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IMPACTS ON FORESTS <br />0 Out-competes m any tree seedlings <br />and other native vegetation . <br />0 Adversely affect s native insect s <br />and ot her wildlife. <br />F I RST-YEAR PLANT S <br />Garl ic musta rd is a bie n nial; it has a two-year li fe cycle . <br />Seeds ger minate in April. Seedlings m e shown below. <br />Note oak leaves fo r size compariso n. <br />Leaves: Cl usters of <br />3-8 rounded to kidney- <br />shaped leaves develo p <br />at ground level during <br />t he first growing season. <br />They have scalloped <br />edges, a wrinkled <br />appemunce, a nd <br />remain green all winter. <br />SECOND-YE A R P LANTS <br />Rowers: Small (1/4 inch), wh ite, 4 petals, on the e nd of <br />the main stem and side branches, b looms April <br />through June . (see top of page) <br />Leaves: Heart-shaped to triangular, 1-3 inches wide, <br />coarsely toothed on edges, alternate on the stem, give <br />off a garlic odor when crushed. <br />Height: Floweri ng stalks grow 1-4 feet toll. <br />Roots : Taproot is slender, white, and often has an <br />S-shoped ben d near the top. <br />Seeds: Capsu les appear soon <br />after flowering and q uickly <br />lengthen. <br />Seeds are small , produced in <br />a row i nsi de th e capsule, <br />and black when ri pe. More <br />than 100 seeds per plant. <br />SIM ILAR SPECIES <br />II VIOLET leaves resemble first-year plants, but flower s <br />bloom low and have S petals, lea f surfaces are less <br />crinkly. No tap root. <br />II GROUND IVY (creeping Charlie) spreads along the <br />ground as a vine and has p urpl e flowers.