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5 <br />The Dynamics of <br />Off-Street Parking <br />At the end of World War II, only a small percent- <br />age of U.S. cities had zoning ordinance provi- <br />sions for off-street parking. This percentage increased <br />greatly during the 1950s and 1960s, and eventually to a <br />point where the overwhelming majority of urban and <br />suburban communities require a minimum supply of off- <br />street parking for new developments. In general terms, <br />public officials have sought to minimize externalities cre- <br />ated by development—costs not borne by those who are <br />responsible for the development. In particular, off-street <br />parking standards are an attempt to minimize spillover <br />parking on public streets and to ensure safe and efficient <br />movement of traffic by requiring that the supply of park- <br />ing at the site of the development is adequate to meet <br />demand. <br />Although the link is not always well understood, park- <br />ing and transportation are inseparable. While the American <br />Public Transit Association (2002) has found that the num- <br />ber of people using public transportation during a typical <br />weekday has increased 20 percent since 1995, motor vehicle <br />use continues to expand. U.S. Department of Transporta- <br />tion (2002) figures verify that the number of registered mo- <br />tor vehicles in the United States has increased much faster <br />than the rate of population growth over the past several <br />decades. At the same time, the average vehicle is being driven <br />122