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LTiiily able to contPvi and
<br />liopai. However. a ‘< the
<br />ely more devolofred. the
<br />with erosion at:d runoff is
<br />wetland, the pr<*ce«.->es of
<br />)ti( rolled thr»)Ughout the
<br />prcsenre or absence of
<br />l<‘difference. This control
<br />ulation.
<br />the necessity for and the
<br />se natural processes is
<br />s report. The design of
<br />ir only in the crmtext of
<br />vatershed controls e.xist,
<br />es critical environmental
<br />effectiveness of wetlands
<br />nest ion.
<br />i many of the difficulties
<br />1 acquisition. The repula-
<br />be quickly designed and
<br />f«‘r public participation,
<br />ortant functions of the
<br />iuted by the use of buffer
<br />controls over runoff and
<br />facing the probhin of
<br />buffer zone regulations
<br />basic principle in the
<br />uuld simply be that the
<br />the maintenance of the
<br />ind. Local connnunities
<br />sily transfers or perhaps
<br />Ls to preserxe these
<br />idditional uses in less
<br />nfluence of d<;veIopment
<br />d areas, and throughout
<br />minunitios slutuld move
<br />.'gulatinn. The goal is to
<br />of the wetland, .such as
<br />ralcr for adjacent lakes
<br />iiver.sity for an area. In
<br />iiework (hegoal is more
<br />ih ASSISTANCE
<br />>m wet prairie to deep
<br />I by different vegetation
<br />of wetland areas is
<br />id fluctuating nature of
<br />element of confusion to
<br />: information on where
<br />cat«‘d or whether or not
<br />Geological Survey has
<br />I indicate the locations
<br />e for almost all areas of
<br />, and for some areas at
<br />e, at many public and
<br />rKtkstores and from the
<br />rlington, Virginia, and
<br />un the USGS branch in
<br />h state indicates which
<br />, - : • ■... ,;V
<br />Sinv«* peat .soil ru'ciirs in wetlands, tbe SCS soil maps are
<br />also helpful in identifying the Uvalion of wctland.s through
<br />* .soil types Few libraries carry them*, so go dirwtiy to your
<br />k*c.d SCS oflici*. If you don’t know where it is, call
<br />(be State Cmiservationist (o find out (.see Part 2,
<br />Cliapler
<br />’I'he next step is to identify the type of wetland and
<br />evaluate its relative .state of health. This requires a plant
<br />and animal inventory and an estimate of the degree of
<br />sedimentation.
<br />^ou II nc*ed a field ecologist, field liotanist, game
<br />biologist, or any naturalist with knowledge of wetland
<br />vegetation and wildlife. The SCS and Cooperative
<br />Extension Service have people who fit these descriptions.
<br />Within the SCS you should go directly to the state
<br />conservationist (see Part 2, Chapter 3), who has access to
<br />soil scientists, biologists, hydrologists, economists,
<br />foresters, and others involved in natural resource conser
<br />vation. The state conservationist can refer you to a district
<br />or local office of the SCS and from there to people who
<br />have a more specific knowledge of the area in question.
<br />Since the Cooperative Extension Service is also a part of
<br />the USDA. some of their personnel may overlap with the
<br />SCS. The CES operates out of the land grant universities
<br />and colleges. As part of the CES there is a county agent in
<br />almost every county seat in the nation who could be
<br />contacted through the regular county offices. The agent
<br />can draw upon the resources of the cooperative university
<br />for expertise in a vast number of professional field.s. If you
<br />would rather find the professionals yourself, the
<br />Agriculture Department handbctok number 305. avai!a ’:i!e
<br />at libraries .uul through the SCS in Wu.->hington. D.f’.. i • .i
<br />directory by slate nd area of expertise of all of the
<br />working for the Extension Service.
<br />There are a number of private organizations that
<br />maintain an intere.st in pre.ser\ing welland.s, some of
<br />which have .scientists and profcssimials who could offer
<br />a.sssistance in evaluating wetlands and other natural area.
<br />The National Wildlife Federation and National Audubon
<br />Society have local chapters throughout the country whose
<br />members include professional and amateur naturalists
<br />with an interest in conservation. They may be willing to
<br />volunteer some time to lake a lor»k at your wetland.
<br />With regard to wildlife u.se of a wetland, the U.S. Fish
<br />and Wildlife Service, formerly the Hurcau of Sport
<br />Fisheric.s and Wildlife, and slate and local game biologists
<br />can tell you what kinds of waterfowl, game fish, and
<br />endangered .species use a given wetland. Call the cU>est
<br />regional office of the USFWS and ask for the Associate
<br />l)irt>ctor for Federal Assistance, who will refer you to the
<br />.state wildlife commission or state game biologist. (See
<br />Part 2, Chapter 3.)
