et al., ]979 and Circu�ar 39 Cl�ssao-'�c�a�1g���� Sy�S�;�rms
and staked with either brigh� b1�ze-o�ar�ge pin flags or4-Foot lath mar9ced vviQ� c��-a�c�: 1'Va���n�.
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� Svt�;�o�u Ecoio�ical R�sodirces 5 718� ,�,b+����:ziur� �'Vtiy
Projeci No. 2007-056-U3 t)ron<>, i�3n��esrii,�
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WETLAND DEFINITION
' According to the 1987 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers "Wetlands Delineation Manual" (1987
Manual; the document used by all delineators to define wetlands) a wetland is "Those areas that
' are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to
support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically
adapted for life in saturated soil conditions." The Minnesota State Wetland Conservation Act
' Rules, Chapter 8420, further clari�es that "...wetlands must: (1) have a predominance of hydric
soils; (2) be inundated or saturated by surface water or groundwater at a frequency and duration
sufficient to suppoR a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated
' soil conditions; and (3) under normal circumstances, suppoR a prevalence of hydrophytic
vegetation." The 1987 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Manual in Part II, item 24. states that,
' "The interaction of hydrology, vegetation, and soil results in the development of characteristics
unique to wetlands. Therefore, the following technical guidelines for wetlands are based on the
three parameters, and diagnostic environmental characteristic's used in applying the technical
' guideline are represented by various indicators of these parameters." It is this premise by which
SER staff has, in their professional judgment, delineated the wetlands on the subject parcel
described in this repoR.
' Wetland H drolo
Y g3'
The most important wetland criterion is hydrology. The presence and persistence of water
' influences the vegetation types and changes soil morphology. Hydrology may be observed as
standing water(inundation), or may be observed as freestanding water within the soil pit or auger
' hole (saturation) usually within the up�r 12 inches. This is what would be considered primary
hydrology indicators. Only one primary indicator is necessary to make the determination that
wetland hydrology mdeed exists. The 1987 Corps Manual also has a range of hydrologic zones
' established based on period of inundation or saturation. These zones and the periods of
inundation or saturation for each can be observed in Table 1 below.
� Exce ted from the 1987 Manual,H drolo ic Zones—Nontidal Areas
Zone Name Duration Comments Wedand or Not
I Permanendy Inundated 100°Io Inundadon>6.6 ft.mean Not(Aquatic Habitat Zone,or Deep Water
water de th Habitat)
, Semipermanently To Nearly �75_ Inundation defined as
II Permanendy Inundated Or �1�� 56.6 feet mean water Wetland
Saturated de th
' III Regulazly Inundated Or �25-7596 Wetland
Saturated
IV Seasonally Inundated Or <12.5- Wetland
Saturated 25%a
' Many areas having these
Inegulazly Inundated or Wetland(if hydrophytic veg.and hydric
V >5-12.5% hydrologic characteristics
Saturated �not wedands soils also present
' Internvttently Or Never �eas with these
VI Inundated Or Saturated ��0 hydrologic characteristics I�Iot
are not wetlands
'
Svoboda Ecological Resources 6 2180 Abingdon Way
, Project No.2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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' The definition of appropriate h drolo accordin to the 1987 Manual includes two im ortan
Y gY g p t
terms that must be clarified. First, the definition of a growing season is needed. The growing
' season is defined in the 1987 Manual as: "...the portion of the year when soil temperature
(measured 19.7 inches below the surface) is above biological zero (5° C or 41° �." According to
the 1987 Manual this period of time can be approximated by using the "starting and ending dates
' for the growing season based on a 28° F air temperature threshold at a frequency of 5 years in
10." Based on this definition the growing season ranges approximately 160 days to 180 days in
� the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area (160 in the northern suburbs and greater to the south).
Therefore, the required inundation or saturation to the surface for 5% of the growing season
would be 8 or 9 consecutive days that ground water would need to be at the surface or saturated
' to the surface.
The second term in the appropriate hydrology definition from the above paragraph to be clarified
is "in most years". This means in 5 of 10 years hydrology must exist within a "jurisdictional
' wetland" for the 8 or 9 consecutive days of the growing season. This means that one observation
date or even one whole year worth of detailed hydrology data may be deemed insufficient to
' determine if appropriate hydrology exists at a given location. In the event that precipitation
events accumulate to above or below normal during just prior to a site visit or during a more
intensive hydrology study, the data may be confounded by non-normal circumstances and may
' be considered outside the bounds of "most years". Ideally, both antecedent soil moisture
conditions and precipitation would be normal during all delineations. However, this is not a
realistic impression of climate. Therefore, primary indicators of hydrology must be reviewed
' with scrutiny prior to determining if hydrology indeed exists.
Wetland hydrology may be observed as standing water (inundation), or may be observed as
' freestanding water within a soil pit or auger hole (saturation) usually within the upper 12 inches.
These are considered primary hydrology indicators. Examination of the latter indicator requires
digging a soil pit to a depth of 16 inches and observing the level at which water stands after
' sufficient time has been allowed for water to drain into the hole. The required time will vary
depending on soil texture. This level represents the depth to the water table; the depth to
saturated soils will always be nearer the surface due to the capillary fringe. According to the
' Hydrology criteria in the 1987 Delineation Manual, for soil saturation to impact vegetation, it
must occur within a major portion of the root zone, typically within 12 inches of the surface.
Only one primary indicator is necessary to make the determination that wetland hydrology is
' present. However, since a single observation is not enough evidence, based on the percentage of
the growing season this inundation or saturation is required,•these data are only valid when
reviewed while also considering the abundance of recent precipitation events or the seasonal
' trend of climate when the site visit was made (this may be done through review of precipitation
records where available). In addition to the primary indicators of wetland hydrology, there are
secondary indicators (e.g. oxidized root channels, water-stained leaves, loc.al soil survey data,
' FAC-Neutral test), of which two must be present to consider the sample point as having wetland
hydrology.
' Hydrnphytic Vegetation (Wetland Vegetation)
Wetland vegetation is defined in the 1987 Manual as "The sum total of macrophytic plant life
growing in water or on a substrate that is at least periodically deficient in oxygen as a result of
, excessive water content. When hydrophytic vegetation comprises a community where indicators
Svoboda Ecological Resources 7 2180 Abingdon Way
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'
' of h dric soils and wetland h drolo also occur the rea has wetl n °°
Y y gy , a a d vegetation. In more
standard terms, some plants are more adapted to growing within inundated or saturated soil.
' Based on literature records and professional experience, a panel of expeRs compiled a list of
plant species and assigned each a hydrophytic status (described below and includes five major
, classes of probability of a plant occurring within a wetland).
In terms of delineation there is a gradient of plant species that are adapted to "growing in water
� or on substrate that is at least periodically deficient of oxygen". Fieldwork associated with
wetland delineations includes a procedure (the 50/20 Rule, for determination of dominance),
which is also outlined in the 1987 Manual, by which to determine if hydrophytic plant species
' dominate the vegetation at a given location. This procedure has been used for the wetland
delineation at the subject parcel of this report.
Hydric Soil
' Defined in the 1987 Manual as "A soil that is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during
the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions that favor,the growth and regeneration of
' hydrophytic vegetation. Hydric soils that occur in areas having positive indicators of
hydrophytic vegetation and wetland hydrology are wetland soils."
, For the purposes of delineation of wetlands, soils cannot be viewed without digging pits or
extracting soil using an auger. Therefore, transects of soil samples are taken from perceived
upland to perceived wetlands along a transitional boundary. There are specific color indicators,
' textures, and depth requirements in the soil that are reviewed in order to determine whether
hydric soils occur at a given point or not. After a transect of soil samples has been taken, upon
consideration of vegetation and indicators of appropriate hydrology a working prototype for the
' given wetland is developed by the delineator. The wetland delineator then uses this working
prototype to complete the location of the remainder of the wetland boundary, unless the wetland
is large enough or the landscape features (vegetation or topography) change enough to wanant
' additional transect samples.
METHODS
, The methods used to delineate the subject parcel are as described in the 1987 Manual, under the
"routine" methods for sites greater than 5 acres. This methodology is followed in order to assess
� whether the three parameters of a wetland are met for areas on the subject parcel. The three
parameters required under normal circumstances in order to delineate a wetland are described
below.
' The National Wetland Inventory (NW� maps (Figure 2), Soil Survey of Hennepin Counry maps
(Figure 3), and 2004 aerial photographs were reviewed prior to the site visit to identify areas that
' may be wetlands. Areas illustrating evidence of wetland conditions were examined in greater
detail during the field survey. Vegetation, soils and hydrology were examined (as outlined in the
1987 Manual) and used to characterize wetland types and determine wetland boundaries. Sample
' transects were established in representative wetland-to-upland transition zones in order to
characterize the vegetation, soils, and hydrology of the site. Transects consisted of representative
upland sample point(s) and representative wetland sample point(s). Information obtained from
' the sample points can be found on the field data sheets located in Appendix A.
Svoboda Ecological Resources 8 2180 Abingdon Way
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'
Wetland boundaries were marked at the site by blaze-orange "wetland boundary" flagging
' attached to 4-foot wooden lath or pin flags. Where vegetation was dense, to assist in locating the
flagged lath (wetland edge), a second piece of flagging was attached to a nearby tree or shrub
branch. The "wetland boundary" is considered to be the topographically highest extent of the
' wetland basin; areas below the staked boundary met the three required wetland criteria while
areas above were lacking in one or more of these criteria.
� Wetland classification followed methods described by Cowardin et al. (1979) and used in the
NWI (e.g. PEMB, PSS1C, etc.), completed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Circular
, 39 Classification System (Shaw and Fredine 1956) is also given (e.g., Type 1, Type 2...etc.).
The indicator status of plants, as described in Appendix B, was deternuned using the National
List of Plant Specces That Occur cn Wetlands—Region 3 (Sabine 1999).
