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includes grasses,rushes,sedges,and various broad-leaved plants.In northern environments,typical <br /> species representatives are carex,rushes,redtop,reedgrasses,mannagrasses,prairie cordgrass and <br /> mints.'Meadows may be present in shallow lake basins, sloughs, farmland"sags" or may border <br /> shallow marshes on the landward side. <br /> Table 4(Cowardin et al p.28)includes within its description of Type 2 wetlands as fen and northern <br /> sedge meadow.The water regime is described as saturated(B). This description,as used by some <br /> plant ecologists and wetland scientists,is specifically limiting and at least in some instances does not <br /> suggest that reed canary grass dominated wetlands would fall into this category. <br /> Type 3—Inland Shallow Fresh Marshes <br /> Inland shallow fresh marshes (Type 3) wetlands have a soil substrate that is usually waterlogged <br /> during the growing season and at some times may be covered with as much as 6 inches or more of <br /> water.Common vegetation includes grasses,bulrushes,spikerushes,and various other marsh plants <br /> such as cattails,arrowheads,pickerelweed,and smartweeds.Common representatives in the North <br /> include reed,whitetop,rice cutgrass,carex and giant burreed.Type 3 marshes may nearly fill shallow <br /> lake basins or sloughs or may border deep marshes on the landward side.They may also occur as <br /> seep areas in agricultural fields resulting from failing drain tile systems or where sand seams are near <br /> the surface on hillside slopes. <br /> Cowardin et al (Table 4, pg 28) describes the water regime as either seasonally flooded (C) or <br /> semipermanently flooded(F).The accurate categorization of Type 3 wetlands is most critical since <br /> seasonally flooded wetlands containing reed canary grass are eligible for large de minimus fills(up to <br /> 10,000 square feet) than cattail marshes (only 400 square feet). The difference in hydrological <br /> regimes is discussed in the next section. <br /> Type 7—Wooded Swamps <br /> Wooded swamps(Type 7)wetlands have a soil substrate that is"waterlogged to within a few inches <br /> of its surface"(Shaw and Fredine 1956,pg 22)during the growing season and often can be covered <br /> with as much as 1 foot of water.Type 7 wetlands often occur along the edges of sluggish streams,on <br /> floodplains, on flat uplands and in very shallow lake basins. In the North,trees include tamarack, <br /> arbor vitae,black spruce,balsam,red maple,and black ash.Northern evergreen swamps frequently <br /> have a thick ground cover of mosses. Deciduous swamps frequently contain beds of duckweeds, <br /> smartweeds and other herbaceous plant species. Hardwood swamps frequently are associated with <br /> Type 6, shrub swamp wetlands. <br /> Table 4(Cowardin et al 1979,pg 28) states that Type 7 wetlands include all water regimes except <br /> permanently flooded.This description is inconsistent with the more specific description of Shaw and <br /> Fredine(1956)that describes a Type 7 wetland as having waterlogged soil to within a few inches of <br /> the surface throughout the growing season. <br /> Wooded swamps (Type 7) are frequently mischaracterized as bottomland hardwoods (Type 1 L), <br /> however there are significant differences in the hydrological regimes between the two.The nature of <br /> these differences is discussed in a subsequent section. <br />