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EPS Geofoam 2001,3rd International Conference, Salt Lake City,December 2001 11 <br /> the fills with EPS blocks and supporting new bridge abutments directly on the EPS.The repair design is indicated in <br /> figure 19. <br /> 20 cm apron 10 cm.concrete <br /> slab <br /> aK <br /> it <br /> Figure 19.Supporting bridge abutments directly on EPS,Hjelmungen bridge,Norway <br /> Repair works were initiated in December 1995 and completed in the spring of 1996.One abutment was treated at a <br /> time while the bridge deck was provided with a temporary support as shown in figure 20.Thickness and densities of <br /> the original filling materials were recorded as they were removed in order to have accurate data for control of load <br /> and settlement calculations.After removing the old abutments,the concrete piles were inspected regarding possible <br /> damage before being cut at ground level.No pile damage was observed.Construction of the EPS fills could then <br /> start.In this case three different qualities of EPS were utilized.In the zone directly beneath the bridge abutment,as <br /> indicated by the trapezoidal shaped lines in figure 19,a material quality of 6=235 kPa was specified for the first <br /> three block layers beneath the bottom slab of the abutment.Further down a material <br /> quality of a=180 kPa was <br /> 77 <br /> i <br /> a> <br /> k3 u <br /> Figure 20.Temporary support of abutments at Hjelmungen <br /> specified within the indicated zone.For the rest of the EPS fill a material quality of 6=100 kPa was used.These <br /> quality requirements have been decided based on evaluation of stress distribution in the material in order to keep the <br /> stress level for dead loads within 30%of the material strength.Stricter geometric requirements than normal were <br /> also enforced related to block dimensions in order to obtain an even fill and reduce initial deformations when the <br /> load from the bridge deck was transferred to the new abutment. <br /> Behind both abutments a 10 m long and 200 mm thick concrete apron was specified to be cast above the EPS fill as <br /> a friction plate in order to take up horizontal forces on the abutment.On the rest of the EPS fill a concrete slab of 100 <br /> Long term performance and durability of EPS as a lightweight filling material <br />