' RESULTS
� Background Information-(Office-Based Investigation)
The USGS Quadrangle map (Figure 1) outlines, in red, the study parcel and its location within
the City of Orono, MN. The approximate wetland boundaries and the boundary of the storm
, water retention pond as illustrated in yellow (Figure 4) were developed, in part, using data
provided by the National Wetlands Inventory Map(Figure 2).
� The Hennepin County Soil Survey Map (Figure 3) indicates the presence of hydric Klossner
Muck Series Soil (blue cross hatching) and nonhydric Le Sueur and Lester Series Soils (red
stippling) within the parcel(Figure 3). A description for these soil types is given in Appendix C.
' Site Visit
' SER personnel examined the subject property for those areas meeting jurisdicdonal wetland
criteria. Boundaries were delineated for those wetlands meeting jurisdictional wetland criteria
(Figure 2).The approximate boundary for the parcel is illustrated in red on all figures. Detailed
' soil, vegetation, and hydrology data for the delineated wetland and adjacent upland are provided
in Appendix A.
' The wetlands are classified as Type-3 PEMCd Wetlands (Figure 2; U.S. FWS Circular 39 and
Cowardin et al., 1979, respectively). T'he wetland boundary for Wetland 2 was marked with
approximately 48 pieces of wooden lath with blaze orange wetland flagging attached. The
' boundary for Wetland 1 was marked with approximately 15 pieces of flagged lath.
The storm water retention pond was clearly marked with orange pin-flags labeled 2-1 through 2-
' 15. Reed Canary Grass is the dominant vegetation with the pond and there are culverts at either
end. The soil was saturated at the surface at the time of the site visit.
� Field evaluation and subsequent chazacterization of soil at the site confirm the presence of hydric
soils at the wetland sample point (Klossner, Figure 3, Appendix C). These data are summarized
within Tables 1-4. The occurrence of dominant wetland vegetation, primary hydrology, and a
, positive FAC-Neutral Test support the presence of two jurisdictional wetlands within the study
Svoboda Ecological Resources 9 2180 Abingdon Way
Project No.2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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, parcel.
' Table 1. Soil Characteristics at-Wetland Sam le Point 1.
Horizon Matrix Inclusion Inclusion Inclusion Inclusion
De th Color Texture Color Abundance Size A arance Other Comments
� lOYR Sandy Clay � Some fine root
0-16" 2✓1 Loam N/A N/A N/A N/A material
lOYR Sandy Clay
' 16"+ 2/1 Loam lOYR 5/4 F F F IOSM
Table 2. Soil Characteristics at U land Sam le Point 1.
, Horizon Matrix Mottle Mottle Mottle Other
De th Color Texture Mottle Color Abundance Size A earance Comments
0-12" 10YR3/2 Cla Loam N/A N/A N6A N/A N/A
� 12"+ lOYR 3/1 Loam N/A I�I/A N/A N/A N/A
Table 3. Soil Characteristics at Wetland Sam le Point 3. '
� Horizon Matrix Inclusion Inclusion Inclusion Inclusion
De th Color Texture Color Abundance Size A eazance Other Comments
lOYR Some fine root
' 0-6" 3/2 Loam N/A N/A N/A N/A material
lOYR Silty Clay Saturated around
6-12" 3/2 Loam N/A N/A N/A N/A 12"
� Table 4. Soil Characteristics at U land Sam le Point 3.
Horizon Matrix Inclusion Inclusion Inclusion Inclusion
' De th Color Texture Color Abundance Size A arance Other Comments
lOYR
0-8" 3/1 Loam N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
lOYR
, 8-20" 3/1 Sand Cla N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
lOYR
20"+ 3/1 Sand Cla lOYR 5/6 C C D IOSM
'
DISCUSSION
tSER completed the on-site delineation based on the three required technical criteria as outlined
by the 1987 Manual: the presence of hydric soils, a predominance of hydrophytic vegetation, and
' indicators of wetland hydrology in each basin. The site visit portion of the wetland delineation
was completed on June 25, 2007.
' SER personnel examined the subject property for areas meeting jurisdictional wetland criteria
during the site visit and delineated the edge of two jurisdictional wetlands and a storm water
pond(Figure 5). Detailed soils, vegetation and hydrology data for these wetlands are provided in
� the data sheets of Appendix A.
� Svoboda Ecological Resources 10 2180 Abin don Wa
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Project No.2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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RECOMMENDATIONS
' Activities that impact, or potentially impact wetlands, are currently regulated at several levels of
government. In Minnesota, two primary jurisdictions are covered at the state and federal levels
1 by the provisions following legislative actions.
➢ State jurisdiction by the Wetland Conservation Act of 1991 (WCA) administered
' by the WCA Local Governmental Unit(LGU).
➢ Federal jurisdiction by the Clean Water Act of 1972 and subsequent amendments.
Wetland protection is implemented by the Corps of Engineers (Corps) with permit
' certification issued by the Environmental Protection Agency.
While the wetland boundary that SER has delineated is not of,ficial until approved by a WCA
' approved local government unit (LGU), SER advises the property owner/developer to refrain
from any filling, draining, or excavating, or any impact to the area SER has delineated as
wetland. No grading or filling in wetland basins should com�ence until all necessary permits
� have been obtained. Violation of wetland regulations has resulted in substantial civil and
criminal penalties. Local ordinances may regulate wetland modifications such as brush and tree
removal and buming in addition to grading and filling. Depending on the location of the
' property, buffers around the wetland may also be protected. Any activities in the proximity of
the wetland should be cleared with appropriate WCA regulatory agencies. It is also advisable to
have the wetland boundary surveyed by a licensed land surveyor, or located with a sub-meter
� GPS unit. Since the lath used along the boundary can be vandalized or inadvertently knocked
over, a survey or GPS location of the lath will assure the permanence of the boundary. The
client should also be aware that approved wetland boundaries are typically valid for only three
, years from the date of approval.
To avoid project delays associated with wetland regulations, it is essential that you acquire
' necessary pemuts from all jurisdictional agencies before initiating activities. A WCA
Sequencing form, a WCA and Army Corps of Engineers Replacement Plan Application form,
and a DNR permit application are among the materials that you may be required to submit if
, impacts are proposed for the delineated wetlands. By initiating the permit process as soon as
possible,potential costly delays to the project may be avoided.
'
�
�
tThe contents and format of this report are considered intellectual property and are subject to
copyright restrictions and may not be reproduced without the express permission of Svoboda
' Ecological Resources.
Svoboda Ecological Resources 11 2180 Abingdon Way
Project No.2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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'
CERTIFICATION
�
Richard R. Barkosky, Ph.D. comducted the above-described delineation on June 22, 2007. The
, delineation was performed in accordance with the 1987 procedural manual whereby the edge of
wetland was marked by stakes in the field. The delineation meets the standards and a criterion
described in the 1987 federal manual, and conforms to applicable standards and regulations in
1 force at the time the delineation was completed.
Wetland Delineation and Report prepared by Richard R. Barkosky, Ph.D., June 27, 2007.
' Client: Britt and Rich
ard Gage
' Project Name: 2180 Abingdon Way �
Project No.: 2007-056-2007
Location: Orono, Minnesota ,
�
���� 6�,v„�� � . � �� �
' Richard R. Barkosky, Ph.D.
Wetland Ecologist Q
�
'
1 �°�....- d.
President, Svoboda Ecological Resources
'
,
� Date: June 27, 2007
,
�
' Svoboda Ecological Resources 12 2180 Abin don Wa
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Pro�ect No.2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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DATA SOURCES
rMinnesota Department of Natural Resources Protected Waters Inventory Map, Hennepin
County. 1983.
' Soil Survey of Hennepin County. April, 1974 U.S.D.A. 159pp. plus appendices.
� United States Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetland Inventory Map. 1991.
USGS Quadrangle Map—7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Minnesota, U.S.A.
' 2004 USGS Aerial Color Photos. Publicly Distributed Over the USGS Website.
'
LITERATURE REFERENCED
, Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter,F.C. Golet, and R.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of Wetlands and
Deepwater Habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-79/31.
103pp.
, Eggers, Steve D. and Donald M. Reed. 1997. Wetland Plants and Plant Com
muncties of
Minnesota and Wisconsin.US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. 263pp, unclassi�ed.
, Environmental Laborato . 1987. 1987 U.S. Arm Cor s o E '
rY y p f ngineers Wetlands Del�neatton
Manual. Technical Report Y-87-1, US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment
' Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Gleason,H.A. and A.C. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United
' States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 910pp.
i National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils. 1991. Hydric Soils of the United States.
USDA Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., Misc. Publication Number 1491.
' Sabine, B. J. 1999. National List of Plant Species that Occur dn Wetlands:Region 3—North
Central(Indiana, Illinois, lowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin). Resource
Management Group, Inc. 77pp.
' Shaw, S.P., and C.G. Fredine. 1956. Wetlands of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Circular 39. 67pp.