<br />Ily now you should have .some idea of the environmental
<br />value of your wetland, its variety, health, wildlife value,
<br />and so on. Finally , you ninxl data on the rclutionshij) of the
<br />wetland to both surface and ground waters. How will well
<br />pumping affect the wetland'? If it is drained will the re be
<br />increased flooding? The USGS and State Geological
<br />Survey are e(|uipped to answer these and other questions
<br />that pertain to hydrology.
<br />NOTES
<br />1. Saimiel P. Shaw and C. Gordon Frediiie, Wetlands of
<br />the United States: Their Extent and Their Value to
<br />Waterfowl and Other Wildlife (Washington. D.C.: U.S.
<br />Government Printing Office, 1956), pp, 5-9.
<br />2. Peter L. Johmson, Wetlands Preservation (New
<br />York: Open Space Institute, 1969), pp. 9-12.
<br />3. “Need Land? Then Take a I.^ok at Marshland,”
<br />House and Home, April 1958, pp. 146-52.
<br />4. Johnson, pp, 9-12.
<br />5. The EPA policy on wetlands is outlined in the
<br />Federal Register, Wednesday. May 2, 1973, p. 10834.
<br />6. John Clark, Coastal Ecosystems: Ecological
<br />Considerations for the Coastal Zone (Washington. D.C.:
<br />Conservation Foundation, 1974).
<br />7. For figure sources and a more detailed discussion of
<br />eutrophication and wetlands as sediment and nutrient
<br />traps, see Harbara Bedford, Elizabeth H. Zimmerman,
<br />and James II. Zimmerman. Wetlands of Dane County,
<br />Wisconsin (Madison. Wis.: Dane County Regional
<br />Planning Agency. 1975), pp. IMO to 11-17.
<br />8. For an in-depth study of wetland hydrology and
<br />management, see Harriet A. Irwin, A Natural History
<br />Study of East Marsh of the University of. Wisconsin
<br />Arboretum, M.S. Thesis (Madison. Wis.: Department of
<br />Botany, University of Wi.scousin. 1973).
<br />9. For further reading on the concepts of c-cologicul
<br />diversity and succession, see Bedford, pp. 11-18 to H-35;
<br />Robert L. Smitli, Ecology and Field Eiology (.New York:
<br />Harper and Row. 1966). Chapter 6; Eugene P. Odum,
<br />Fundamentals of Ecology (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.*
<br />1971). p. 148.
<br />10. Many of tlie concepts included here are di.scus.sed in
<br />terms of freshwater, inland wetlands. However, much of
<br />what has been said is applicable to coastal, saline
<br />wetlands. I* or further reading on coastal wetlands
<br />specifically, sec Clark, Coastal Ecosystems', John and
<br />Mildred leal, ! he Life and Death of a Salt Marsh
<br />Atlantic Monthly Press, 1969).
<br />11. Fred Bo.sseIman. David Callie.s, and John Banta.
<br />The Taking Issue (Wa.shington. D C.: U.S. (Jovernment
<br />Printing Office, 1973). p. 214.
<br />12. 40 N.J. 539. 193 A.2d 232 (1963).
<br />13. 356 Mass. 696, 255 N.E.2d 347 (1961).
<br />14. 265 N.E.2d 573 (Mass. 1970).
<br />15. 56 Wis. 2d 7, 201 N.W.2d 761 (1972).
<br />16. Jon A. Kusler, ”Open Space Zoning: Valid
<br />Regulation or Invalid Taking.” Minnesota Law Review
<br />Nov. 1972, p. 21.
<br />(I
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<br />iiv -- ■
<br />■ r',.-
<br />lllUiMlNiittlli
<br />I* i
<br />iiiuonslituti
<br />onlin:«n«-e .sl
<br />pin t ion had
<br />STATEME
<br />It is in
<br />uncoordinat
<br />affects mars
<br />and waterr
<br />developinen
<br />damage to
<br />inundation
<br />conslructioi
<br />the permani
<br />of water n
<br />habitats, a
<br />.supplies. T1
<br />and encourt
<br />program an
<br />locate perm
<br />as not to ol
<br />natural pub
<br />the village,
<br />obligation t
<br />Minnesota
<br />regulations
<br />op<m .space
<br />guidelines t
<br />and the ft
<br />preventing
<br />resources
<br />organizatioi
<br />Inadditk
<br />of this ordii
<br />(1) Rrdui
<br />ground wat
<br />from incon
<br />sanitary dn
<br />(2) Rcdui
<br />community
<br />Creek Watf
<br />* frequent flo
<br />(3) Perm
<br />uses which <
<br />danger to li
<br />(4) Perm
<br />preservatioi
<br />are a princi]
<br />of water fla
<br />spccic.s of w
<br />(5) Avok
<br />areas to pi
<br />f«*ces, motr
<br />garbage, an
<br />into the m
<br />waters.
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