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An Overview of Geosynthetics Chap. 1 <br />4 ^ IT y. : <br />GEOTEXTTLES <br />6 8 iO 12 <br />CENTIMETERS <br />GEOGRIDS <br />3 <br />INCHES <br />rx/ <br />- ' yi <br />ry 'JMi <br />r> <br />INCHES <br />6 8 10 <br />CENTIMETERS <br />GEOMEMBRANES <br />6 8 iC <br />CENTIMETERS <br />I to <br />GEOCOMPOSITES <br />• di <br />Figure 1.1 Typicai geosyntheiic maienaJs <br />1.1.3 Geomembranes <br />Geomembranes represent the second largest group of geosynthetics and in dollar volume <br />are almost equal to the sales of geotextiles. Their growth has been stimulated by govern ­ <br />mental regulations enacted in 1982, which are discussed in Chapter 4. The materials <br />themselves are “impervious” thin sheets of rubber or plastic material used primarily for <br />linings and covers of liquid- or solid-storage impoundments. Thus the primaiy function <br />is always as a liquid or vapor barrier. The range of applications, however, is very great <br />and at least 30 individual applications in civil engineering have been developed. Geo ­ <br />membranes. with emphasis on specific application areas, are treated in Chapter 4. <br />1.1.4 Geocomposites <br />A geocomposite consists of a combination of geofextile and geogrid, or geogrid and <br />geomembrane, or geotextile, geogrid, and geomembrane, or any one of these three <br />materials with another material (e.g.. with soil, styrofoam, deformed plastic sheets, <br />steel cables, steel anchors, etc.). This exciting area bnngs out the best creative efforts of