'
'
, Svoboda Ecological Resources 13 2180 Abingdon Way
Pro�ect No.2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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' Svoboda Ecological Resources 2180 Abingdon Way
Project No.2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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'
Svoboda Ecolo�ical Retiources 218fl,��iu��ulon �J�✓_,y
Projeci �lo. 2007-�56-t�3 t99o,�0. �/l;n���s��i.�
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' APPENDIX A
1 - Field Data Sheets
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' Svoboda Ecological Resources 2180 Abingdon Way
Project No.2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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1 �� -� SVOBODA ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
��•' � Providing [he Sharper Edge in Natural Resources & Environmental Consulting
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Site Name:2�80 Abingdon Way Date: �y2�� Sample Pt.ID: SPt-1 WET
' Field Staff:RRB Wetland#: ►�/A Communiry Type: PEMCd
Normal Conditions: y� Atypical Situation: No Problem Area: No
Site Condition Notes•
' VEGETATION
Dominants Deternrined Using The SD/20 Rule
����� S�a.� °ilss�sr�[P�U. �A3�� �sis� S44Lit:ls�9�il2¢al. lnd•Stat•
, Phs�.r�aarun�a. M 90 ✓ FACW+ = = __
'�°`"°�'"ido T 20 FACW
Rnemnuacartne%a s �4_ _ OBL •-- --
�w• ►+ 5 OBL • — — --
' = _ --- -_ _ --
>50%Dominants FAC or wettdt Yes >50%Dominants FACW,OBL(FAC�eutral test) Yes
, Notes:
SOILS
� Soil Survey Map Unit: K10�"ef Confirmed Soil Unit: WA
Soil on Hydric Soil List:
Field Observations
� Horizon/Depth Matrix Color Texture Features(Mottles.Inclusions.Etc.l*
a�a�+ 10YR?/1 Sandy Clay Loam eom.n�+e roa ma�ertai
�g�+ tOYR 2/1 Sandy Clay Lo9m 10YR 5/4 F/F/F IOSM
,
H dric Soil Indicator. °
' }r •See I�sc page uf deta sh�rots fur an nxplanatiun ol'abbrcviatiuns lound in t6u"�eawros'column
Hydric Soil Present? y�
Notes:
' HYDROLOGY
' Depth of Surface Water: "�^(in.) Primarv Indicators: Secondarv Indicators:
Depth to Free Water in Hole: e(in.) Inundation Oxidized Root Channels upper 12"
Depth to Saturated Soil: wA(in.) ✓ Satwadon in Upper 12" _Water Stained Leaves
Depth of Borehole: �'+(in.) Water Marks _Confirmed Soil Survey Hydric Unit
' _Drift Lines �FAC-Neutral Test
_Sediment Deposits _Other(Explain in Notes)
✓Drainege Pattems in Wetland
Notes:
IJiJRISDIGTIONAL WETLAND STATUS
' Hydrophytic Vegetation Present? Yes Is Sample Point Within A Wetland? Yes
Hydric Soil Present? Yes Approx.Dist.Sample Point To Wetland Bndry: 15�
Wetiand Hydrology Present? Yes
' Notes:
'
, 'i ,
I ��� -� SVOBODA ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
. �j;' � Prov3ding the Sharper Edge in Natural Resources & Environmental Consultin�
1 ''�i'�'
Site Name:2180 Ab�ngdon Way Date: �ti2�� Sample Pt.ID: SP 1-� UP
' Field Staff:RRB Wetland#: ►�A Community Type; Uuland
Normal Conditions: y� Atypical Situation: No Problem Area: No
Site Condition Notes:
, VEGETATION
Dominants Determinec!Using The SO/20 Rttle
Soecies � %.Q.YSt j?s� � �� t� 1sS�QVS[P.stl1. Ind•Stat•
A�9'de petl°�'t' H 10 FAC — ----
, Pher'd""mdr^°°ea H 10 = FACW+ i-� — =+
'�fA°D1A1�O T 20 ✓ FACW-
HIwM""°'rMrroa $ �`� ✓ FACU _ _ ---
' — — _� .— — __
>50%Dominants FAC or wetta? � >50%Dominants FACW,OBL(FAC-peutral test) No
' Notes:
� SOILS
Soil Survey Map Unit: Lester Clay Loam Confirmed Soil Unit: WA
Soil on Hydric Soil List:
Field Observations
' Horizon/Deoth Matrix Color Texture Features fMottles.(nclusions_Etc.1•
o•,2•+ 10YR 3/2 ci8y�� wn
12'+ 10YR 3l1 Logm WA
1
� Hydric Soil Indieator. •3ee last pagc of data aheets for an expluna�iun nf abbmviaiiuna f.+und in tln"Featurca"wlumn
Hydric Soil Present'.> No
Notes:
' HYDROLOGY
' Depth of Surface Water: w^(in.) Primarv Indicators: Secondarv Indicators:
Depth to Free Water in Hole: w^fin.) __Inundation Oxidiud Root Channels upper 12"
Depth to Sahuated Soil: wA(in.1 _Saturallon in Upper 12" Water Stsined I.eaves
Depth of Borehole: �'+(in.) _Water Marks _Confirmed Soil Survey Hydric Unit
' =Drift Lines FAC-Neutral Test
Sediment Deposits _Other(Explain in Notes)
_Drainage Pattems in Wetland
Notes:
' JURISDICTIONAL WETLAND STATUS
' Hydrophytic Vegetarion Present'? No !s Sample Point Within A Wetland'? No
Hydric Soil Present? Na Approx.Dist.Sample Point To Wetland Bndry: 15'
Wetland Hydrology Present? No
' Notes:
�
' ,�.
� �
' ;� -� SVOBODA ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
�:rl;'��� Providing the Sharper Edge in Natural Resources & Envlronmental Consulting
� , �r
Site Name:21��n�°�WaY Date: �5�2�� Sample Pt.!D: SP3-i WET
' Field Staff:RRB Wetland#: wA Community Type: PEMCd
Normal Conditions: Yes Atypical Situation: No Problem Area: No
Site Condition Notes:
' VEGETATION
Dominants Determined Using The SO/20 Rule
Sgss�a �. %s�.rs�t Qsm.. � �s� c t %.�..��g�� ind•Scat•
�t�""'"�'"� H 90 FACW+ .... __
' E��eP H — — — __
��^� H
Sad(xsP• S ••-• —_
H — . ._ _ �—
, _ _ "�' •_ _ ——
>50%Dominants FAC or watta? y� >50%Dominants FACW,OBL(FAC;neutral test) Yes
' Notes:
, SOILS
Soil Survey Map Uoit: Klossner Confirmed Soll Unit: WA
Soil on Hydrtc Soll List:
Field Observations
' Horizon/Deoth Matrix Color Texture Features(Mottles.Inclusions.Etc.)"`
0.6'+ tOYR 3l2 L08m some flne root meterW
&12' tOYR 3l2 Silly CIBY L08m eatwelad eround 12"
' tY+ tOYR 2/1 Sift Loam scme flna�medlum coeroe eend
, Hydric Soil Indicator: ' � ��r •See last paRe uf Jata sheeta for an expluna�ion uCabbroviuliuna found in IFx"Famurce"culumn
Hydric Soil Present? Yes
Notes:
� HYDROLOGY
' Depth of Surface Water: wA(in.) Primarv Indicators: Secondarv Indicators:
Depth to Free Water in Hole: w^(in.) _Inundation Oxidized Root Channels upper 12"
Depth to Sahuated Soil: �rfin.) ✓Saturation in Upper 12" Water Stained Leaves
Depth of Borehole: 26'+(in.1 _Water Marks _Confirmed Soil Survey Hydric Unit
� =Drift Lines �FAC-Neutral Test
Sediment Deposits _Other(Explain in Notes)
✓Drainage Pattems in Wetland
Notes:
' NRISDICTIONAL WETLAND STATUS
' Hydrophyric Vegetation Present? Yes Is Sample Point Within A Wetland? Yes
Hydric Soil Present? Yes Approx.Dist.Sample Point To Wetland Bndry: ���
Wedand Hydrology Present? Yes
' Notes:
�
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' ' � ' SVOBODA ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
:J/ ,� Providing the Shar er Ed e in Natura/ Resources & Env3ronmen 1 Consul
' I � , P 8 ta ting
�,�r�;
Site Name:2180 Abingdon Way Date: ��2�� Sample Pt.ID: SP 3-1 UP
, Field Staff:RRB Wetland#: ►�/A Community Type: Uoland
Normal Conditions: y� Atypical Situation: No Problem Area: No
Site Condition Notes:
' VEGETATION
Dominants Deterntined Using The SO/20 Rule
��s�� ,��.'�. "70� �4` FAII!CL`-uI� � Strat•%cover on 1–. t
' �"�°N"�"°" H 10 _ FACW+ -- — �
AO°`"`°""� T 20 ✓ FACW-
FACU - --.
, — — _ _ --
>50%Dominants FAC or wetta? Yes >50%Dominants FACW,OBL(FAC'neutrat test) No
� Notes:
' SOILS
Soil Surve Ma Unit• Lester Clay Loam/Le Seur Loam WA
Y P ConBrmed Soil Unit:
Soil on Hydric Soil LIst:
' Field Observations
Horizon/Deoth Matrix Color Textiue Features(Mottles.Inclusions_Etc.!*
�' 10YR 3M LOam WA
840' 10YR 3�1 Selldy Clay WA
' 20'+ 10YR�1 Sandy Cley 10YR 6A8 CJC/D IOSM
' HYd17C SOII ItIdlC3tOi: � •See��st page of deta abais[ur an raplam�ion of.bbrcv�mions tound in�ho`FCJ(UftS�l'OIIIIM
Hydric Soil Present? No
Notes:
,
HYDROLOGY
' Depth of Surface Water: wAfin.) Primarv Indicators: Secondarv Indicators:
Depth to Free Water in Hole: w^(in.1 _Inundation _Oxidized Root Channels upper 12"
Depth to Saturated Soil: wA(in.) Saturarion in Upper 12" Water Stained Leaves
Depth of Borehole: �'+(in.) _Water Marks _Confirmed Soil Survey Hydric Unit
' _Drift Lines _FAC-Neutral Test
Sediment Deposits Other(Explain in Notes)
_Drainage Patterns in Wetland
Notes:
'
JURISDICTIONAL WETLAND STATUS
' Hydrophytic Vegetaeon Present? No Is Sample Point Within A Wetland? No
Hydric Soil Present? No Approx.Dist.Sample Point To Wetland Bndry: 10•
Wetland Hydrology Present? Na
' Notes:
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APPENDIX B
' Plant Indicator Status
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' Svoboda Ecolo 'cal Resources 2180 Ab' don Wa
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Project No.2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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INDICATOR CATEGORIE5
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Obligate Wetland(OBL)—Occur ahnost always (estunQted probability>99%) under natwal
' conditions in wetlands.
Facultative Wetland(FACV�—Usually occur in wetlands (estimated probability 67%- 999u),
' but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FacuItative(FAC)—Equally l�cely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability
' 34Jo-66%).
Facultative Upland(FACin—Usually occur in non-wetlands(eslimated probability 67�-
' 99%),but occasionally found in wetlands(e�iimated probabilily 1%-3396).
Obligate Upland(UPL)—Occur in wetlands in another region,but occur almost always
' (esrti�nated probability>99Jo) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the region specified. If
a species does not occur in wetlands in any region, it is not on the National List.
'
*Reed,P.B. 1988. Nationallist of plant species that occur in wetlands: Minnesota. National
' Wetlands Invernory,U.S. Fish and W�dlife Service, St. Petersburg, Florida.
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' Swboda Ecolo 'cal Resources 2180 Abingdon Way
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Project No.2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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' APPENDIX C
Soil Series Data
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' Swboda Ecological Resources 2180 Abingdon Way
Project No. 2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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KLOSSNER SERIES
' The Klossner series consists of very deep, very poorty drained soils formed in well decomposed
organic material 41 to 127 cm(16 to 50 inches)thick overlying loamy deposits on moraines,t�71
, plains, lake plau�s, �ood plams, and h�lside seep areas. Slope ranges from 0 to 9 percent. Mean
aimual precipitation is about 711 mm(28 inches). Mean annual air temperature is about 8
degrees C(47 degrees F).
' TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy,mixed,euic,mesic Teiric Haplosaprists
TYPICAL PEDON: Klossner muck, on a 1 percent slope, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for
moist so�unless otherwise stated.)
' Oap--O to 25 cm(0 to 10 inches);black(N 2/0)muck, very dark gray(lOYR 3/1) dty, about 20
percent fiber,less than 5 percent rubbed;weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable;
many very fine roots;moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. .
, Oa-25 to 66 cm(10 to 26 inches); black(l 0YR 2/1)muck, dark gray(l 0YR 4/1) chy, about 60
percent fiber, about 6 percent rubbed;weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable;many
very fine roots;moderately acid;gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the O
� horizon is 41 to 127 cm(16 to 50 inches).]
2A1--66 to 91 cm(26 to 36 inches);black(N 2/0)mucky s�ty clay loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; slightly acid;gradual s�oth boundary.
, ZAZ--91 to 122 cm(36 to 48 inches);black(N 2/0) s�ty clay loam;massive; friable; few dark
reddish brown(SYR 3/4) iron oxide concentrations in root channeLs; about 1 percent gravel;
neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2A horizon is 20 to 114 cm(8 to 45
, inches thick).]
2Cg1--122 to 165 cm(48 to 65 mches); olive gray(SY 5/2) clay loazr�;massive; friable; dazk
reddish brown(SYR 3/4)Fe oxide concentrations in root chazmels;many m,edium promineut
' yellowish brown(l 0YR 5/6) Fe concentrations; about 1 percent gravel; slightly effervescent;
slightly alkaline;gradual wavy boundary.
ZCg2--165 to 203 cm(65 to 80 inches);gray(SY 5/1)loazn,massive; friable;many medium
� prominent light olive brown(2.SY 5/4) and yellowish brown(l 0YR 5/4) Fe concentrations;
about 3 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly allcaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area(MLRA) 103-Central Iowa and Minnesota T�71
' Prairies;Nicollet County, Minnesota;located about 792m(2600 feet)north and 701m(2300
feet) east of the southwest comer, sec. 12, T. 110 N., R. 28 W.;USGS Nicollet topographic
quadrangle;lat. 44 degrees 20 minutes 53 seconds N. and long. 94 degree.s 8 minutes 29 seconds
' W.,NAD 83.
RANGE 1N CHARACTERISTICS: The thickness of the organic material ranges from 41 to
127 cm(16 to 50 inches). It is derived pr'nman7y from herbaceous plants. The organic matter
' content ranges from 25 to 60 perceat in the organic surface and 5 to 20 percent in the 2A
horizon. The rea.ction of the organic material ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline.
Some organic la.yers contain free carbonates.
' The O horizon has hue of lOYR, SYR, or is neutral, value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 0 to 2. It is
dominantly muck(sapric material)however, some pedons have thin la.yers of hemic material,
less than 10 inches thick.
' Some pedons have highly organic mineral plow layers.
The 2A horizon has hue of l OYR, 2.SY, SY or is neutral, value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 0 to 1. It
' is loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, s�ty clay loam, clay loam or mucky modifiers of these
Swboda Ecological Resources 2180 Abingdon Way
Project No. 2007-056-03 Orono,Minnesota
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' textures. It is moderatel acid t
y o shghtly alkalme. Some pedons contam thm layers of
' coprogenous earth.
The 2Cg horizon has hue of lOYR, 2.SY, SY, SGY, or is neutral, value of 2 to 7 and ctu-oma of 0
to 2. It is loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, sandy loam or fine sandy
' loam, or their gravelly or cobbly analogues. It is slightly acid to moderately alkaline. The upper
30 cm(12 inches) of this horizon averages less than 35 percent clay. Some pedons contain thin
strata of fine sand, loamy sand, or silt. Gravel or cobble sized rock fragments range from 0 to 25
� percent by volume. Some pedons contain free carbonates. Sandy substratum and ponded phases
are recognized. A firm tilt phase of clay loam with a moist bulk density of 1.6 to 1.9,gm/cc is
recognized.
� COMPETING SERIES: These are Lim�oud, Me�lo. Palrns, Philbon and Shalcar series.
Linwood soils have well expressed granular structure to depths of rnore than 30 cm(12 inches)
and formed mainly in woody fibers. Medo soils have sandy textur�s in the lower part of the
� series control section. Palms soils have organic matter content greater than 75 percent and do not
have an A horizon directly below the organic material. Philbon soils have fibi�ic and hemic
material in the upper 30 cm(12 inches). Shalcar soils have less thari 3 degrees C (26 degrees F)
, difference between mean January and mean July temperatures.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Klossner soils are in basins that were formerly lakes or ponds, lake
plains, till plains, flood plains, or moraines. They are also on hillside seep areas in moraines and
� side slopes of river valleys. Slope ranges from 0 to 9 percent. The soiis on nearby uplands are
generally loamy. The mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to 50
degrees F). The mean annual precipitation ranges from 610 to 813 mm(24 to 32 inches). Frost-
' free period ranges fi•om 110 to 160 days. Elevation above sea level ranges from 244 to 427 m
(800 to 1400 feet).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOII,S: 1`he main ones are the Callisteo, I-Iai-us,
, Okoboii, Glencoe, Muske�o and I-lou�hton soils. Canisteo and Harps soils are on the rims of
depressions. Glencoe and Okoboji are at the outer edges of the depressions. Muskego and
Houghton soils are in larger depress�ons.
, DRAINAGE AND SATITRATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVIT'Y: Very poorly drained.
Surface runoff is negligibte to ponded. The saturated hydraulic conductivity, measured in em p�
hour, is .OS to 5.1 (.02 to 2.0 inches) in the upper m�terial and .OS to 1.5 (.02 to .6 inches) in the
' lower part. Seasanal high saturation ranges frorn plus 91 to 30 crn(3 to 1 foot) for undrained
areas of this soil. Areas that are drained have variable depths to saturation based on the
effectiveness of the drainage network.
' USE AND VEGETATION: The greater part of this soil is cultivated to corn, soybeans, small
grains and specialty crops such as vegetables or grass sod. Other areas are in vegetation of
grasses, reeds, sedges, alder, aspen, or willow. Some of the hillside seep ai•eas are set aside as
' natural areas and called fens.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The south central and southeast part of Minnesota and
passi`bly northern Iowa. The series is extensive.
� MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: I�iicollet County, Minnesota, 1989.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized are: sapric soil materials from the
' surface to about 66 cm(26 inches); loamy mineral material from 66 to l27 cm(26 to SO inches)
or more; aquic moisture regime. This soil was formerly included in the Palms Series in
' Svoboda Ecological Resources
2180 Abmgdon Way
Projei;t No, 2007-O5G-03 Orouo, Minuesoia
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Minnesota. A firm t�l substratum is recognized in the geomorphic surface landfonn of the
, Kazidiyolu t�l.
ADDI1'IONAL DATA: Refer to MAES-CFC#s 2697, 3251, 3400 and 3475.
' National Cooperative So�Survey
U.S.A.
, LESTER SERIES
The I,ester series consists of very deep, well drained soi7s that formed in calcareous loamy •
' glacial t�l on t�l plains and moraines. These so�7s have moderate peimeab�7ity. Their slopes
range from 5 to 70 percent. Mean azmual precipitation is about 28 inches. Mean annual
temperature is about 47 degrces F. ,
' TAXONOMIC CLASS:Fine-loamy,mixed,superactive,mesic Mollic Hapludal�s
' TYPICAL PEDON:I.ester loam with a convex slope of about 9 percent on a ground moraine in a cultivated field.
(Colors are for moist soil nnless otherwise noted)
Ap-0 to 7 inches;v�y dark grayish brown(lOYR 3/2)loam,grayish brown(lOYR 5/2)dry,moderate 8ine
, subangalaz blocky st�uchue;friable;many fine roots;abont 3 peacent gravel;slightly acid;abrapt smooth boundary.
(6 to 10 inches thick)
' Bti-7 W 21 inches;btown(lOYR 4/3)clay loam;moderate medinm sabangnlar blocky structure;firm;many very
fine roots;ca�mon veay dark grayish brown(lOYR 3/2)clay films on f�ces of peds and few very dark gray(lOYR
3/1)organic coats on faces ofpeds;abont 2 percent gravel;slighdy acid;cleaz s�►ooth bonndary.
' Bt2-21 to 38 inches;dark yellowish brown(lOYR 4/4)clay loam;modeaate medinm subangular blceky structure;
friable;common fine roots;comman dark grayish brown(lOYR 4/2)clay films on faces of peds and few very dark
brown(lOYR Z/2)�ganic coats on faces ofpeds;abont 3 percent graved;slightly acid;gradnal smooth bonndary.
, (Combined Bt horizon is 10 to 40 inches.)
Bici-38 to 50 inches;yellowish brown(lOYR S/4)loam;weak mediam sabangnlar blceky slructure;friable;few
' fine roots;common veay pale brown(lOYR 8/2)carbonate threads;abont 2 perc�t gravel;violenfly effervesceut;
slighuy allralme;clear wavy bounaary.
' Bk2-50 to 60 inches;yellowish brown(lOYR 5/4)loam;weak medium subangular blceky structure;friable;
cammon fine distinct yellowish brown(lOYR 5/6�relict Fe concentrations;common very pale brown(lOYR 8/2)
carbonate threads;abont 2 percent�avel;violently effearvescant;slightty alkaline;clear wavy boundary.
' C--60 to 80 inches;yellowish brown(lOYR 5/4)loam; ;massive;friable;common medium distinct yellowish
brown(lOYR SI�relict Fe conceutrations and few fine distinct light brownish gray(lOYR 6/2)relict Fe depl�ions;
abont 1 percmt gravel;strongly effervescent;slighfly alkaline.
� TYPE LOCATION:Wright Connty,Minnesota;about 3 miles west of Otsego, 1460 fee,t south and 200 feet west
of the northeast corna of Sec. 15,T.121 N.,R24 W.;USGS Big Lake quadrangle;lat.45 degrces 17 minutes 29
seconds N.;l�g.93 degces 41 minutes 3 seconds W.,NAD27
' RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:Depth to free carbonates rang�from 20 to 54 inches. Rock fragments of
mixed lithology c�mprise 1 w 8 percent of the volume of the control section.
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' The A or horizons have hue of 10 value of 2 or 3
AP YR, ,and chroma of 1 or 2. The E honzon where present,has
valne of 3 to 5,and chroma of 1 to 3.The A and E horizons aze loam or clay loam,but sandy loam,�ne sandy loam,
' or s�t loam is within the range.They iange from mod�ately acid to neutral.
The Bt horizon has hue of lOYR or 2.SY,value of 4 or 5,and chroma of 3 or 4.It is clay loam or loam and has 24 to
, 35 p�cmt clay and 30 to 45 p�ceut sand The B✓A clay ratios range from 1.2 to 1.4.It is strongly acid to slighfly
acid in the apper part and moderately acid to naitral in the lower part.A Bw horizon is sometimes pres�t below the
Ht.
' The Bk horizon has hue of lOYR or 2.SYR,valne of 4 or 5,and chroma of 3 to 6. The Bk horizon is loam or clay
loam.It is slightly allraline or mod�ately alkaline. Relict redoximorphic features are preseut in some pedons.
' The C horizon has hue of 2.SY or lOYR,valne of 4 to 6,and chroma of 3 to 6.It is loam or clay loam.It is slightly
alkaline or moderately alkaline.Relict redoximorphic featares aze present in some pedons.
, COMPETII�IG SERiES:These are the��rg�,le tim re Ba��t,gloomine.Caleb.Dowagiac.
Dunbrid8�,�r K�ronis• nr i n i �M�aw�N�ia•N�m�,O �,��
��.t �,Taoni.Wauco a and Winneshiek soils in the same family.Angas and Sebbo soil have saturation in
� the lowex third ofthe series control section.Argyl�,Baltimore,and Oneco so�s have B horizons with 7.SYR or
reddex hue. Bass�t soils are vay strongly acid to mode�rately acid in the upper part ofthe Bt horizan.Blooming and
Racine soils have 15 to 35 perc�t sand in the npper part of the pazticle-size control section.Caleb soils have some
sabhorizons that have more than 45 percent in the lowa part of the control section.Dowagiac and Koronis soils
� have less than 24 pacent clay in the lower one third of the pazticlo-size control section. Dnnbridge,Wancoma,
Newcomer and Winneshiek soiLs have sola teaminated by bedrock at depths above 60 inches.Gara soils average less
than 2 perceut rock fragmeats in the control section.I,ongiois,Lydic,and Neda soils have more than 8 percent rock
� &agments in some snl�orizon of the control section.Lanramie soils have more than 45 perce�t sand in some
sabhoriza�in the middle part of the control section.Mohawk soils have a lugher conteut of silt and have dark colors
in ihe B horizon wluc�appazently are inh�ited fro�dark shale.Orwood soils have no rock fra�ouents in the
parciclersize control section.Razort soils have less than 30 perc�t sand in the control section.
' GEOGRAPffiC SETTING:These soils have convex slopes on moraines and till plains. Slope gradients range
from 5 to 70 percent. They f�med in calcareous,loamy glacial till of late Wisconsinan Age.Mean annual
' teanperature ranges from 4S degrees to 52 degrees F.Mean annnal precipitation ranges fro�m 25 to 33 inches.Frost
free days range from 125 to 165.Elevations range from 700 to 1600 feet.
GEOGRAPHICALLY AS,SOC7ATED SOIIS:These include the Cordova.Dundas.Gleucoe. i�gl,H�g�,n
, Klos.mer.L,e Snwr.Muskeso.and�,1 soils.Poorly drained Cordbva and somevvhat poorly and poorly drained
Dundas soils are an flats and u�er drainagevvays with a lugh seasonal wat�table. Very poo�ly drained Glencoe,
Honghton,Klossner,and Mnskego soils are mostly in d�ressions.Poorly drained Hamel soils are on foot and toe
, slopes.Moderately well drained Le Sn�r and Nessel soils aze on slighfly elevated flats and gendy convex slopes.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILl'TY:Well drained.Permeability is modeaate.Runoff is medium to high.
� USE AND VEGETATION:Mostly crogpe�i to com and soybeans. Some is in pasture aud forest.Native veg�ation
is savanna.
� DISTRIBUIION AND EXTENT:South-ce,ntral and east-central Minnesota and northeastern Iowa. Exte,nsive.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE:St.Paul,Minnesota
ISERIES ESTABLiSHED:Dakota County,Minnesota,1945.
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'
' REMARKS:Dia ostic horizons
Sn and featured recoguized m th�s pedon are:mollic subgroup-the zone from the
surface to 7 inches(Ap horizon);argillic horizon-the zone from 7 to 38 inches(Bt horizons).Type location moved
' from Waseca Connty,Mn.to Wright�County,Mn., 11/96 to better exennplify the series conc�t within We MLRA.
Slopes of 1 to 5 percent that w�e previonsly correlated as I.estea may be included with the Angus series in the
future.
' LE SUEUR SERIES
' The Le Sueur s�ies consists of vesy daep,somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in calcazeuus loamy glacial till
on moraines.These soils have mod�ate pe,rmeability. Their slopes range from 1 to 3 peace,ut. Mean annual
precipitadon is about 29 inches.Mean annual air temperature is about 47 degrces F.
' TAXONOMIC CLASS:Fine-loamy,mixed,superactive,mesic Aquic Argindolls
TYPICAL PEDON:Le Sneur clay loam with a 2 peac.�nt plane slope on glacial till plain in a pastured woodlot.
� (Colors aze for moist soil nnless othervvise noted.)
Ap-0 to 12 inches;black(lOYR 2/1)clay loam,dark grayish brown(lOYR M2)dry;moderate medium granular
� blocky sanctnre parting to moderate fine sabangular;friable;abont 2 pe�ceut gravel;slightly acid;abrapt smooth
boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick)
� AB-12 to 17 inches;very dark gray(lOYR 3/1)and about 25 peac�t dark yellowish brown(lOYR 4/4)clay loam,
grayish brown(lOYR 5/2)dry;inoderate 6ne subangnlar blocky structure;friable;about 2 percent gravel;slighdy
acid;cleaz smooth bonndary. (0 to 8 inches thick)
' Bti--17 to 24 inches;olive brown(2.SY 4/3)clay loam;moderate medium prismatic structure pariing to strong fine
subangulaz blocky;friable;common dark brown(lOYR 3/3)clay films on faces of peds;abont 2 perccant gravel;few
fine faint dark grayish b�own(2.SY 4/2)Fe depletions;slightly acid;clear smooth boundary.
' Bt2--24 to 37 inches;olive brown(2.SY M3)clay loam;weak medium prismatic st�ucture parting to moderate fine
snbangular blocky;friable;common veay dark grayish brown(2.SY 3/2)clay films on faces ofpeds and in pores;
about 4 perceut gravel;few fiine faint grayish brown(2.SY 5/2)Fe depletions and few fine prominmt dark yellowish
' brown(lOYR 4/�Fe concentrations;n�tral;abrapt smooth bonndary.(Combined thickness ofthe Bt horizon is 16
to 45 inches.)
' Bk-37 to 46 inches;light olive brown(2.SY 5/4)loam;weak medium subangular blocky stYvcture;friable;common
light gray pale brown(2.SY 7/2)soft masses of carboante throu�ont and carbonate threads;about 5 perc�t gravel;
common medium distinct grayish brown(2.SY 5/2)Fe depletions and comman medinm distinct light olive brown
' (2.SY 5/�Fe concentrations;slrongly effevesc�t;slightly alkatine;cl�tr smooth buundary.
C-46 to 80 inches;grayish brown(2.SY 5/2)loam;weak medium subangulaz bloclry structnre parting to massive;
friable;common light gray pale brown(2.SY 7/2)soft masses of carbonate throughout and carbonate threads;about
' S p�t gravel;many common medium prominent dark yellowish brown(lOYR 4/4)and dark yellowish brown
(lOYR 4/�Fe cancentrations;stro�gly effavescent;slighdy alkaline.
� TYPE LOCATION:Waseca Connty,Minnesota;about 9 miles south of Waseca;2000 fe�south and 1950 feet
south of northwest corna of sec.26,T. 108 N.,R 22 W.;USGS Momsontown quadrangle;la�44 degrees 7
minutes 57 seca�ds N. and long. 93 degrces 26 minutes 45 seconds W.,NAD27.
' RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:Depth to free carbonates ranges&om 22 to 55 inches. The thickness of the
mollic q�ipadon ranges from 10 to 18 inches.Rock&agment content is 1 to 8 pac�t by volume throughout and is
ofmixed lithology.
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' The A horizon has hue of 10 value of 2 3
YR, or ,and chroma of 1 or 2. The A horizon is clay loam,loam,silt loaui,
or silty clay loam.It has 20 to 30 perccut clay.It is mod�ately acid to neutral.An E horizon as much as 3 inches
' thick is in some pedons.
The AB horizon has characteristics similaz to the A and the Bt.
' The upp�part of the Bt horizon has hue of lOYR or 2.SY,value of 3 to 5,and chroma of 2 ar 3. The lower pazt of
the Bt horizon has a hue of 2.SY,value of 4 or 5,and chroma of 2 to 4. The Bt horizon is mostly clay loam or loam.
� The argillic horizon ave�rages be�.wweeu 24 and 35 perce.nt clay and from 15 to 40 pprc�t fine sand or coars�rr. The Bt
horizon is strongly acid to slighfly acid in the upper part and strongly acid to neatral in the lower part. The bulk
deasity ranges from 1.30 to 1.45 gm/cc.
' Some pedons have a BC or Bk horizon.
The C horizon has hue of 2.SY or SY,value of 4 to 6,and chroma of 2 to 4.It is loaw or clay loam.It is sli�tly
' alkaline or modeaately alkaline.The balk density ranges from 1.45 to 1.60 gm/cc.
COMPETII�iG SERIE5:These are the Andres.Aurand(T),Aztaian.C�an •Darroch•��,Houst�ader(T),I,�
� H M���N--S��4,T���.�oti�,Tiderishi,ViFar,and ilm�sc�ries.The
Aurand(T)and Tiderishi series are prese�atiy not in the OSD file. The Andres,Aztalan,and Mokena soils have silty
clay loam low�B and C horizons.Aztalan soils also have hue of 7.SYR in the B and C horizons. Crane soils have
more than 8 percent rock fragments in the lower patt of the argillic horizon.Dan�och soils have C horizons of
1 stratified silty and sandy seidiments within the series control section.Gilboa soils have silt loam and silty clay loam
in the upper part ofthe series control section.Honstenadex soils have 30 to 40 percent gravel in the lowea third ofthe
series control sectian.I,a Hogue soils have less than 20 percent clay in the low�part of the series control section.
' Marcella�soils have less than 24 percent clay in the argillic horizon.Nachnsa soils do not have rock fragments in
the upper part of the series control section.Neuno soils have more than 8 p�cent rcek fra�ents in the lower part of
the series control sectian.Newhaven soils do not have frce carbonates in the saies control section.Odell soils have
hue of lOYR in the lower B and C horizons and higha chroma in the nppea B horizon. Protivin soils have balk
' de,nsity geater than 1.60 gm/cc in the lowea part ofthe series control section. Vigar soils have a mollic�ipedon
great�than 24 inches thick.Wilmer soils have more than 40 percent Sne sand or coars�in the azgillic horizon.
� GEOGRApHIC SET'17NG:The Le Suear soils have slighdy concave,plane,or slightly convex slopes on
moraines within the Dcs Moines lobe and Grantsburg sablobe of the Late Wisconsin glaciation. They formed in a
calcareous,loaruy till. Slopes range from 1 to 3 perceut.Mean annual air temperature ranges from 45 to 52 degrees
F.Mean annual precipitation ranges from 25 to 32 inches.Frost-free days range from 125 to 165. Elevation above
' sea level ranges&om 700 to 1600 f�eet.
GEOGRAPHICALI.Y ASSOCTATED SOIIS:The main ones are the Cordova.Lest�,and Fi el soils. These
� soils f�med in mataials similaz to the I.e Suair soils and are memb�s of a hydrosequence with the I.e Sueur soils.
The poorly drained Cordova and Hamel soils are oommon associates on adjaceut nearly level slopes. The well
drained Lester soils are the most common associate on the undulating to ge.nfly undnlating slopes. The well drained
' H �soils and the poorly drained I�soils are associates in some places.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABII,ITY:Somewhat poorly dramed. Surface runoff is low.Pcrmeability is modeaate.
An apparent watea table is at 1.5 to 2.5 fcet dnring Nov�be,r to June in most years.
' USE AND VEGETATION:Mostly under cultivation with corn,soybeans,grain,and hay the ' ci al cro .
Native vegetation was decidnons forest,dominanfly elm, � p �
basswood,and maple in some areas,and oak with prairie
' and brush understory in the timbea ontliers within the prairie.
DISTRiBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Minnesota and north-central Iowa. This soil is ext�sive.
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�
' MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE:St.Paul,Minnesota
� SERIES ESTABLTSHED:Le Sneur Connty,Minnesota, 1944.
REMARKS:Diagnostic horizons and featnres recognized in this pedon aze:mollic epipedon-the zone from the
' s�u�'ace to 13 in�hes(A and AB horizons);azgillic horizon-the zone from 13 to 41 inches(Bt horizons);aquic
sabgronp-hue of lOYR and chroma of 2 immediately below mollic epipedon.
� Somewhat poorly drained matches d�th to redox(2 chroma at 17 inches)and taxonomic class(Aquic subgroup)
clos�than the previons modaately well drainod class.
'
� . . . . .
Clarification of Cowardin Classification
� and Circular 39
Wetland Types 1, 1L, 2, 3 and 7
�
sy
, Franklin J. Svoboda
Svoboda Ecological Resources
2477 Shadywood Road, Suite 100
L Excelsior, MN 55331
(952)471-1100
franks�gpsinnovations.com
, Intr ucti n
od o
� The National Wetland Inventory (NWI) mapping process completed in Minnesota between 1979
and 1982 developed a wetlands inventory map for the state of Minnesota. ut�izing remotely
sensed color inErared photography that was visually interpreted. The interpretation process
, hierarchically classified wetlands using, at the time, the recently published Cowardin
classification system(Cowardin et a1 1979). The wetland interpretation and classification process
' was ground verified using selective plots and locations but was field verified to only a lixruted
extent. Consequently, the published NWI paper copies carry the disclaimer that these maps are to
be used for advisory purposes only and actual classifications are to be based on ground
' verification. Visual ir►terpretation from remote sensed imagery has some linutations particularly
with regard to the water regime �difier. Year to year variation in precipitation cycles along
with the occutrence of precipitation events at the time that the in�agery was acquired, even if all
' acquisition occurred during the spring season, can result in variations in modifier categorization.
Accurate classification becomes critical when regulatory decisions are being made with regard to
, the wetland type and the amount of de minimum fill that is permissi�ble. Also, it is a matter of
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,
� « »
Modifier G
� Intermittently Eaposed
Surface water is present throughout the year except in years of e�reme drought (Cowardin et al
1979,pg 22; Santos and Gauster 1993,pg 31). Type 4 wetlands fall into this category.
I Modi.fier"H"
Pernranentiv Flooded(Permanent)
' Water covers the land surface throughout the year in a11 years. Vegetation is corr�posed of
obligate hydrophytes (Cowardin et a11979,pg 22).
Modifier"J"
� Intermittently Flooded
The substrate is usually exposed, but surface water is present for variable periods without
detectable seasonal periodicity. Weeks, months, or y� �y'intervene between periods of
, inundation. The dominant plant communities may change as soil moisture conditions change.
According to Cowardin et al (1979, pg 22) "Some areas exhi'biting this regnne do not fall within
ow defnition of wetland because they do not have hydric soils or support hydrophytes." Some of
, the areas in agricultural fields tliat have been flooded durnig the spring and early sumrr�er of
2003 and 2004, following periods of intense and persistent rainfall, may well fall into this
category and may not in fact be subject to regulation as a wetland.
' « »
Modifier K
, ArtiHciaIly Flooded(ArtlHcial)
The amount and duration of flooding is controlled by means of pumps or siphons in combination
with d�kes or dams. Water and wastewater treatment fac�7ities are included under this category.
� This definition does not appear to include stormwater ponds.
Modifier"Z"
� Interm�ttently Eaposed/Permanent(No comparable Cowardin category)
B�chibits feaxures of both Intern�ittently Exposed and Permanent water regimes (Santos az�d
Gauster 1993,pg 31).
� Modifier"W"
Interwittently Flooded/Temporary(No comparable Cowardin category)
� Exlu'bits features of both Internrittently Flooded and Temporary water regimes (Santos and
Gauster 1993,pg 32).
' Modifier"Y"
Saturated/Semipermanent/Seasonal(No comparable CowardTu►category)
� Exhibits features of the Saturated, Sernipermanent and Seasonal water regimes (Santos and
Gauster 1993,Pg 32).
� Modifier "U"
Unlmown(No comparable Cowardin category)
The water regnne is not known(Santos and Gauster 1993, pg 32).
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'
, scientificall accurate consistenc with re
y y gard to adherence to the vanous techmcal pubhcanons
� and regulatory guidance documents.
Circular 39 was authored by Shaw and Fredine and published by the U. S. Fish and W�7dlife
1 Service (USFWS) in 1956. The intended purpose of Circular 39 was an effort at classifying and
inventorying wetlands on a national scale in order to assess the wetlamd bese and related
waterfowl production potential. The classification process was never intecided to serve as a
classification system for wetland regulatory purposes. However, since it was the first national
� effort of its kind and as wetland regulatory intentions �terialized, this was the only method
ava�able to differentiate between wetlands of different types.
' The Board of Water and So� Resources (BWSR) cross-reference table (8420.0549 subp. 2.)
indicates that Circular 39 Type 3 wetlands have a "C" water regime modifier. This is an
inaccurate cross-reference and the intent of this technical paper,is a clarification of the correct
� interpretation. There is also a common tendency to refer to bottomland hardwoods as Type 7
wetlands. This is also an inaccurate classification.
� The NWI paper maps do not use the water regnne modifier "E" because it was dif�icult to
interpret &om the inherent limitations imposed by the remote sensed imnagery. Therefore, ir�ost if
not all Type 3 wetlands were given the designation "C". However, the following discussion w�l
, examine and clarify the differences between Circular 39 Types 1, 1L, 2, 3, and 7 and the
appropriate Cowardin water regirr�e modifying tern�s.
` Circular 39 Wetland Types
Type 1/1L—Seasonally Flooded BasL�s or Flats
Type 1 wetlands are characterized by soil that is covered with water or is waterlogged during
' variable seasonal periods but is usually well drained during much of the growing season (italics
added for emphasis). These wetlands may be found in upland depressions as well as in overflow
bottomlands, i.e. river and stream floodplains. Within floodplains, flooding may occur in late
, fa11, wurter or spring. In upland contelcts, basins or flats may be water filled during heavy rain
events or following spring snow melt. Vegetation types vary greatly according to the season and
, the duration of flooding. Included within Type 1 are bottomland hardwoods as well as some
herbaceous growths. Where the water has receded early in the growing season, smartweeds, fall
pamcum, tealgrass, chufa, redroot cypress and weeds (such as marsh elder, ragweed and
� cockleburs) are 1�7cely to occur. Shallow basins that are sutxnerged only very temporan7y usually
develop little or no wetland vegetation(Shaw and Fredine 1956,p30).
' Since Circular 39 was developed for national application, the description of Type 1 wetlands
covers a broad range of geographic coirtexts hence the reference to winter flooding. Cowardin et
a1 (p. 28) m Table 4 descnbe Type 1 wetlands as seasonally flooded basins or flats, wet meadow,
� bottomland hardwoods and shallow fre.shwater swamps. The water regirnes are descn�bed as
temporar�7y flooded(A) or internuttemly flooded(n.
The Minnesota Dep�nent of Natural Resources (DNR), within the regulatory framework of the
Protected Waters and Pubfic Wetlands framework has added the Type 1 L designator to �re
' clearly clarify the Circular 39 classification me�thod and to allow an accurate distinction to be
made between bottomland hardwoods, seasonally flooded non-vegetated or herbaceous vegetated
1 basins and hardwood swarnps. The distinction on the basis of hydrology is clear and it was the
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, intent of the DNR to differentiate between for
ested bottomland hardwoods and non-forested
wetlands.
, T e 2—Inland Fresh M
yp eadows
, Inland fresh meadows (Type 2) wetlands have so� that is usually without standing water during
most of the growing season but is waterlogged to within at least a few inches of its siu�Face.
Vegetation mcludes grasses, rushes, sedges, and various broad-leaved plants. Irr northern
' environments, typical species representatives aze carex, rushes, redtop, reedgrasses,
mannagrasses, prairie cordgrass and mints. Meadows may be present in shallow lake basins,
sloughs, farrnland"sags" or may border shallow rnazshes on the landward side.
, Table 4 (Cowardin et al p. 28) includes within its description of Type 2 wetlands as fen and
northem sedge meadow. The water regime is descnbed as saturated (B). This description, as
� used by some platrt ecologists and wetland scientists, is specifically limiting and at least in some
instances does not suggest that reed canary grass domanated wetlands would fall into this
category.
, Type 3—Inland Shallow F�esh Marshes
Inla�nd shallow fi�esh marshes (Type 3) wetlands have a so� substrate that is usua.11y waterlogged
' during the growing season and at some tirnes may be covered with as much as 6 inches or more
of water. Conunon vegeTation includes grasses, buhvshes, sp�kerushes, and various other ma�sh
plants such as catta�7s, arrowheads, pickerelweed, and smartweeds. Cominon representatives in
� the North include reed, whitetop, rice cutgrass, carex and giant burreed. Type 3 marshes ma.y
nearly fill shallow lake basins or sloughs or tnay border deep marshes on the landward side.
They may also occur as seep areas in agricuttural fields resulting from fai7ing draui t�e systerr�s
, or where sand seams are near the surFace on h�lside slopes.
Cowardin et al (Table 4, pg 28) descnbes the water regime as either seasonally flooded (C) or
' semipermanently flooded (F). The accurate categorization of Type 3 wetlands is most critical
since seasonally flooded wetlands containing reed canary grass are eligble for larger de minimus
fills (up to 10,000 square f�eet) than catta� marshes (only 400 square feet). The difference in
' hydrological regimes is discussed in the next section.
Type 7—Wooded Swamps
� Wooded swamps (Type 7) wetlands have a so� substrate that is `�vaterlogged to within a few
inches of its surface" (Shaw and Fredine 1956, pg 22) during the growing season and often can
be covered with as much as 1 foot of water. Type 7 wetlands often occur along the edges of
' sluggish strea�, on floodplains, on flat uplazids and in very shallow lake basins. In the North,
trees mclude tamarack, arbor vitae, black spiuce, balsam, red maple, and black ash. Northern
evergreen swamps frequently have a thick ground cover of mosses. Deciduous swamps
' frequently contain beds of duckweeds, smartweeds and other herbaceous plant species.
Hardwood swamps frequently are associated with Type 6, shrub swamp wetlands.
Table 4 (Cowardin et al 1979, pg 28) states that Type 7 wetlands include all water regimes
iexcept permanently flooded. This description is inconsistent with the �re specific description
of Shaw az�d Fredine (1956) that descnbe.s a Type 7 wetland as having waterlogged so�to within
a few inches of the surface throughout the growing season.
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' T 7 ' h ml h
Wooded swamps ( ype ) are frequently masc aractenzed as botto and azdwoods (Type 1 L),
� however there are significant differences in the hydrological regnnes between the two. The
nature of these differences is discussed in a subsequent section.
R Cowardin Water Regime Modifiers
The purpose of water regime modifiers is to provide a better description of the variations in
hydrology that occur in wetlands on a seasonal and annual basis. These descriptions are general
� in nature because wetland hydrology is e�rdinar�y dynamic. Hydrology is the most variable
component of wetlands and can vary substantiauy within a single basin weekly, monthly,
seasonally, annually and over decades. Extraordinar�y wet or dry periods, whether short or
' prolonged, do ha.ve dramatic effects on the presence or a�ence of water in any given wetland.
Whether a wetland has naturally occurring hydrology or whether it is partially or completely
drained affects its behavior as a com�onent of the landscape, its appearance, the vegetation that
, inhabits it, and the e�ectiveness of the functions that it perforn�s. Wetlands may also have
artificially induced hydrology due to stormwater inputs or interconnections to other wetlands via
ditch or tile � systerr�s. Careful consideration of each wetland within the overall context of
� the landscape is necessary to understand which water regirr�e best fits along with the special
modifiers that descnbe alterations to wetlands.
, One special modifier class that is missing is the "stormwater pond" category. This is a commonly
occurring condition in ur�n landscapes and should be added. Stormwater ponds may have been
specifically constructed for that purpose or, in the past, previously existing wetlands were used to
, treat stormwater and now function as stormwater ponds rather than"natural"wetlands.
Descriptions of the modi.fiers are taken from Cowardin et al(1979, pgs 21 —22) and from Santos
� and Gauster(1993,pgs 30—32).
Descriptions within the parentheses are ter�rn used on the NWI key and the longer description is
, the one used by Cowardin et al. (1979). Where a paremhetical term is excluded, the two terms
are the sa�.
, ModiBer"A"
Temc�orar�y Flooded(Temuorarv�
Surface water is present for brief periods during the growing season but the water table usually is
� well below the so� surface for �st of the season. Ternporan7y flooded wetlands usually have
plants that are characteristic of both uplands and wetlands. This modifier description is most
' appropriately assigned to Type 1 and 1L wetlands but clearly does not fit the Type 7 Hardwood
Swamp wetland type. Table 4 (Cowardin et al 1979, pg 28) is inconsistent by including this
regnne in the Type 7 category.
IModiBer"B"
Satarated
� Soil saturation occurs to the surface for extended periods during the growing season but surface
water is seldom present or evident. Many sedge and rush wetlands fit into this category. This
xnodifier also aptly fits the water regfrne that occurs in the hardwood swamps that are present in
, parts of Minnesota in hardwood swamps such as black ash swam}�s and in coniferous swamps
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suc as wlute cedar, tamarack, and blac spruce swamps. Tlvs modifier also descnbes Type 2
, wetlands as descn�bed above and includes fens and sedge/rush dominated wetlands.
, Modifier"C"
Season , Flooded( eason�i)
Surface water is present for extended penods especially early m the growmg season but �s absent
by the ead of the season in most years. When surface water is absent, the water table is often
i near the surface. Santos and Gauster (1993, pg 31) add that the water table, after flooding
ceases, is very variable, extending from saturated to a water table well below the surface. This
' accurately descnbes the situaiion that frequent�y occurs within reed canary grass wetlands where
there is saturation to the swface or even several inches of inundation after snow �h. In most
years, by the end of May, surfa�ce water is no longer evident in, many of these basins. During
' June, the water table continues to recede unt� by August, the water table may be two or more
feet below the surface. Many of these areas are used for livestock pasturing and for harvest�g
ir�adow hay. Wetlands with a "C" modifier that consist predorivnantly of reed canary grass
� should be categorized as either Type 1 or Type 2 depending on the length of time that water is
present. This modifier is the most difficult to specifically assign to a Type 1, Type 2 or Type 3
category as it could apply to any of the three.
' ModiBer"D"
�easonal Well-Urained(No comoarable Cowardin catego�
, Santos and Gauster (1993, pg 31) descn`be this modifier as applyuig where surfa�e water is
present for extended periods especially early in the growing season. The water table, after
flooding ceases falls well below the ground surFace. This modifier would appear to apply to
' floodplains and bottomland hardwood forests (Type 1 L) as descnbed above. Modifiers "C" and
"D" seem to overlap to a certain extent and could also apply to reed canary grass wetl�ds as
well.
� ModiBer"E"
Seasonal Saturated�,No co��rable Cowardin cate�ory�
' Surface water is present for extended.periods especially early in the growing season, and remains
saturated near the surface for rrwst of the growing season(Santos and Gauster 1993,pg 31). This
modifier would appear to apply to fens, sedge and rush meadows, some Type 6 shrub swarn�s,
1 Type 7 Hardwood Sw� and Type 8 bogs. Sor�e re,�d canary grass wetlands might fall into
this category but most seem to be dried out by early to mid-swrnner.
' ModiBer"F"
Semivennanentiv Flooded(Serrri�errnanent�.
Surface water persists throughout the growing season in most years. When surface water is
� absent, the water table is usually at or very near the land surface (Cowardin et a1 1979, pg 22;
Santos and Gauster 1993, pg 31). This modifier applies to Type 3 cattai� marshes and may also
apply to some hardwood swamps such as black ash, conifer bogs and Type 6 alder shrub
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Discussion
, Type 1/1L
The description provided for Type 1 wetlands and the reference to the absence of wetland
vegetation in basins that are only flooded very temporar�y raises a regvlatory question. One of
' the criteria for a jurisdictional wetland is the presence of hydrophytic vegetation (1987 Manual
pp 16 - 26). Type 1 wetlands often are found in agricultural fields and often are determined to be
jurisdictional on the basis of an aeria135mm slide review; the quality of the slides is poor under
' the very best of circumstances. . The determination of regulatory jurisdiction is based on normal
circumstances or as defined by the COE, being agriculturally cropped 51 out of 100 years (i.e. by
inference l�cking sufficiem hydrology for either 5 or 12.5 percent of the growing season).
, The Wetland Conservation Act (WCA) determines noimalcy as agricultural cropping for 6 out of
10 years (MnRules 8420.0110, Subp 53; 8420.0122 Subp.l, A and B). Typically, notmalcy on
, agricultural lands is detertnined by the review of the aforementioned low quality 35mm aerial
slides and judgments are made as to whether an area is cropped or if the crops are subject to
hydrological stresses. The process is highly subjective and can be biased by excessive
' precipitation that may occur early in the crop growth cycle.
Field examination of these areas may indicate the presence of smartweed and some of the other
, indicated species in seasonally abnorn�ally wet years whereas in norn�al years, hydrophytic
vegetation is absent. It is highly probable that the proce.ss of detern�unation of Type 1 wetlands as
jurisdictional in many cases is extending beyond the legitnnate definition of Type 1 wetlands and
' the intent of the 1987 Manua1.
Does a Type 1 basin need to be flooded for 5 percent of the growing season (the lower
1 definitional bound for jurisdictional hydrology) or 12.5 percent (the upper definitional bound for
jurisdictional hydrology) in order for hydrophytic vegetation to develop? In practice, the St. Paul
District of the Corps of Engineers (COE) (also applied in practice under the Wetland
I Conservation Act) appfies the 5 percent hydrological definition but if that is too short to allow
the development of hydrophytic vegetation under normal conditions than the absence of
hydrophytic vegetation would make those Type 1 wetlaads non jurisdictional.
' T 1L — bottomland hardwoods — ses an difficult re lato uestion. Tools for the
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evaluation of hydrology for non-cropped areas are much mare data intensive and are also subject
, to precipitation event variab�ity. Measurement tools for the determination of precipitation
norn�alcy are a combination of evaluating annual precipitation and comparison to a 30-year
rolling average along with extensive near ground surface early season hydrological monitoring.
' If the water levels are within 12" of the surface for less than 8.5 da.ys in the general latitude of
the Twin Cities (5 percent of the growing season), than the area is not wetland if waxer levels are
' within 12" of the surface between 5 percent and 12.5 percent of the growing season (21 days in
the general latitude of the Twin Cities) according to the 1987 Manual (Table 5 pg. 36), the area
may be wetland but usually �s not. However, the standard practice of the St. Paul COE �s to
, declare any areas that exceed the 5 percent criteria to be judged jurisdictional wetlands. Areas
with water levels within 12" of the surface in excess of 12.5 percem of the growing season are
wetlands.
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, No one has ever undertaken a scientific stud to evaluate the relations ' between the
Y �P
, hydrological requirerrients and the presence of various wetland or non-wetland plant species.
This is a critical, yet unanswered question. Some studies have been completed examining so�
types and hydrological responsrveness but the lmk between plants and hydrology has yet to be
, made. Given the annual cost of jurisdictional decisions in terms of "lost land" opportunities,
perhaps such a study would be prudent.
, The in�plications of regulatory misinterpretation are enormous in that it is l�cely that hundreds of
acres of Type 1 wetlands are avoided or mitigated for each year when legitnnately these areas are
non�unsdictional and could be developed.
, Avoidance or mzpact and mitigation can cost developers and ultunately, homebuyers, millions of
dollars annually just in the developing seven-county Metropolitan Area. Mitigating a non-
' jurisdictional Type 1 wetland impact at a 2:1 ratio reduces the usable land base wm�essan7y.
For every 50 acres of non jurisdictional in�pact, 100 acres are removed from the land supply. At
an average cost of $100,000 per acre, the cost to developers and ultimately to homeowners is
' $10,000,000 in just onc yeaz for just 50 acres.
Type 2/3
� Type 3 wetlands create the greatest classification dif�culty from the perspective of de minimus
qualification. A Type 3 wetland thai is seasonally flooded (C) is typically characterized by reed
canary grass whereas a Type 3 semi-permanently flooded wetland is more I�cely characterized
' by a growth of catta�7s. The reed canary wetlands are generally dry by late spring to early
suYrm�r. By late sunnner, the water tables have receded to well below the surface (> 18 — 36").
In contrast, Type 3 cattai7 wetlands st�l contain water above or very near the surface during
, normal growing seasons.
The WCA permits the use of de minimus filling of Types 1, 2, 6 and 7 wetlands. Clearly it is not
' the nrtem of the WCA to allow the application of the de minimus criteria to fens since the WCA
specifically addresses fens as a special category for protection. Therefore, the Type 2 designation
rrwst gpply to the "C": modifier Type 3 wetlamd Further, Type 3 wetlands m excess of 2.5 acres
, in incorporated areas and in excess of 10 a�cres in unincorporated areas are protected under the
DNR protected waters statute. In the DNR wetland inventory and classification process,the Type
3 wetlands were clearly dommated by cattaz7s hence the inference that reed canary grass
' wetlands were Type 2.
Type 7/Type 1 L
' Inconsistencies in technical descriptions regarding the hydrological regime of these two wetland
types from a scientific perspective become only a matter of discussion between scientists.
However, when wetland types are applied from a regulatory perspective, accuracy in definition
, becomes crucial because certain activities may be permitted in one wetland type and prohibited
in another. At present, Wetland Types 1L and 7 are subject to the same wetland regulatory
' requirerrients and exceptions. However, that may not be always the case and therefore it is
importaat to note the crucial yet subtle di�erences between the two types.
� The majority of bottomland floodplain forests in many years have water tables several feet
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� beneath the soil surface. The lan e "thro out the ow' season" is uite 'fic in
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' Circular 39. A careful consideration of the species descnbed 'm the listing provided by Shaw and
Fredine (1956) indicates that ttie habitat requirements of the species listed include the typical
presence of a near surface high water table whereas the descnption of a Type 1L forested
, wetland descnbes the term "bottomlaund hardwood", a rather vague non-specific term but tree
species generally included in this category are elm, cottonwood, green ash, and s�ver maple.
Bottomland hardwoods do not mclude the species descn`bed as associated with hardwood
, �'�
Type 7 wetlands are persistently wet under all but the driest conditions whereas Type 1/1 L
' wetlands are generally dry except under the wettest of conditions. The distinction is significant.
In general, the Board of Water and Soil Resources cross-ref�ence classification (Mn Rules
, 8420.0549 subp. 2.) are generally accurate but the designation of PEMC as a Type 3 wetland
poses some problems. Where the Type 3 wetland is comprised of cattails, a de minimus
exer�tion of 400 square feet applies but where the wetland is reed canary grass, also a Type 3
� designation should technically apply based on the above discussion. The reed canary grass
wetlands do not fit well into the "C" modifier category nor do they fit into the "B": modifier
either.
� As a matter of standard pra�ctice, it would seem best to designate reed canary grass wetlands as
Type 2 wetlands regardless if the modifier is "B" of"C". The dif�erence is irriportant in that a de
' minimus exe�tion of anywhere from 2000 square feet to 10,000 square feet might be
applicable. Also being accurate with regard to wetland type is ur�wrtant when designation of the
regulatory wetland type is done based on if the deepest part of the basin or the dominant
1 vegetation is the wetland type that determines allowable fill. This requirement often over-
regulates the reed canary grass fringe and eliminates the possi�ity of applying the 2000to
10,000 square foot de minimus in many cases where a very sma11 percentage of the overall basin
' is catta� but because the deepest part of the basin criteria is applied, only 400 square feet of de -
minimus fill may be used.
' In general, wh�e this may seem to be an arcane discussion, in reality it is crucial in order for the
regulated corrununity to rightfiilly claim the wetland exemptions that the law permits.
Conversely, it entitles the landowner to rightfully claim useable land for development purposes.
1 A clear understanding and accurate interpretation of the classification system is necessary in
order for the exernptions ava�able under the de minimus categories to be appropriately applied.
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Literature Cited
' Cowardin, L.M.,V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and R.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of Wetlands and
Deepwater Habitats of the United Staets. U.S. Fish and Widlife Service, FWS/OBS-79/31.
, 103pp.
Environmental Laboratory. 1987. 1987 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation
� Manual. Technical Report Y-87-1,U.S. Arnry Engineer Waterways Experiment Station.
Viscksburg, Mississipii. 100pp+ app.
' Minnesosta Board of Water and Soil Resources. 2002. Board of Water and Soil Resoruces
Wetland Conservation Act Rules Chapter 8420. Otfice of Revisor of Statutes. St. Paul,
Minnesota. 151pp. •
, Santos, K.M. and Joan E. Gauster. 1993. User's Guide to National Wetlands Inventory Maps
(Region 3) and to "Class' ation of Wetlands and Deepw�ater Habitats of the �Jnitied States".
, U.S. Fish and W�dlife Service National Wetlands Inventory Region 3. Bloomington,Minnesota.
38pp.
� Shaw, S.P. and C. G. Fredine. 1956. Wetlands of the United States. U.S. Fish and W�dlife
Service, Circular 39. 67pp.
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